Photoelectrochemical water oxidation improved by pyridine N-oxide as a mimic of tyrosine-Z in photosystem II

Artificial photosynthesis provides a way to store solar energy in chemical bonds with water oxidation as a major challenge for creating highly efficient and robust photoanodes that mimic photosystem II. We report here an easily available pyridine N-oxide (PNO) derivative as an efficient electron transfer relay between an organic light absorber and molecular water oxidation catalyst on a nanoparticle TiO₂ photoanode. Spectroscopic and kinetic studies revealed that the PNO/PNO⁺˙ couple closely mimics the redox behavior of the tyrosine/tyrosyl radical pair in PSII in improving light-driven charge separation via multi-step electron transfer. The integrated photoanode exhibited a 1 sun current density of 3 mA cm⁻² in the presence of Na₂SO₃ and a highly stable photocurrent density of >0.5 mA cm⁻² at 0.4 V vs. NHE over a period of 1 h for water oxidation at pH 7. The performance shown here is superior to those of previously reported organic dye-based photoanodes in terms of photocurrent and stability.

Stable and high photocurrent for water oxidation was achieved by an organic dye-sensitized photoanode with a pyridine N-oxide derivative as an efficient electron relay between the chromophore and molecular water oxidation catalyst.     

Blue TiO2 nanotube arrays as semimetallic materials with enhanced photoelectrochemical activity towards water splitting

In the past years there has been a great interest in self-doped TiO₂ nanotubes (blue TiO₂ nanotubes) compared to undoped ones owing to their high carrier density and conductivity. In this study, blue TiO₂ nanotubes are investigated as photoanode materials for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Blue TiO₂ nanotubes were fabricated with enhanced photoresponse behavior through electrochemical cathodic polarization on undoped and annealed TiO₂ nanotubes. The annealing temperature of undoped TiO₂ nanotubes was tuned before cathodic polarization, revealing that annealing at 500 °C improved the photoresponse of the nanotubes significantly. Further optimization of the blue TiO₂ nanotubes was achieved by adjusting the cathodic polarization parameters. Blue TiO₂ nanotubes obtained at the potential of –1.4 V (vs. SCE) with a duration of 10 min exhibited twice more photocurrent response (0.39 mA cm^-2) compared to the undoped TiO₂ nanotube arrays (0.19 mA cm^-2). Oxygen vacancies formed through the cathodic polarization decreased charge recombination and enhanced charge transfer rate; therefore, a high photoelectrochemical activity under visible light irradiation could be achieved.     

g-C_3N_4基多功能层光阳极在光电化学水分解中的应用（英文）

光电化学分解水制氢可以一并解决环境问题和能源危机,因而成为研究热点.由于TiO_2 禁带宽度较大,不能有效吸收太阳光中的可见光,使光电化学分解水制氢的应用受限.g-C_3N_4的禁带宽度约为2.7 e V,能有效吸收可见光,但g-C_3N_4薄膜制备研究较少.我们通过热聚缩合法直接在FTO导电玻璃上制备出g-C_3N_4薄膜,发现其光电化学分解水制氢稳定性不高,选择易制备的TiO_2 作为保护层可以提高g-C_3N_4的耐用性.此外,为提高g-C_3N_4光生电子空穴对的分离能力,依靠Co-Pi对光生空穴的捕获作用而将其覆盖在最外层.因此本文首次制备一种新型的g-C_3N_4/TiO_2 /Co-Pi光阳极用于光电化学分解水制氢,其中g-C_3N_4用作光吸收层,TiO_2 用作保护层,Co-Pi用作空穴捕获层.并在此基础上,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM),X射线衍射(XRD),紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)等手段研究了g-C_3N_4/TiO_2 /Co-Pi光阳极的形貌特征和光电化学性能.SEM、EDS和XRD结果表明,g-C_3N_4/TiO_2 /Co-Pi光阳极被成功制备在了FTO导电玻璃上,厚度约为3μm.UV-Vis测试表明,g-C_3N_4的光吸收边约为470 nm,可以有效地吸收可见光,并且g-C_3N_4的框架结构使光多次反射折射增加了光的捕获能力,由此可见,g-C_3N_4能够发挥很好的光吸收层作用.通过对g-C_3N_4光阳极,g-C_3N_4/TiO_2 光阳极和g-C_3N_4/TiO_2 /Co-Pi光阳极的电流电压测试发现,g-C_3N_4/TiO_2 光阳极的光电流密度小于g-C_3N_4光阳极,而g-C_3N_4/TiO_2 /Co-Pi光阳极的光电流密在可逆氢电极1.1 V下达到了0.346 mA?cm–2,约为单独g-C_3N_4光阳极的3.6倍.这说明Co-Pi是提升g-C_3N_4光电化学性能的主要因素.电化学阻抗测试结果发现,g-C_3N_4/TiO_2 /Co-Pi光阳极的界面电荷转移电阻小于g-C_3N_4光阳极的,这表明g-C_3N_4/TiO_2 /Co-Pi光阳极界面处载流子转移较快,同时也能促进内部光生电子空穴对的分离,整体性能的提高应该主要归因于Co-Pi对光生空穴的捕获作用.恒电压时间测试展示出g-C_3N_4/TiO_2 /Co-Pi光阳极的光电流密度在2 h测试过程中没有明显下降,表明g-C_3N_4/TiO_2 /Co-Pi光阳极是相当稳定的,具有良好的耐用性,归因于TiO_2 和Co-Pi的共同保护作用,主要归因于TiO_2 层对FTO导电玻璃上的g-C_3N_4薄膜保护,从电化学沉积Co-Pi到所有测试结束.总体而言,g-C_3N_4/TiO_2 /Co-Pi光阳极加强的光电化学性能归因于以下几个因素:(1)g-C_3N_4优异的光吸收能力;(2)TiO_2 稳定的保护提升了g-C_3N_4薄膜的耐用性;(3)Co–Pi对光生空穴的捕获有效促进了光生电子空穴对的分离.     

Size‐Dependence of the Activity of Gold Nanoparticle‐Loaded Titanium(IV) Oxide Plasmonic Photocatalyst for Water Oxidation

Mesoporous TiO₂ nanocrystalline film was formed on fluorine‐doped tin oxide electrode (TiO₂/FTO) and gold nanoparticles (NPs) of different sizes were loaded onto the surface with the loading amount kept constant (Au/TiO₂/FTO). Visible‐light irradiation (λ>430 nm) of the Au/TiO₂/FTO photoanode in a photoelectrochemical cell with the structure of photoanode|0.1 m NaClO4 aqueous solution|Ag/AgCl (reference electrode)|glassy carbon (cathode) leads to the oxidation of water to oxygen (O₂). We show that the visible‐light activity of the Au/TiO₂/FTO anode increases with a decrease in Au particle size (d) at 2.9≤d≤11.9 nm due to the enhancement of the charge separation and increasing photoelectrocatalytic activity.     

TiO2纳米棒和CdSe纳米棒复合膜与聚3-甲基噻吩杂化太阳能电池研究

采用水热法制备了TiO₂和CdSe两种纳米棒材料, 将两种纳米材料制备成TiO₂/CdSe复合纳米棒膜电极, 并在复合膜上电化学聚合生成聚3-甲基噻吩poly(3-methylthiophene) (PMeT), 研究了其光电化学性能. 实验表明, 当TiO₂与CdSe的物质的量复合比为2∶1, PMeT的聚合时间为40 s, 在电极电势为－0.2 V下ITO/TiO₂/CdSe/PMeT电极光电转换效率(IPCE)达到56%, 对比ITO/TiO₂/CdSe复合膜电极在长波方向的光电转换效率明显提高, 光吸收截止波长发生了明显的红移. 同时以ITO/TiO₂/CdSe/PMeT组装了简易的杂化太阳电池, 初步研究了光电池性能, 光电池总效率为0.08%, V_oc＝0.4 V, j_sc＝0.61 mA/cm², ff＝0.33.     

Pyrite (FeS2)-decorated 1D TiO2 nanotubes in a bilayer as a sustainable photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting activity

Herein, FeS₂@TiO₂ nanotubes photocatalyst was prepared by electrochemical anodization method followed by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method, and then finally annealed in a tube furnace for homogenous crystallization. The surface morphology, elemental composition, optical properties, and crystalline structure of the prepared FeS₂@TiO₂ nanocomposite were found out by performing scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively, while bonds vibrations and various functional groups' presence were analyzed using Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A higher photocurrent density of 1.59 mA/cm² at 0.3 V versus reference electrode of Ag/AgCl (1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode) using 100 mW/cm² intensive light source was shown by 15-FeS₂@TiO₂ nanotubes (uniformly loaded photoanode) while donor density (N_D) of 3.68 × 10⁻¹³ cm⁻³ as compared to pure TiO₂ NTs (0.09 mA/cm²), 05-FeS₂@TiO₂ NTs (0.19 mA/cm²), 10-FeS₂@TiO₂ NTs (0.53 mA/cm²) and 20-FeS₂@TiO₂ NTs (0.61 mA/cm²), respectively. The exceptional photoelectrochemical activity results were attributed to the homogenous integration of FeS₂ that not only increase the charge separation but also, intensively interacted with the substrate (TiO₂ nanotubes), which results in an excellent photoelectrochemical activity.     

Insight into the Key Restriction of BiVO4 Photoanodes Prepared by Pyrolysis Method for Scalable Preparation

Bismuth Vanadate (BiVO₄) photoanode has been popularly investigated for promising solar water oxidation, but its intrinsic performance has been greatly retarded by the direct pyrolysis method. Here we insight the key restriction of BiVO₄ prepared by metal–organic decomposition (MOD) method. It is found that the evaporation of vanadium during the pyrolysis tends to cause a substantial phase impurity, and the unexpected few tetragonal phase inhibits the charge separation evidently. Consequently, suitably excessive vanadium precursor was adopted to eliminate the phase impurity, based on which the obtained intrinsic BiVO₄ photoanode could exhibit photocurrent density of 4.2 mA cm⁻² at 1.23 V_RHE under AM 1.5 G irradiation, as comparable to the one fabricated by the currently popular two-step electrodeposition method. Furthermore, the excellent performance can be maintained on the enlarged photoanode (25 cm²), demonstrating the advantage of MOD method in scalable preparation. Our work provides new insight and highlights the glorious future of MOD method for the design of scale-up efficient BiVO₄ photoanode.     

Ge‐Mediated Modification in Ta3N5 Photoelectrodes with Enhanced Charge Transport for Solar Water Splitting

Ta₃N₅ is a promising photoanode candidate for photoelectrochemical water splitting, with a band gap of about 2.1 eV and a theoretical solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency as high as 15.9 % under AM 1.5 G 100 mW cm^?2 irradiation. However, the presently achieved highest photocurrent (ca. 7.5 mA cm^?2) on Ta₃N₅ photoelectrodes under AM 1.5 G 100 mW cm^?2 is far from the theoretical maximum (ca. 12.9 mA cm^?2), which is possibly due to serious bulk recombination (poor bulk charge transport and charge separation) in Ta₃N₅ photoelectrodes. In this study, we show that volatilization of intentionally added Ge (5 %) during the synthesis of Ta₃N₅ promotes the electron transport and thereby improves the charge‐separation efficiency in bulk Ta₃N₅ photoanode, which affords a 320 % increase of the highest photocurrent comparing with that of pure Ta₃N₅ photoanode under AM 1.5 G 100 mW cm^?2 simulated sunlight.     

Improved efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells by design of a proper double layer photoanode electrodes composed of Cr-doped TiO2 transparent and light scattering layers

A new strategy for enhancing the efficiency of TiO₂ dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) by design of a new double layer film doped with Cr ions, with various morphologies, is reported. X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) analyses revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles had uniform and nanometer grains with different phase compositions and average crystallite size in the range of 10–12 nm depending upon Cr atomic percentage. UV–vis absorption showed that Cr introduction enhanced the visible light absorption of TiO₂ nanoparticles by shifting the absorption onset to visible light region. Furthermore, the band gap energy of nanoparticles decreased with an increase in dopant concentration due to reduction of particle size. It was found that, 3 at.% Cr-doped TiO₂ DSSC in the form of a double-layer film composed of TiO₂ nanoparticles, as the under-layer, and mixtures of nano- and micro-particles with weight ratio of 80:20, as the over-layer, (i.e., CT3/NM3 solar cell) had the highest power conversion efficiency of 7.02 %, short current density of 17.32 mA/cm² and open circuit voltage of 674 mV. This can be related to achievement of a balance among the electron injection, light scattering effect and dye sensitization parameters. Optimization of light scattering effect of photoanode electrode led to improve the photovoltaic performance of CT3/NM3 double-layer solar cell and was demonstrated by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The presented strategy would open up new insight into fabrication of low-cost TiO₂ DSSCs with high power conversion efficiency.     

Improved photoelectrochemical hydrogen production over decorated titania with copper and nickel oxides by optimizing the photoanode and reaction characteristics

We optimized photocatalytic hydrogen production over TiO₂-based photocatalyst by varying the dopant (nickel and copper oxide), thin film active area, nature and concentration of sacrificial agents, and light intensity in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell/dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Various characterization techniques have been used to investigate the structural, morphological, optical, and PEC behavior of single and codoped TiO₂. The TiO₂ decorated with both Cu and Ni oxides with active area of 1 cm² in a mixture of 5 vol % glycerol and 1 M KOH under light intensity of 100 mWcm^?2 produced the maximum hydrogen of 338.4 μmol cm^?2 for 2 h. The superior photocatalyst performance of this photocatalyst is attributed to its small crystallite size and large pore size, as confirmed by X-ray diffractometer, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and surface area of Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (S_BET). The absorption edges of this photocatalyst had the highest red shift compared with single doped and pure TiO₂ because of more indirect transitions of the photoexcited electrons, greater charge carrier separation, and lower recombination rate. The photoanode active area of 1 cm² with better photocatalytic performance correlated with the number of defects and grain boundaries. Glycerol shifted the conduction band of the photocatalyst to more negative flat potential compared with others. Increasing the concentration of glycerol further than 5 vol% saturated the photocatalyst active sites, increased photooxidation intermediates of glycerol, and reduced the hydrogen production. The light intensity had the maximum impact on the hydrogen production and could strongly control the number of charge carriers in both the PEC cell and the DSSC.     

CdTe/CdS共敏化TiO2电极材料的制备与光电性能

将电沉积法和化学浴沉积法结合,分别将CdTe和CdS量子点纳米晶材料引入到TiO₂纳米管阵列上制备CdTe/CdS量子点共敏化TiO₂光电极。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射和X射线能量色散光谱等测试手段对所得样品的形貌、晶型和组分进行表征。在模拟太阳光照射条件下,通过电化学工作站测试其光电化学性能。研究结果表明,相对于单一量子点敏化CdS/TiO₂和CdTe/TiO₂光电极而言,共敏化CdTe/CdS/TiO₂光电极表现出更好的光电转化性能,短路电流密度和光电转换效率分别可以达到3.1 mA·cm^-2和1.85%。此外,采用电化学阻抗测试技术对材料性能提升的原因进行深入的探究。     

CdTe/CdS共敏化TiO2电极材料的制备与光电性能

将电沉积法和化学浴沉积法结合,分别将CdTe和CdS量子点纳米晶材料引入到TiO_2纳米管阵列上制备CdTe/CdS量子点共敏化TiO_2光电极。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射和X射线能量色散光谱等测试手段对所得样品的形貌、晶型和组分进行表征。在模拟太阳光照射条件下,通过电化学工作站测试其光电化学性能。研究结果表明,相对于单一量子点敏化CdS/TiO_2和CdTe/TiO_2光电极而言,共敏化CdTe/CdS/TiO_2光电极表现出更好的光电转化性能,短路电流密度和光电转换效率分别可以达到3.1 m A·cm~(-2)和1.85%。此外,采用电化学阻抗测试技术对材料性能提升的原因进行深入的探究。     

Degradation of ofloxacin by UVA-LED/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanotube arrays photocatalytic fuel cells

The degradation of ofloxacin (OFX) at low concentration in aqueous solution by UVA-LED/TiO₂ nanotube arrays photocatalytic fuel cells (UVA-LED/TiO₂ NTs PFCs) was investigated. TiO₂ nanotube arrays (TiO₂ NTs) photoanode prepared by anodization-constituted anatase–rutile bicrystalline framework. The results indicated that the degradation efficiency of OFX by UVA-LED/TiO₂ NTs PFC was significantly enhanced by 14.3% compared with UVA-LED/TiO₂ NTs photocatalysis. The pH affected the degradation efficiency markedly; the highest degradation efficiency (95.0%) and the pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant k value (0.049 min^?1) were achieved in neutral condition (pH 7.0). The degradation efficiency increased with the increasing concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the UVA-LED/TiO₂ NTs PFC. The main reactive species of OFX degradation are positive holes (h⁺) and superoxide ion radicals (O ₂ ^·? ) in a DO sufficient condition. Furthermore, the possible pathways of OFX degradation were proposed.     

Axis‐Oriented,Continuous Anatase Titania Films with Exposed Reactive {100} Facets

Homogeneous TiO₂ single crystals with high exposure of {100} reactive facets were constructed as a seed monolayer on transparent conductive substrates with the desired orientation of reactive facets. A secondary growth process was subsequently carried out on the monolayer seed film to form an axis‐oriented continuous reactive film. Performing secondary growth with different precursors led to optimized conditions for high‐performance photoelectrochemical activity of anatase TiO₂ films. Experimental techniques such as UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution SEM, and photoelectrochemistry were used to characterize the structural, optical, and photoelectrochemical properties of the as‐synthesized films. As a photoanode in a photoelectrochemical cell, the axis‐oriented reactive film shows a maximum photocurrent density of 0.3 mA cm^?2, as opposed to 0.075 mA cm^?2 for non‐axis‐oriented (randomly oriented) TiO₂ film.     

Photoelectrochemical starch-O<Subscript>2</Subscript> biofuel cell consisting of chlorophyll derivative-sensitized TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> anode and enzyme-based cathode

A new photoelectrochemical starch-O₂ biofuel cell has been developed, consisting of chlorin-e₆ (Chl-e₆) adsorbed on a TiO₂ layer onto an optical transparent conductive glass electrode as a photoanode, bilirubin oxidase (BOD)-modified electrode as a cathode, and a solution containing starch, glucoamylase, glucose dehydrogenase and NAD⁺ as fuel. The short-circuit photocurrent and the open-circuit photovoltage of this cell are 9.0 μA cm^?2 and 530 mV, respectively. The maximum power, FF and \(\eta\) values are estimated to be 1.7 μW cm^?2, 0.36 and 0.0017 %, respectively. Thus, this new type of the photochemical starch-O₂ biofuel cell has been developed by using the visible light photosensitization of Chl-e₆ on a TiO₂ film photoanode.     

Tin chloride perovskite-sensitized core/shell photoanode solar cell with spiro-MeOTAD hole transport material for enhanced solar light harvesting

An attempt has been made to fabricate methyl ammonium tin chloride (CH₃NH₃SnCl₃) perovskite-sensitized TiO₂ nanostructure photoanode solar cell with hole transport material (HTM) spiro-MeOTAD and graphite-coated counter electrode (CE). The TiO₂ nanoparticles (TNPs), TiO₂ nanoleaves (TNLs), and TNLs with MgO core/shell photoanodes were prepared to fabricate perovskite-sensitized solar cells (PSSCs). The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photovoltaic characteristics of the PSSCs, photocurrent density (J _sc), open-circuit voltage (V _oc), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) were determined under illumination of AM 1.5 G. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis was carried out to study the charge transport and lifetime of charge carriers at the photoanode–sensitizer–electrolyte interface of the PSSCs. The PSSC made with CH₃NH₃SnCl₃ perovskite-sensitized TNL–MgO core/shell photoanode and spiro-MeOTAD HTM shows an impressive photovoltaic performance, with J _sc = 17.24 mA/cm², V _oc = 800 mV, FF = 73 %, and PCE = 9.98 % under 100 mW/cm² light intensity. The advent of such simple solution-processed mesoscopic heterojunction solar cells paves the way to realize low-cost and high-efficiency solar cells. By the aid of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it is revealed that the core/shell structure can increase an interfacial resistance of the photoanode–CH₃NH₃SnCl₃ interface and retard an electron recombination process in the photoanode–sensitizer–HTM interface.     

Photosensitization of Nanocrystalline TiO2 Electrode Modified with C60 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

C₆₀ carboxylic acid derivatives can be readily adsorbed on the surface of nanocrystalline TiO₂ film. The C₆₀ carboxylic acids adsorbed on nanocrystalline TiO₂ films act as charge‐transfer sensitizer. The electron transport from TiO₂ to the C₆₀ derivatives results in the generation of the cathodic photocurrent. The short‐circuit photocurrent of a C₆₀ tetracarboxylic acid is 0.45 μA/cm² under 464 nm light illumination. The photoelectric behaviour of ITO electrodes modified by the same C₆₀ carboxylic acids is different from that of the modified TiO₂ electrodes, and shows anodic photocurrent.     

Construction of high-efficient visible photoelectrocatalytic system for carbamazepine degradation: Kinetics,degradation pathway and mechanism

This study aimed to construct a photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) reaction system based on the self-made reduced TiO₂ NTAs (r-TNAs) photoanode and activated carbon/Polytetrafluoroethylene (AC/PTFE) cathode. It would be observed clearly that the degradation rate constant of carbamazepine (CBZ) over r-TNAs_(photoanode)-AC/PTFE_(cathode) PEC system (0.04961 min⁻¹) was even higher than that of r-TNAs_(photoanode)-Pt_(cathode) PEC system (0.04602 min⁻¹) with the assistance of visible light irradiation and +0.4 V external potential. Besides, in order to obtain optimized conditions, the influence of key parameters such as pH value, electric current density and electrolyte concentration were studied. Most importantly, photoelectrochemical (PECH) properties, reactive oxide species contribution, OH formation rate and CBZ degradation pathway were determined. The results illustrated that the excellent PEC degradation performance depended on the excellent photocatalytic property of r-TNAs photoanode and electron transfer property of photoelectrodes in r-TNAs_(photoanode)-AC/PTFE_(cathode) PEC system. Therefore, the study demonstrated that the r-TNAs_(photoanode)-AC/PTFE_(cathode) PEC system could be expected to replace metal-catalyzed cathodes depending on its excellent PEC performance activity and low cost as well as the reaction system possessed objective and practical application prospect.     

Alkaline–Acid Zn–H2O Fuel Cell for the Simultaneous Generation of Hydrogen and Electricity

An alkaline–acid Zn–H₂O fuel cell is proposed for the simultaneous generation of electricity with an open circuit voltage of about 1.25 V and production of H₂ with almost 100 % Faradic efficiency. We demonstrate that, as a result of harvesting energy from both electrochemical neutralization and electrochemical Zn oxidation, the as‐developed hybrid cell can deliver a power density of up to 80 mW cm^?2 and an energy density of 934 Wh kg^?1 and maintain long‐term stability for H₂ production with an output voltage of 1.16 V at a current density of 10 mA cm^?2.     

Hydrogen peroxide-photofuel cell using TiO2 photoanode

Hydrogen peroxide-fuel cell (H₂O₂-FC) possesses a theoretical power generating efficiency of 119% much larger than hydrogen/oxygen (H₂/O₂)-FC (82.9%) with a thermodynamic electromotive force of 1.09 V. This communication presents the prototype of H₂O₂-photofuel cell (PFC) without using noble metal catalyst. The H₂O₂-PFC is comprised of mesoporous anatase TiO₂ nanocrystalline film coated on fluorine-doped tin oxide electorode (mp-TiO₂/FTO, photoanode), glassy carbon (cathode), and an aqueous electrolyte solution containing 0.1 M NaClO₄ and 0.1 M H₂O₂. Under UV-light irradiation, the H₂O₂-PFC stably works, providing a short-circuit current of 0.24 mA cm^− 2 and an open-circuit voltage of 0.72 V at ambient temperature and pressure, while current hardly flows in the dark. Further, the PFC responds to visible-light due to the charge-transfer complex formation of H₂O₂ on the TiO₂ surface.