Coprecipitation synthesis and negative thermal expansion of NbVO5

We develop a coprecipitation synthesis route to prepare NbVO(5) with simple oxide Nb(2)O(5) and NH(4)VO(3) as starting materials. No metal alkoxide or organometallic substance was used in the process. Nano-crystal NbVO(5) was obtained by calcination of the coprecipitates at 550 °C for 2 h. DSC/TG and XRD investigations indicate that the target compound NbVO(5) is completely formed up to 504.5 °C and is thermally stable below 658 °C. Rietveld XRD refinements give an orthorhombic structure with space group Pnma and lattice parameters, a=11.8453(2), b=5.5126(3) and c=6.9212(2) ?, respectively. In particular, HTXRD determinations show a negative thermal expansion in NbVO(5) with a TEC of -6.63 × 10(-6) °C(-1) in the temperature range of RT-600 °C. This fact is ascribed to the tilting of NbO(6) octahedra and VO(4) tetrahedra in the flexible framework structure. The present synthesis route is facile and easy to be extended to prepare analogues such as TaVO(5), etc.     

New vanadium selenites: centrosymmetric Ca2(VO2)2(SeO3)3(H2O)2, Sr2(VO2)2(SeO3)3, and Ba(V2O5)(SeO3), and noncentrosymmetric and polar A4(VO2)2(SeO3)4(Se2O5) (A = Sr2+ or Pb2+)

Five new vanadium selenites, Ca(2)(VO(2))(2)(SeO(3))(3)(H(2)O)(2), Sr(2)(VO(2))(2)(SeO(3))(3), Ba(V(2)O(5))(SeO(3)), Sr(4)(VO(2))(2)(SeO(3))(4)(Se(2)O(5)), and Pb(4)(VO(2))(2)(SeO(3))(4)(Se(2)O(5)), have been synthesized and characterized. Their crystal structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compounds exhibit one- or two-dimensional structures consisting of corner- and edge-shared VO(4), VO(5), VO(6), and SeO(3) polyhedra. Of the reported materials, A(4)(VO(2))(2)(SeO(3))(4)(Se(2)O(5)) (A = Sr(2+) or Pb(2+)) are noncentrosymmetric (NCS) and polar. Powder second-harmonic generation (SHG) measurements revealed SHG efficiencies of approximately 130 and 150 × α-SiO(2) for Sr(4)(VO(2))(2)(SeO(3))(4)(Se(2)O(5)) and Pb(4)(VO(2))(2)(SeO(3))(4)(Se(2)O(5)), respectively. Piezoelectric charge constants of 43 and 53 pm/V, and pyroelectric coefficients of -27 and -42 μC/m(2)·K at 70 °C were obtained for Sr(4)(VO(2))(2)(SeO(3))(4)(Se(2)O(5)) and Pb(4)(VO(2))(2)(SeO(3))(4)(Se(2)O(5)), respectively. Frequency dependent polarization measurements confirmed that the materials are not ferroelectric, that is, the observed polarization cannot be reversed. In addition, the lone-pair on the Se(4+) cation may be considered as stereo-active consistent with calculations. For all of the reported materials, infrared, UV-vis, thermogravimetric, and differential thermal analysis measurements were performed. Crystal data: Ca(2)(VO(2))(2)(SeO(3))(3)(H(2)O)(2), orthorhombic, space group Pnma (No. 62), a = 7.827(4) ?, b = 16.764(5) ?, c = 9.679(5) ?, V = 1270.1(9) ?(3), and Z = 4; Sr(2)(VO(2))(2)(SeO(3))(3), monoclinic, space group P2(1)/c (No. 12), a = 14.739(13) ?, b = 9.788(8) ?, c = 8.440(7) ?, β = 96.881(11)°, V = 1208.8(18) ?(3), and Z = 4; Ba(V(2)O(5))(SeO(3)), orthorhombic, space group Pnma (No. 62), a = 13.9287(7) ?, b = 5.3787(3) ?, c = 8.9853(5) ?, V = 673.16(6) ?(3), and Z = 4; Sr(4)(VO(2))(2)(SeO(3))(4)(Se(2)O(5)), orthorhombic, space group Fdd2 (No. 43), a = 25.161(3) ?, b = 12.1579(15) ?, c = 12.8592(16) ?, V = 3933.7(8) ?(3), and Z = 8; Pb(4)(VO(2))(2)(SeO(3))(4)(Se(2)O(5)), orthorhombic, space group Fdd2 (No. 43), a = 25.029(2) ?, b = 12.2147(10) ?, c = 13.0154(10) ?, V = 3979.1(6) ?(3), and Z = 8.     

Structure of Mg2.56V1.12W0.88O8 and vibrational raman spectra of Mg2.5VWO8 and Mg2.5VMoO8

Mg(2.56)V(1.12)W(0.88)O(8) crystals were grown from a MgO/V(2)O(5)/WO(3) melt. X-ray single-crystal diffraction studies revealed that it is orthorhombic with space group Pnma, a = 5.0658(5) A, b = 10.333(1) A, c = 17.421(2) A, Z = 6, and is isostructural with Mg(2.5)VMoO(8). Raman spectra are reported, and the assignment of the Raman bands is made by comparing the metal-oxygen vibrations of VO(4)/WO(4) tetrahedra in Mg(2.5)VWO(8) with the metal-oxygen vibrations of VO(4)/MoO(4) tetrahedra in Mg(2.5)VMoO(8). The stretching vibrations appearing at 1016 and 1035 cm(-)(1) are assigned to Mo=O and W=O double bonds, respectively, associated with the Mg(2+) cation vacancies.     

Structural evolution of magnesium difluoride: from an amorphous deposit to a new polymorph

The structural evolution of magnesium difluoride from an amorphous deposit has been investigated by in situ powder X-ray diffraction (XRPD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Crystalline MgF(2) was evaporated at different temperatures, which define the vapor pressures in the range from 4.7 × 10(-3) to 1.6 × 10(-1) mbar, and deposited onto various substrates. The temperature of the substrate was systematically varied from -228 to 25 °C. Magnesium difluoride was obtained as an amorphous sample when deposited on a substrate kept at a temperature below -100 °C. Upon warming, the deposit transforms via the CaCl(2) type of structure (β-MgF(2), at 70 °C) into the stable rutile type (α-MgF(2), 250 °C) by a displacive order-disorder phase transition. The new β-MgF(2) polymorph was refined assuming the orthorhombic CaCl(2) type of structure (Pnnm, No. 58) with the lattice constants a = 4.592(1) ?, b = 4.938(3) ?, and c = 2.959(3) ?. When deposited above -50 °C, samples crystallize directly in the rutile structure.     

The thermal expansion and high temperature transformation of GeSe

The thermal expansion of GeSe has been studied above room temperature up to the melting point of 670 ± 5°C by X-ray diffraction techniques using a 190 mm Unicam high temperature camera. The thermal expansion of the crystallographic axes is linear with a distinct change of the expansion coeffients for all axes above 400°C. The relative changes of the axes indicate a rearrangement of the structure towards cubic symmetry with increasing temperature. The transformation of GeSe from the orthorhombic to a normal NaCl-type structure is observed at 651 ± 5°C. The lattice parameter of the cubic form of GeSe is a₀ = 5.730 ± 0.003 Å at 656°C. The GeSe lattice remains cubic up to the melting point.     

Nitrogen-rich salts based on energetic nitroaminodiazido[1,3,5]triazine and guanazine

Highly dense nitrogen-rich ionic compounds are potential high-performance energetic materials for use in military and industrial venues. Guanazinium salts with promising energetic anions and a family of energetic salts based on nitrogen-rich cations and the 6-nitroamino-2,4-diazido[1,3,5]triazine anion (NADAT) were prepared and fully characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystal structures of neutral NADAT (2) and its biguanidinium salt 5 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (2: orthorhombic, Pnma; 5: monoclinic, P2(1)). Additionally, the isomerization behavior of 2 in solution was investigated by proton-decoupled (13)C and (15)N NMR spectroscopy. All the new salts exhibit desirable physical properties, such as relatively high densities (1.63-1.78 g cm(-3)) and moderate thermal stabilities (T(d) = 130-196 °C for 3-10 and 209-257 °C for 11-15). Theoretical performance calculations (Gaussian 03 and Cheetah 5.0) gave detonation pressures and velocities for the ionic compounds 3-15 in the range of 21.0-30.3 GPa and 7675-9048 m s(-1), respectively, which makes them competitive energetic materials.     

若干Sc络合物的空间群

通过模拟结构因子计算将「（Ｃ４Ｈ９）４Ｎ」「Ｓｃ（ＮＣＳ）６」．３．５Ｈ２Ｏ的空间群从正交晶系的ｐｃａｂ修正为立方晶系的ｐａ３．将Ｓｃ（Ｃ１７Ｈ１３Ｎ２Ｏ２）３和「（Ｈ２Ｏ）１０（ＯＨ）２Ｓｃ２」（Ｃ６Ｈ５ＳＯ３）４．４Ｈ２Ｏ从Ｐ１修正为Ｃ２／ｃ。还将「Ｓｃ（ＮＯ３）３（Ｈ２Ｏ）３」．１８－Ｃｒｏｗｎ－６的Ｐｎａ２１修正为Ｐｎｍａ。     

Pressure-driven phase transitions in NaBH4: theory and experiments

We have investigated pressure-induced structural transitions in NaBH4 through density-functional theory calculations combined with X-ray and neutron diffraction experiments. Our calculations confirm that the cubic phase is stable up to 5.4 GPa and an orthorhombic phase occurs above 8.9 GPa, as observed in X-ray diffraction experiments. Both the calculations and X-ray diffraction measurements identify an intermediate tetragonal phase that appears between 6 and 8 GPa; that is, between the cubic and orthorhombic phases. This result is also confirmed by high-pressure neutron diffraction experiments performed on NaBD4. Our calculations and X-ray diffraction measurements show that the space group of the orthorhombic phase above 8.9 GPa is Pnma and the orthorhombic phase remains stable up to 30 GPa. The calculated equations of state are in excellent agreement with experiments.     

Structure of CO2 adsorbed on the KCl(100) surface

The structure and dynamics of the adsorbate CO(2)/KCl(100) from a diluted phase to a saturated monolayer have been investigated with He atom scattering (HAS), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and polarization dependent infrared spectroscopy (PIRS). Two adsorbate phases with different CO(2) coverage have been found. The low-coverage phase is disordered at temperatures near 80 K and becomes at least partially ordered at lower temperatures, characterized by a (2√2×√2)R45° diffraction pattern. The saturated 2D phase has a high long-range order and exhibits (6√2×√2)R45° symmetry. Its isosteric heat of adsorption is 26 ± 4 kJ mol(-1). According to PIRS, the molecules are oriented nearly parallel to the surface, the average tilt angle in the saturated monolayer phase is 10° with respect to the surface plane. For both phases, structure models are proposed by means of potential calculations. For the saturated monolayer phase, a striped herringbone structure with 12 inequivalent molecules is deduced. The simulation of infrared spectra based on the proposed structures and the vibrational exciton approach gives reasonable agreement between experimental and simulated infrared spectra.     

Structure of 〔Pyridine(tris(2-aminothylamine〕copper(Ⅱ) Diperchlorate 〔Cu(C_6H_(18)N_4)(C_5H_5N)〕(ClO_4)_2

1INTRoDUCTIONInvestigationsofthecoordinationchemistryofcopper(I)continuebeingstimu-latedbyinterestindevelopingmodelsforcopperproteinandinunderstandingthefac-torswhichgivetotheseeminglyinfiniteverityofdistortionformregularstereo-chemistryobservedinCu(U)comp1exest"23.Duetotheuniquecoordinationpolyhe-dron,importanceinbiochemistryandtheireaseofpreparation,tripodalcopper(I)complexeshaveattractedmucha!tentioninadditiontotheirspecialchemicalphysicsandstructureproperties.Wereportherethesynthesis…     

IR spectroscopic analysis of polymorphism in C13H14N4O

IR analysis is used here to investigate the changes in N-N, N-H, CO modes of thermally treated diphenyl carbazide (DPC) during the variation of temperature from room temperature up to ≈160°C. Polymorphism in DPC compound has been studied here by detecting the changes in some IR spectroscopic parameters (e.g., mode shift, band contour) during the elevation of temperature. Also, DSC, X-ray, NMR and atomic mass spectra are used as confirming tools for what is obtained by IR. All of the vibrations of DPC were found to be due to ionic fundamentals 3311 cm(-1), 3097 cm(-1), 3052 cm(-1), 1677 cm(-1), 1602 cm(-1), 1492 cm(-1), 1306 cm(-1), 1252 cm(-1), 887 cm(-1) and 755 cm(-1). The results revealed for the first time that the thermally treated DPC traverse four different phase transformations at 50°C, 90°C, 125°C and 140°C. The crystal structure was found to be amorphous, monoclinic, tetragonal, orthorhombic and amorphous within a temperature range (30°C-160°C). X-ray diffraction patterns support the results obtained by IR and DSC.     

Phase relationships in the BaO-Ga2O3-Ta2O5 system and the structure of Ba6Ga21TaO40

Phase relationships in the BaO-Ga(2)O(3)-Ta(2)O(5) ternary system at 1200 °C were determined. The A(6)B(10)O(30) tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) related solution in the BaO-Ta(2)O(5) subsystem dissolved up to ~11 mol % Ga(2)O(3), forming a ternary trapezoid-shaped TTB-related solid solution region defined by the BaTa(2)O(6), Ba(1.1)Ta(5)O(13.6), Ba(1.58)Ga(0.92)Ta(4.08)O(13.16), and Ba(6)GaTa(9)O(30) compositions in the BaO-Ga(2)O(3)-Ta(2)O(5) system. Two ternary phases Ba(6)Ga(21)TaO(40) and eight-layer twinned hexagonal perovskite solid solution Ba(8)Ga(4-x)Ta(4+0.6x)O(24) were confirmed in the BaO-Ga(2)O(3)-Ta(2)O(5) system. Ba(6)Ga(21)TaO(40) crystallized in a monoclinic cell of a = 15.9130(2) ?, b = 11.7309(1) ?, c = 5.13593(6) ?, β = 107.7893(9)°, and Z = 1 in space group C2/m. The structure of Ba(6)Ga(21)TaO(40) was solved by the charge flipping method, and it represents a three-dimensional (3D) mixed GaO(4) tetrahedral and GaO(6)/TaO(6) octahedral framework, forming mixed 1D 5/6-fold tunnels that accommodate the Ba cations along the c axis. The electrical property of Ba(6)Ga(21)TaO(40) was characterized by using ac impedance spectroscopy.     

Preparation, phase transition and thermal expansion studies on low-cristobalite type Al1−xGaxPO4 (x=0.0, 0.20, 0.50, 0.80 and 1.00)

The orthorhombic (α) low-cristobalite type AlPO₄ and GaPO₄ and their solid solutions are prepared by co-precipitation followed by high temperature annealing of the precipitate. The single phasic nature of the products is ascertained by powder XRD at room temperature. The high temperature behavior of these samples is studied by HT-XRD over the temperature range of 25-1000°C. All these compositions undergo an orthorhombic to cubic (β, high-cristobalite) phase transition at elevated temperature. The unit cell parameters at different temperatures are determined by refining the observed powder diffraction profiles. The phase transition is accompanied by a significant increase in the unit cell volume, leading to the formation of a low dense structure. The variation of unit cell volume with temperature for each composition shows that the orthorhombic phase has a significantly larger thermal expansion than the cubic (high temperature) phase. The high temperature behavior of all the compositions except the GaPO₄ is similar. GaPO₄ undergoes a phase separation to a more stable quartz type phase above 800°C. However, the quartz type phase again transforms to the high cristobalite (β) phase at 1000°C. Thermal expansions of all these phases are explained in term of the variation of M-O-P angle as a function of temperature.     

Synthesis, structural transformation, thermal stability, valence state, and magnetic and electronic properties of PbNiO3 with perovskite- and LiNbO3-type structures

We synthesized two high-pressure polymorphs PbNiO(3) with different structures, a perovskite-type and a LiNbO(3)-type structure, and investigated their formation behavior, detailed structure, structural transformation, thermal stability, valence state of cations, and magnetic and electronic properties. A perovskite-type PbNiO(3) synthesized at 800 °C under a pressure of 3 GPa crystallizes as an orthorhombic GdFeO(3)-type structure with a space group Pnma. The reaction under high pressure was monitored by an in situ energy dispersive X-ray diffraction experiment, which revealed that a perovskit-type phase was formed even at 400 °C under 3 GPa. The obtained perovskite-type phase irreversibly transforms to a LiNbO(3)-type phase with an acentric space group R3c by heat treatment at ambient pressure. The Rietveld structural refinement using synchrotron X-ray diffraction data and the XPS measurement for both the perovskite- and the LiNbO(3)-type phases reveal that both phases possess the valence state of Pb(4+)Ni(2+)O(3). Perovskite-type PbNiO(3) is the first example of the Pb(4+)M(2+)O(3) series, and the first example of the perovskite containing a tetravalent A-site cation without lone pair electrons. The magnetic susceptibility measurement shows that the perovskite- and LiNbO(3)-type PbNiO(3) undergo antiferromagnetic transition at 225 and 205 K, respectively. Both the perovskite- and LiNbO(3)-type phases exhibit semiconducting behavior.     

Low-temperature, high-performance, solution-processed indium oxide thin-film transistors

Solution-processed In(2)O(3) thin-film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated by a spin-coating process using a metal halide precursor, InCl(3), dissolved in acetonitrile. A thin and uniform film can be controlled and formed by adding ethylene glycol. The synthesized In(2)O(3) thin films were annealed at various temperatures ranging from 200 to 600 °C in air or in an O(2)/O(3) atmospheric environment. The TFTs annealed at 500 °C under air exhibited a high field-effect mobility of 55.26 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and an I(on)/I(off) current ratio of 10(7). In(2)O(3) TFTs annealed under an O(2)/O(3) atmosphere at temperatures from 200 to 300 °C exhibited excellent n-type transistor behaviors with field-effect mobilities of 0.85-22.14 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and I(on)/I(off) ratios of 10(5)-10(6). The annealing atmosphere of O(2)/O(3) elevates solution-processed In(2)O(3) TFTs to higher performance at lower processing temperature.     

1,4-二氢-5H-(二硝基亚甲基)-四唑(DNMT)的合成、晶体结构和热行为研究

利用1-氨基-1-肼基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(AHDNE)和亚硝酸钾在酸性水溶液中合成出了高能富氮化合物1,4-二氢- 5H-(二硝基亚甲基)-四唑(DNMT), 并在水溶液中培养出DNMT•2H2O单晶. 该晶体属正交晶系, 空间群为Pnma, 晶胞参数为: a＝10.392(2) Å, b＝15.809(4) Å, c＝5.0640(11) Å, V＝832.0(3) Å3, Dc＝1.629 g•cm－3, μ＝0.163 mm－1, F(000)＝432, Z＝4, R1＝0.0311, wR2＝0.0885. 运用Gaussian 03程序, 在6-311＋＋G**基组水平上, 用HF和B3LYP两种方法对DNMT分子进行了几何全优化和相应的电荷、轨道能量分析. 理论计算和热分析结果表明DNMT呈现较差的热稳定性.     

Crystal structure and chemical bonding of the intermetallic Zintl phase Yb(11)AlSb(9)

High resolution single crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction data measured at 15(2) K were used to solve the structure of the complex intermetallic Zintl phase, Yb(11)AlSb(9) (space group Iba2), made up of Yb cations and polyanions along with isolated Sb anions. The 15(2) K cell parameters are a = 11.7383(4) ?, b = 12.3600(4) ?, c = 16.6796(6) ?. The temperature dependence of the structure was investigated through high resolution synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data measured from 90 K to 1000 K. Rietveld refinements of the crystal structure revealed near linear thermal expansion of Yb(11)AlSb(9) with expansion coefficients of 1.49(2) × 10(-5) K(-1), 1.71(3) × 10(-5) K(-1), 1.13(1) × 10(-5) K(-1) for a, b and c, respectively. The chemical bonding in Yb(11)AlSb(9) was analyzed using atomic Hirshfeld surfaces, and the analysis supports the presence of the structural elements of Yb cations, [AlSb(4)](9-) tetrahedra, [Sb(2)](4-) dimers and isolated Sb(3-) anions. However, indications of interatomic interactions between the Zintl anions and the Yb cations were also observed.     

Synthesis, structure, and bonding of the nonclassical Zintl phase K5As3Pb3

The title phase was synthesized by direct fusion of a stoichiometric amount of the elements followed by annealing at 650 degrees C for 3 weeks. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (No. 62), Z = 4, with a = 19.451(6) A, b = 12.164(3) A, c = 6.581(1) A. The compound is made up of As(3)Pb(3)(5-) crown clusters that can be likened geometrically and electronically to 6-atom hypho-clusters derived from a tricapped trigonal prismatic closo parent. These crowns are interconnected via intercluster Pb-Pb bonds to form infinite chains along the b axis, which means the compound contains an extra two cations and two electrons per formula unit. Extended Hückel calculations indicate that the two additional electrons per cluster are accommodated in pi states on the cluster and predict that the phase should be semiconducting. The latter is confirmed by microwave resistivity measurements, rho(298) = 1.0 x 10(2) microOmega.cm; (deltarho/deltaT)/rho = -0.14(3) K(-)(1).     

Ca、Ba掺杂Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3作为中低温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极的结构与性能

通过X射线衍射(XRD)、热重、热膨胀、电导率以及电化学交流阻抗等测试技术研究了SmSr1-xAexCo2O6(x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1; Ae=Ca, Ba)作为中低温固体氧化物燃料电池(IT-SOFC)阴极的结构与性能. 研究表明, 固相法合成的SmSr0.8Ae0.2Co2O6(Ae=Ca, Sr, Ba; 简写为SSAC)随着Ca、Ba掺杂量的增大晶体结构发生变化. 其中, 空间群为Pnma晶体结构的电极SSAC中, 晶胞参数随着Sr、Ca、Ba的顺序增大; SSAC晶体中的氧空位浓度随着Ca、Sr、Ba的顺序增大, SSAC热膨胀系数与Ae元素关系不大, 氧催化性能随着Ca、Sr、Ba的顺序降低. 由于载流子浓度降低, 使得Ba 掺杂Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3(SSC)后电极的电导率降低. 由于导电活化能增大, 使得Ca掺杂SSC后电极的电导率也降低.     

Highly stable cooperative distortion in a weak Jahn-Teller d2 cation: perovskite-type ScVO3 obtained by high-pressure and high-temperature transformation from bixbyite

A novel ScVO(3) perovskite phase has been synthesized at 8 GPa and 1073 K from the cation-disordered bixbyite-type ScVO(3). The new perovskite has orthorhombic symmetry at room temperature, space group Pnma, and lattice parameters a = 5.4006(2) ?, b = 7.5011(2) ?, and c = 5.0706(1) ? with Sc(3+) and V(3+) ions fully ordered on the A and B sites of the perovskite cell. The vanadium oxygen octahedra [V-O(6)] display cooperative Jahn-Teller (JT) type distortions, with predominance of the tetragonal Q(3) over the orthorhombic Q(2) JT modes. The orthorhombic perovskite shows Arrhenius-type electrical conductivity and undergoes a transition to triclinic symmetry space group P-1 close to 90 K. Below 60 K, the magnetic moments of the 4 nonequivalent vanadium ions undergo magnetic long-range ordering, resulting in a magnetic superstructure of the perovskite cell with propagation vector (0.5, 0, 0.5). The magnetic moments are confined to the xz plane and establish a close to zigzag antiferromagnetic mode.