爆推快点火模型分析

使用简单的爆推模型估算爆推快点火过程及其结果。 首先由ns级主驱动激光直接驱动,形成中心低密度高温热斑,周围为高密度低温主燃料区, 两区压力平衡(等压模型);然后用ps级超短超强激光打入,产生超热电子,其能量在低温主燃料区沉积,主燃料区发生爆炸,一部分向外飞散,一部分向内压缩中心热斑。在这个爆推模型下,热斑体积压缩比为64,中子产率将有极大的提高,相应的中子产额和能量增益得到提高。离子温度因为主燃料区质量过大,提高不大。提高超热电子能量,或者减小低温主燃料区质量,离子温度将会显著提高。不同的初始离子温度对结果有很大影响,较低的初始温度下更容易得到较高的中子产率和产额。     

“神光Ⅱ”首轮基频光驱动内爆实验超热电子诊断

在“神光Ⅱ”装置上进行了激光直接驱动爆推型和烧蚀型DT气体的玻璃微球靶内爆实验.采用多道滤波荧光谱仪(FFS)测量15—250keV硬x射线谱,由高能x射线谱通量和斜率推算出这两种内爆靶产生的超热电子份额ηhe和超热电子温度Th分别为ηhe=25%—30%,Th=30—40keV和ηhe=05%—4%,Th=10—20keV.并给出了不同内爆靶型在不同激光能量EL和不同调焦方式下超热电子产生的特征,由爆推靶产生超热电子份额与实验测量靶的能量吸收效率ηa=29%—34%比对,证明爆推靶吸收的激光能量是以超热电子能量沉积为主,同时实验观测中子产额Yn随超热电子能量Ehe的增大而增大,从而证明了爆推靶是依靠超热电子加热玻璃球壳实现内爆的 关键词： 1.053μm激光 直接驱动 超热电子 爆推靶和烧蚀靶     

7～8 MA条件下MagLIF集成实验关键问题理论研究与设计

针对国内7～8 MA脉冲功率装置驱动条件,通过耦合等效电路模型和McBride等人发展的半解析模型,研究了MagLIF总体能量学过程及中子产额随关键参数的变化规律,获得了中子产额大于1010的参数设计区间。结果表明:7～8 MA驱动条件、套筒材料、负载高度、燃料半径与密度、预热能量、外加轴向磁场等多因素共同决定了燃料的最终压缩状态;预热能量越大,燃料初始升温以及滞止时刻升温越高,中子产额越高;轴向磁场增加,热传导能量损失减小,但燃料收缩比也会减小,因此存在优化轴向磁场以获得较高中子产额;杂质质量分数超过10%,中子产额开始显著下降。燃料密度0.7 mg/cm3、外加轴向磁场27 T、预热能量200 J、杂质质量分数小于50%的条件下,可以获得3.5×1010中子产额,从而有望在7～8 MA条件下建立MagLIF关键问题研究平台。     

超短超强激光产生正电子的蒙特卡罗模拟

通过理论分析,建立了超短超强激光与固体靶作用产生正电子的蒙特卡罗模拟模型及Geant4模拟程序。模拟研究了靶材料、靶厚度及超热电子温度等对正电子产额的影响,结果表明:对铝、铜、锡、钽、金、铅6种靶材料,金靶的正电子产额最高,是优秀的正电子产生靶;不同超热电子温度下存在不同的最佳靶厚度,在最佳靶厚度以下,正电子产额随靶厚度增长而增大,靶厚度取3 mm较为合适;超热电子温度越高,正电子产额也越高,提高激光强度是增加正电子产额的有效途径。模拟研究给出了正电子角分布及其能谱,结果显示,正电子发射明显前倾,从大于90方向范围发射的正电子数量极少,且超热电子温度越高前倾特点越明显,能量呈类麦克斯韦分布,靶背法线方向出射的正电子的温度随超热电子温度升高而升高。     

超短超强激光产生正电子的蒙特卡罗模拟

通过理论分析,建立了超短超强激光与固体靶作用产生正电子的蒙特卡罗模拟模型及Geant4模拟程序。模拟研究了靶材料、靶厚度及超热电子温度等对正电子产额的影响,结果表明：对铝、铜、锡、钽、金、铅6种靶材料,金靶的正电子产额最高,是优秀的正电子产生靶;不同超热电子温度下存在不同的最佳靶厚度,在最佳靶厚度以下,正电子产额随靶厚度增长而增大,靶厚度取3 mm较为合适;超热电子温度越高,正电子产额也越高,提高激光强度是增加正电子产额的有效途径。模拟研究给出了正电子角分布及其能谱,结果显示,正电子发射明显前倾,从大于90方向范围发射的正电子数量极少,且超热电子温度越高前倾特点越明显,能量呈类麦克斯韦分布,靶背法线方向出射的正电子的温度随超热电子温度升高而升高。

     

飞秒激光驱动X射线源中超热电子与靶相互作用研究

飞秒激光与靶相互作用产生超热电子,随后超热电子与靶原子碰撞,通过kα、kβ等散射过程,可辐射高亮度、飞秒级X射线,在原子与分子物理、生物及医学等领域均有广泛的应用前景.论文首先对飞秒激光驱动X射线源的发展进行简要叙述,然后对X射线源中的超热电子与靶相互作用进行研究.超热电子的产生由靶材对光脉冲的非碰撞吸收机制决定,X射线的产生由超热电子决定.研究超热电子、靶参数对X射线产额的影响,确定最佳参数值,可指导驱动激光脉冲参数的选择,以获得更大的X射线光子产额.使用蒙特卡洛模拟方法可研究超热电子动能及入射角、靶材(Cu靶)厚度对靶材上、下表面X射线辐射光子产额的影响,分析确定最佳超热电子动能及最佳靶厚.驱动激光强度与超热电子动能的定标关系表明：需要合理选择驱动激光参数,使真空加热机制主导超热电子产生过程,以在合适的激光脉冲强度下获得最大X射线光子产额.     

飞秒激光-固体靶相互作用中超热电子能量分布的实验研究

用3TW飞秒激光器研究了激光-固体靶相互作用中产生的超热电子的能量分布.超热电子构成各向异性的能量分布：在靶法线方向，超热电子能谱呈类麦克斯韦分布，拟合的温度约为206keV，该方向占主导地位的加速机理是共振吸收；在激光反射方向，超热电子能谱先是出现一个局部的平台，然后逐渐衰减，呈现非类麦克斯韦分布，这是由于几种加热机理共同作用的结果，其中占主导地位的是反射激光对电子的加速.在靶法线方向超热电子的温度和产额均大于激光反射方向超热电子的温度和产额，证明共振吸收机理对电子的加速更有效. 关键词： 飞秒激光 等离子体 超热电子 能谱     

拍瓦激光与铜靶作用产生光核中子的数值模拟研究

激光驱动中子源由于中子通量高、短脉冲等特点受到广泛关注。通过辐射流体动力学、粒子动力学和蒙特卡罗三种数值模拟程序的组合使用,对超短强激光与铜靶作用产生光核中子进行了全物理过程模拟。首先使用辐射流体动力学程序获得激光预脉冲产生的预等离子体密度分布,然后将预等离子体输入粒子动力学程序获得超短强激光主脉冲产生的超热电子信息,最后将超热电子输入蒙特卡罗程序得到光核中子。模拟获得了光核中子的产额、能谱和角分布信息,发现采用强度1022 W/cm2激光、直径和厚度均为4 cm的Cu圆柱靶,可以获得产额为1.2108/J的光核中子。     

基于中子飞行时间法的ICF内爆热斑离子温度诊断技术北大核心CSCD

在惯性约束聚变研究中,内爆热斑离子温度反映了热斑能量的高低,对内爆对称性和内爆速度等物理量十分敏感,是理解内爆物理过程不可或缺的重要参数。介绍了一种基于中子飞行时间法的ICF内爆热斑离子温度诊断技术。建立了一种采用塑料闪烁探测器作为中子测量器件的快时间响应中子飞行时间谱仪。谱仪输出时间波形的半高全宽小于1.1ns,上升时间约为0.5ns。描述了基于反卷积运算和低通滤波的飞行时间谱解谱方法。在神光Ⅲ原型装置较低的中子产额和离子温度条件下通过这种诊断技术成功获得了内爆热斑离子温度。     

金属靶和绝缘靶对飞秒激光吸收的比较

利用脉宽为150fs、强度为8×10¹⁵W/cm²的P偏振飞秒激光研究了与 金属靶和绝缘靶 相互作用过程中的激光能量吸收、超热电子产额及超热电子能谱. 实验发现，由于绝缘靶电 导率小，因此其电荷分离势大于金属靶，从而导致绝缘靶比金属靶具有较小的激光能量吸收 、较少的超热电子发射和较高的超热电子温度. 关键词： 金属靶 绝缘靶 激光吸收 超热电子     

Coulomb explosion of the hot spot of micropinches

It has been shown that the generation of hard X-ray radiation, electron beam, and high energy ions that have been detected in experiments on compressing pinches can be related to the Coulomb explosion of a micropinch hot spot, which is formed due to the outflow of the material. In the outflow process, the plasma temperature in the hot spot increases and conditions appear for the transition of electrons to the regime of continuous acceleration. The exit of runaway electrons from the hot spot region leads to the creation of a positive bulk charge, then to a Coulomb explosion. Conditions under which electrons pass to the continuous acceleration regime have been determined and estimates of the ion kinetic energy upon a Coulomb explosion have been obtained.     

两种温度电子对稳态等离子体鞘层的影响

建立包含冷热电子的无碰撞等离子体鞘层的流体模型,利用数值模拟研究含有两种温度电子时等离子体鞘层的产生.结果表明:对于含有两种不同温度电子的稳态等离子体,冷电子的温度越低或者冷电子的含量越多,鞘边离子的马赫数临界值就越小,鞘层的宽度就变得越窄,沉积器壁的离子动能流也就越少.此外,研究不同种类的等离子体(Ar、Ke、Xe),鞘层厚度和离子沉积器壁动能流受冷电子的影响.     

离子-电子非平衡机制降低中心热斑点火条件

提出通过离子-电子非平衡物理模型来降低惯性约束聚变中心热斑点火的聚变点火条件。在该物理模型中,强调离子比电子具备更高的温度,从而使得热斑的热核聚变反应增强,轫致辐射和电子热传导造成的能量漏失相对降低。通过对中心热斑的自加热分析和热斑燃烧动力学分析,发现相对于平衡聚变点火模型,非平衡模型可以显著扩大聚变点火区在热斑面密度和热斑温度空间的范围。同时采用LARED-S程序的数值模拟,研究了通过尖峰脉冲波形、二次冲击物理机制强化中心热斑聚变点火的非平衡性。     

离子-电子非平衡机制降低中心热斑点火条件

提出通过离子-电子非平衡物理模型来降低惯性约束聚变中心热斑点火的聚变点火条件。在该物理模型中,强调离子比电子具备更高的温度,从而使得热斑的热核聚变反应增强,轫致辐射和电子热传导造成的能量漏失相对降低。通过对中心热斑的自加热分析和热斑燃烧动力学分析,发现相对于平衡聚变点火模型,非平衡模型可以显著扩大聚变点火区在热斑面密度和热斑温度空间的范围。同时采用LARED-S程序的数值模拟,研究了通过尖峰脉冲波形、二次冲击物理机制强化中心热斑聚变点火的非平衡性。     

The influence of the state of a compressed thermonuclear substance on the combustion of inertial fusion targets under direct ignition by a short radiation pulse

One-dimensional numerical calculations were performed to study the dependence of conditions for initiating thermonuclear combustion and of the target gain of direct-ignition inertial fusion targets ignited by a short radiation pulse on the initial temperature of a preliminarily compressed fuel and the initial heat energy distribution between plasma electrons and ions in the ignition region (igniter). The igniter parameters at which an effective thermonuclear target explosion with a G ～ 10³ target gain occurred were shown to substantially depend on the initial temperature of the major fuel fraction and the initial heat energy distribution between igniter electrons and ions. The heat energy of the igniter passed a minimum as the size of the igniter decreased. The dependences of these minimum energies on the temperature of the major fuel fraction at various initial energy distributions between igniter electrons and ions were determined. An increase in the temperature of the major fuel fraction was shown to decrease the target gain.     

Floating Sheath Potentials in Non-Maxwellian Plasmas

The floating sheath potential in a plasma having a Maxwellian electron distribution function is e?>s = -kTe 1n (a/b)/2 where Te is the electron temperature, a is the ratio of electron temperature to ion temperature, and b is the ratio of electron mass to ion mass. This expression is derived by equating the flux of electrons and ions to a surface in the plasma. Only electrons initially having an energy greater than -e?s flow to the surface. These electrons are in the tail of the distribution, a region that differs significantly from a Maxwellian in many plasmas. An analysis is performed where the sheath potential is solved for using a two-temperature model for the electron distribution function. The two-temperature model accurately describes the distortion from a Maxwellian in the tail of the distribution function. The magnitude of the sheath potential calculated with the two-temperature distribution is significantly smaller than that obtained using a Maxwellian distribution, a result of the reduction in the relative abundance of energetic electrons in the tail of the distribution.     

Tonks-Langmuir problem for a bi-Maxwellian plasma

An analytical solution of the Tonks-Langmuir (TL) problem with a bi-Maxwellian electron energy distribution function (EEDF) is obtained for a plasma slab. The solution shows that the ambipolar potential, the plasma density distribution, and the ion flux to the wall are mainly governed by the cold electrons, while the ionization rate and voltage drop across the wall sheath are governed by the hot electrons. The ionization rate by direct electron impact is found to be spatially rather uniform, contrary to the T-L solution where it is proportional to the plasma density distribution. The temperature of hot electrons defined by the ionization balance is found to be close to that of the T-L solution for a mono-Maxwellian EEDF, and is in reasonable agreement with experiments carried out in a low pressure capacitance RF discharge. The energy balance for cold electrons in this discharge shows that their heating by hot electrons via Coulomb interaction is equalized by the cold electrons' escape to the RF electrodes during collapse of the RF sheath     

Formation of solitary structures and envelope solitons in electron acoustic wave in inner magnetosphere plasma with suprathermal ions

The propagation of electron acoustic solitary waves is investigated in magnetized two-temperature electron plasma with supra-thermal ion. By using the reductive perturbation technique, the Korteweg de-Vries (KdV) equation is derived. Later solving this equation, a solitary wave solution has been derived. These are mainly in astrophysical plasmas where changes of local charge density, temperature, and energy of particles produce considerable effects on the plasma system. The effects of supra-thermality, density, and Mach number on solitary structures are studied in detail. The results show that the supra-thermal index (κ) and ion to electron temperature ratio (σ) alters the regime where solitary waves may exist. While studying the solitary profile for different parametric variation some interesting conclusion can be drawn; it is shown that the solitary profile becomes flatter. This can be due to the thermal energy associated with the hot electrons. However, with the increase in ion density with respect to the cold electrons' density, the solitary waves become steeper and sharper. This is due to the comparatively heavier mass of ions. The density of cold electron also increases the solitary structures in a similar manner. The higher the density of cold electrons, sharper will be the profile. The above findings will be helpful in understanding many astrophysical phenomena and data obtained by space missions. For a further study, we keep the investigation of the formation of other kinds of stationary structures like shocks, double layers, etc.     

Spectroscopic investigation of a low current arc in pure fluorine

A pure fluorine 10-A DC arc has been operated in an Al₂O₃ tube of 18 mm diameter at atmospheric pressure. This arc was used to perform radially resolved spectroscopic end-on measurements in the visible and UV-spectral regions. An excitation temperature of 7800 K on the arc axis was determined from the intensity of atomic fluorine lines, and an ion density of 1.7×10 ²¹ m^-3 was determined from the half-width of the contamination line H_β. A Boltzmann plot of the affinity continuum in the UV-spectral region yields two groups of electrons. A group of hot electrons is characterized by a temperature that agrees with the excitation temperature, and a group of cold electrons has a temperature in accordance to the gas temperature of 4000 K. The absolute intensity of the affinity continuum gives and electron density of 1.3×10²⁰ m^-3 on the arc axis, which is lower than the density of both positive and negative ions in the discharge. From the difference between the electron and gas temperature, an elastic collision cross section between the electrons and F-atoms of 2×10^-20 m² is determined