全息术现状及其发展分析

本文简要回顾在半个世纪中全息术的发展，重点介绍了近十多年来全息术领域比较有影响的研究成果，分析了全息术在实际应用中的突出优点和存在问题，展望了全息术未来的发展前景．     

全息术的发展和应用

本简介了光全息术的原理，并对半个世纪以来光全息术的发展及应用作了概述。     

新型电子全息术及其进展

电子全息术区别于传统电子显微术的最主要的特点是充分利用了电子波的相位信息，通过记录和电子波波前来探测微观世界，全息的概念为电子显微工作者开拓了新的视野，介绍了最近几年新发展起来的反息术、光电子全息术、低能电子全息术等，概述了它们的原理和应用，分析了各自的优点，与透射电子全息术作了比较，并结合实验结果加以说明。     

全息术及其应用

全息术是一种用相干光干涉得到物体全部信息的2步成像技术。全息术的发展大约可分同轴全息术、离轴全息术、白光再现全息术、白光全息术等4个阶段。全息术具有三维、不可撕毁、再现像的缩放、信息容量大等特点。全息术是一门正在蓬勃发展的光学分支，近年来已渗透到社会生活的各个领域并被广泛地应用于近代科学研究和工业生产中，特别是在现代测试、生物工程、医学、艺术、商业、保安及现代存储技术等方面已显示出特殊的优势。随着全息技术的快速发展，全息技术的产品正越来越多地走向市场、应用于现代生活中。     

彩色全息术的进展及未来发展

对不同时期和采用各种技术制作的彩色全息图以及所使用的记录材料进行了较全面的介绍。这些技术包括光全息术、计算全息术和数字全息术。并对彩色全息术的未来发展进行了展望。     

伽柏与全息术的诞生

简述了伽柏为实现全息术所产生的“波前重建”的构想，并展示了激光全息术的广阔应用前景。     

X射线全息术

本文介绍了Ｘ射线全息术的工作原理和进展状况，详细地论述了与Ｘ射线全息术有关的Ｘ射线光学、Ｘ射线光学元件和Ｘ射线源的特性，并讨论了Ｘ射线全息实验的要求和记录方式，最后着重探讨了包括记录过程和重现过程中影响Ｘ射线全息术分辨率的各种因素。     

电子全息术

本文简要叙述了电子全息术的原理、记录和重现方法，并着重介绍了它的应用，指出了发展这一学科的重要性。     

莫尔现象、干涉术和全息术

本文论述了莫尔现象、干涉术和全息术三个概念的共性,举出了一些应用;并按莫尔现象阐明全息术的原理,说明全息术中的成象关系。     

具有原子分辨率的x射线荧光全息术的数值模拟研究

根据x射线荧光全息术的成像原理，对体心立方晶系的Fe单晶进行了数值模拟（包括荧光全 息图及其重构像），在各个晶面（001，010，100）上得到Fe原子的像，与Fe的晶格模型的 原子位置一致，表明运用这种x射线荧光全息术，能够在原子水平上得到单晶或准晶体的内 部结构图像. 关键词： x射线荧光全息术 同步辐射 晶体结构 傅里叶变换     

Plasma-aided manufacturing

The present and potential applications of plasma-aided manufacturing are discussed and described. Plasma-aided manufacturing is used for producing new materials with unusual and superior properties, for developing new chemical compounds and processes, for machining, and for altering and refining materials and surfaces. Plasma-aided manufacturing has direct applications to semiconductor fabrication, materials synthesis, welding, lighting, polymers, anticorrosion coatings, machine tools, metallurgy, electrical and electronics devices, hazardous waste removal, high-performance ceramics, and many other items in both the high-technology and the more traditional industries in the United States     

ICP-MS在城市道路尘土中非常规监测微量元素污染评价中的应用

采集了石河子城区32个站点的道路尘土样本,测定了样品中10种非常规监测微量元素(B,Be,Bi,Co,Ga,Li,Sb,Sn,Tl,V)的含量。并采用地积累指数法、元素相关性分析和主成分分析法对尘土中的微量元素污染程度和来源进行了分析。结果表明：道路尘土中微量B,Be,Bi,Co,Ga,Li,Sb,Sn,Tl和V的平均含量分别为41.11,1.68,0.52,13.58,36.26,24.91,3.37,3.64,0.42,72.66 mg·kg-1。其中,Co,Li和Tl的平均含量均低于新疆土壤元素背景值,B,Be和V的平均含量和新疆土壤元素背景值相似,Bi,Ga,Sb和Sn的平均含量高于新疆和世界土壤元素背景值。地积累指数计算结果表明：B,Be,Co,Ga,Li,Tl和V污染级数为0,说明无污染,而Sb,Bi和Sn污染较为严重(污染等级分别为2,1,1)。元素相关性分析和主成分分析多元统计方法计算结果表明,Bi,Co,Sb和Tl主要是人为来源,B,Be,Li和V主要是自然来源,而Ga和Sn可能受自然因素和人为因素的共同影响。     

ICP-MS/ICP-AES测定小麦穗离体培养籽粒营养元素及重金属含量

环境中重金属污染会导致谷物营养缺乏、代谢紊乱.借助ICP-MS/ICP-AES系统和离体穗培养方法,准确测定灌浆期不同浓度铜、镉(0,5,15,45 mg·L-1)处理对籽粒营养元素及重金属元素含量的影响.结果显示,不司浓度铜、镉处理显著降低小麦粒重;外源铜促进了籽粒P,K,Mg,Ca,Na,Mn和Zn含量的增加,抑制了 Fe和B的吸收.镉的加入对小麦籽粒P,K,Ca,Mg和Mn的吸收起促进作用,然而对Na,Fe,Zn和B的吸收起拮抗作用.外源铜、镉抑制小麦籽粒对Hg的积累,但籽粒Cu和Cd含量最高分别超过国家食品卫生标准的55和62倍,存在极大安全隐患.     

Physical Manipulation of Lanthanide‐Activated Photoluminescence

Versatile manipulation of lanthanide photoluminescence not only enables a more thorough understanding of the luminescent mechanism, but also promotes their widespread applications including advanced display and security, bioimaging and biotherapy, and sensors. The traditional chemical methods, engineering of composition, concentration, size, morphology, and surface defects, can easily tune the excitation, energy transfer and emission processes and have been frequently used. Despite the powerful ability to control luminescence intensity and selectivity, these chemical approaches suffer from cumbersome synthesis processes and are usually time consuming and irreversible. Recently, there have been numerous examples of physical approaches realizing in situ, real time, and reversible luminescence manipulation for certain materials under a given excitation. Herein, the existing physical strategies comprising temperature, magnetic field, electric field, and mechanical stress are summarized. For each approach, the action mechanism, material design, applications, as well as current challenges are discussed, and possible development directions and broadening of the potential application areas are considered.     

Recent Advances in the Study of Phosphorene and its Nanostructures

Phosphorene, a single layer of black phosphorus, has attracted considerable attention recently due to its intriguing structures and fascinating electronic properties. In particular, its remarkable properties, such as high charge carrier mobility, direct band-gap semiconducting characteristics, and strong anisotropies in electro-optical and thermo-mechanical properties, etc., are opening up brand-new opportunities for its applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, sensors, energy conversion, and advanced engineering materials, etc. In this article, we present recent advances in the study of phosphorene and its derivatives (nanoribbons, nanotubes, fullerenes, and heterostructures) with special emphasis on structures, morphologies, properties (electronic, optical, magnetic, thermal, mechanical), and applications (transistors, phonon detectors, digital circuits, sensors, thermoelectric materials, Li-ion batteries). In addition, routes for modifying these properties by physical and chemical functionalization, defect engineering, strain engineering, and electric fields are discussed. Our intent is to present a state-of-the-art view in this fast-evolving field, with a balanced theoretical and experimental perspective.     

Thermal plasmas

Although many thermal plasma processes have been developed for industrial applications, the wide acceptance as a manufacturing technology is prevented due to economical and competitive reasons, and/or reproducibility and reliability aspects. This paper is devoted to an assessment of the present knowledge in the following topics: (1) plasma torch and performance of blown arc (dc or ac), transferred arc and radio frequency torches; (2) established industrial applications with special emphasis on cutting, welding, spraying, transferred arc reclamation, reheating and purification, reheating metal melts, smelting reduction, chemical operations, and waste destruction; (3) recent developments in the knowledge of fundamental processes in plasma torches with power sources, cathodes (hot and cold), anodes (static and dynamic behavior), and torch components; (4) modeling-thermodynamic and transport properties, plasma flow with and without the Maxwell's equations; (5) measurement techniques including emission and absorption spectroscopy, laser scattering, enthalpy probes, video cameras, spectral analysis, shadowgraphy, and particle diagnostics either in flight with statistical measurements and those giving characteristics of a single particle upon flattening on a substrate; and (6) plasma-processing development in the presently used industrial processes and also in prospective processes with surface hardening, ultrafine powder production, plasma-assisted CVD, and plasma-fluidized or spouted bed reactors     

Magnetic properties of (Ga,Mn)N ternaries and structural,electronic, and magnetic properties of cation-mixed (Ga,Mn)(As,N) and (In,Mn)(As,N) quaternaries

ABINIT simulation package with built in local density, generalized gradient, and spin local density approximations was used to investigate the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of cation mixed (Ga,Mn)(As,N) and (In,Mn)(As,N) quaternaries with equal and fixed compositions of Ga, In, and Mn atoms. In particular, total energy minimization approach was used to compute the equilibrium structural parameters of zinc-blende (GaAs, InAs, and MnAs), wurtzite (GaN, InN, and MnN) binary parent compounds, as well as, the corresponding equilibrium parameters of (Ga,Mn)(As,N) and (In,Mn)(As,N) quaternary systems. The band structures of zinc-blende GaAs, InAs, and MnAs binary parent compounds were computed and analyzed. Spin polarized band structures of the cation mixed (Ga,Mn)(As,N) and (In,Mn)(As,N) quaternaries with equal compositions of Ga, In, and Mn cations were computed and analyzed using spin local density approximation based calculations. Moreover, the magnetic properties of (Ga,Mn)(As,N) and (In,Mn)(As,N) quaternaries with equal concentration of Ga, In, and Mn cations were investigated. Our results suggest that the two quaternary systems are nonmagnetic. An interpretation of our results is presented. In addition, the magnetic properties of (Ga,Mn)N nanocrystal ternaries constructed from doping GaN with one or two Mn atoms were investigated using Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package (VASP) and compared with those of (Ga,Mn)(As,N) quaternaries.     

高速重轨平直度在线检测研究

重轨的平直度检测是重轨生产过程中重要的一个环节,该项检测的速度、准确性、稳定性等因素直接影响重轨总体质量。 本文以中国某大型钢铁集团轨梁厂的重轨平直度检测现状为背景,利用激光传感、数据采集、计算技术等现代技术,设计了一套基于并行计算的重轨平直度在线检测系统。系统采用14个激光位移传感器和2个旋转编码器分别对于重轨的7个水平方向位移测点、7个竖直方向位移测点、和重轨传输方向的位移进行实时测量,得到的信号转换为数字信号后,在PC机内通过GPU并行计算进行同步配准、块内数据分析、块间数据分析、帧间数据分析等处理,除去粗糙度、氧化铁皮、高频振动、低频振动等干扰,最后得到并输出平直度信息。实验及现场应用表明,该方法检测速度可达到3m/s、精确度可达到0.1mm.     

INAA for determination of trace elements in bottom sediments of the Selenga river basin in Mongolia

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used for the determination of major, minor and trace elements in samples of bottom sediments of the inflows of the Selenga river basin to assess the impact of the contamination from the industrial complex Erdenet and other industrial enterprises in Mongolia. A total of 42 elements (Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca, Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Sr, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Tm, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Hg, Th, and U) was determined by combination of conventional and epithermal neutron activation analysis at the IBR-2 reactor, FLNP JINR, Dubna. For the first time such a large set of elements was used for characterization of the bottom sediments as accumulating media which may reflect industrial contamination of the water basin. The concentrations of heavy metals and other trace elements in the samples from three inflows of the Selenga river basin were compared with data from the previous studies. It was shown that the industrial zone of the Erdenet Mining Corporation (EMC) and gold mining zone Zaamar are the sources of strong environmental contamination. The concentrations of Cu and Sb determined in sediment samples of the River Khangal and Govil near the EMC exceed average crustal rock and soil values by factors of 50 and 15, respectively. In the area of the gold mining zone Zaamar concentrations of Au, As, and Sb exceed crustal rock and soil values by factors of 4, 25, and 6, respectively. The relatively high levels of As, V, Zn, V, and Sr in the sediments of the studied rivers are obviously due to the discharges of untreated wastewater of desalination plant, electrical power station, textile industry and mining activities as well as domestic wastewater.     

基于高光谱分析的淫羊藿药用成分快速检测研究

中药材淫羊藿富含朝霍定和淫羊藿苷等黄酮类化合物,具有滋阴补肾、提高免疫力等功效,有较大的药用价值。当前,面对生产及育种过程中批量样品快速、无损检测需求的增加,传统的化学分析方法难以满足需要,而高效、廉价的现代高光谱分析技术备受青睐。但受制于光谱数据谱峰重叠及噪声的干扰,全波段光谱分析建模存在模型精度不高和运行效率低的问题。利用便携式地物光谱仪器获取淫羊藿可见-近红外光谱数据,借助遗传算法（GA）特征波段选择方法剔除无关波段,并与偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）分析建模技术结合,构建淫羊藿药用组分（朝霍定A、朝霍定B、朝霍定C和淫羊藿苷）高光谱GA-PLSR校正模型,探讨淫羊藿药用组分含量高效分析预测的可行性,并挖掘获取淫羊藿品质鉴定的重要光谱响应波段。结果表明：高光谱分析结合化学计量学在淫羊藿有效药用组分的快速无损检测方面具有相当大的潜力。与全波段PLSR校正模型相比,通过GA迭代优化,参与建模的有效光谱数据得到简化,GA-PLSR模型的测量精度和稳定性得到明显提升。主要表现在交叉验证的决定系数（R2_CV）得到明显提高,交叉验证的均方根误差（RMSE_CV）普遍降低。其中,四种药用组分校正模型的R2_CV分别从0.645,0.720,0.718和0.642提升为0.671,0.835,0.782和0.796;同时,其对应的RMSE_CV值分别由2.102,2.896,21.069和1.221降为2.071,2.230,18.656和0.912。此外,明确了红边波段690～740 nm以及420 nm附近波段为淫羊藿药用组分朝霍定A、朝霍定B、朝霍定C和淫羊藿苷光谱鉴别分析的重要响应波段。该研究为高光谱技术淫羊藿品质准确高效鉴定和光谱传感器的波段设计提供一定的理论依据。