交河故城古车师人的线粒体DNA分析

从距今2000～2500年左右的交河故城古代人骨中提取古DNA,用4对重叠引物对线粒体基因组的调控区(363bp)进行了扩增及测序.线粒体基因组编码区的扩增片段用于限制性片段多样性分析.结果显示4个个体中具有3个DNA序列,其中来自不同墓穴的两个个体的序列相同,说明这两者间有密切的母系遗传关系.系统发育分析表明古车师的这4个个体分散分布在现代新疆维吾尔人的序列之中.从这些结果可以初步得出结论,即古车师人群并不是一个同源群体,在早期铁器时代,欧亚人群的混合就已经存在了.     

新疆古代居民的遗传结构分析

新疆维吾尔自治区地处于古代东西方经贸、文化交流的大通道丝绸之路的中心地段 .这一地区的人群在人类学上呈现出东亚与欧洲之间的混合特征 .由于这一地区处于人际交叉地带 ,地理位置上无天然的屏障 ,且在历史上经历过多次的迁徙、混合和战争 ,仅仅从现代人的遗传特征和核酸序列来推测古代中亚各民族的起源和迁徙必然会受到这些历史过程的影响 ,而使用古 DNA来研究西域古代群体的遗传结构无疑是对这一问题的近距离考察 .本文通过对所采集的样本中的线粒体 DNA进行序列分析 ,为了解新疆各民族的起源、发展、融合与分化的历史轨迹提供了必…     

Genetic Structure Analysis Khitan Noble of Human Remains from Necropolis

Ancient DNA was extracted from 13 skeletal remains from the burial groups of Khitan nobles, which were excavated in northeast China. The hypervariable segment Ⅰ sequences （ HVS Ⅰ ） of the mitochondrial DNA control region, in the 13 individuals, were used as genetic markers to determine the genetic relationships between the individuals and the genetic affinity to other interrelated populations by using the known database of mtDNA. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of these ancient DNA sequences, the genetic structures of two Khitan noble kindreds were obtained, including the Yel Yuzhi＇s kindred and the Xiao He＇s kindred. Furthermore, the relationships between the Khitan nobles and some modern interrelated populations were analyzed. On the basis of the result of the analysis, the gene flows of the ancient Khitans and their demographic expansion in history was deduced.     

Genetic Structure Analysis of Human Remains from Khitan Noble Necropolis

IntroductionInformation provided by ancient mitochondrialDNA(mtDNA)has been regarded as one of the mostpowerful tools for understanding and reconstructing thepast from the genetic perspective[1].In recent years,molecular studies have been widely employed …     

Ancient DNA profiling by megaplex amplications

Simultaneous amplification of nine human short tandem repeat (STR) DNA sequences and the amelogenin locus allows reducing to an absolute minimum the amount of sample material that is necessary for genetic identification or kinship analysis. Valuable remains can be studied this way without any visible damage, as is demonstrated by typing the DNA of a tooth root from the Saxon warrior Widukind, who died about 1200 years ago. The broad applicability of the megaplex approach is shown by typing bone and teeth specimens ranging from a few months to 3000 years of age employing AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus. Additionally, megaplex STR typing is the method of choice for proving the authenticity of molecular results derived from ancient degraded DNA.     

Phylogenetic Analysis of mtDNA from the Ancient Human of Yuan Dynasty in Inner Mongolia in China

Introduction TheabilitytoextractandanalyzeDNAfrom ancientremainshasarelativelyshorthistory.Early ancientDNA(aDNA)studiesconcentratedonitsnature ofphysicsandchemistryincludingdegradation,frag mentationandoxidationduringlongpreservation.The fieldwasrevoluti…     

DNA芯片技术与脱氧核糖核酸序列分析

人类基因组计划的实施,有力地促进了ＤＮＡ序列分析技术的发展。ＤＮＡ芯片综合运用了固相合成化学、照相平版印制技术以及激光共聚焦扫描等技术,能够同时扫描分析多基因乃至基因组,可广泛应用于基因的多态性分析、基因定位、表达水平的监测以及遗传病的诊断等领域,是对传统的ＤＮＡ分析技术的一次重大突破。本文介绍了ＤＮＡ芯片技术的基本原理并对其应用作一简要综述。     

高能偏振能量色散X射线荧光光谱法分析古陶瓷

以国家地质标准样品制作工作曲线,用粉末压片法制样,高能偏振能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定古陶瓷中包括15种稀土元素在内的56种元素,通过对6个陶瓷胎标准样品分析,结果表明:钪、钒、锰、铬、锌、镓、锗、铷、锶、钇、锆、铌、镉、锡、铯、钡、镧、铈、镨、钕、钆、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥、钍、铀等28种痕量元素测定值均在参考值的不确定度3～4倍范围,其他痕量元素如镍、铜、钼、锑、钐、铕、铽、铪、铅、铋等10种元素合格率为50%～83%。钠、镁、钾、钙、铁的氧化物和钛等6个项目均在允许误差范围内。氯、硫、磷的合格率均为66.6%。二氧化硅和三氧化二铝测定值和波长色散X射线荧光光谱熔融法测定结果相比,绝对误差分别在0.95%～4.46%和0.60%～1.66%之间。     

Restriction Endonuclease Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA of Muntjacs and Related Deer

Twelve restriction endonucleases were employed to analyze the mitochondrial DNA of four species of muntjacs and two related species of deer: red muntjac (M. muntjak), Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis ), black muntjac (M. crinifrons), Chinese muntjac (M. reevesi), tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus), and forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii). A total of 170 restriction fragments were detected among the samples. Fragments data were used to calculate the genetic distance (i. e. percent sequence divergency) among species, which in turn were used to construct a phylogenetic tree and to estimate divergency times. Our analysis indicates that the black muntjac and the Gongshan muntjac are most closely related, and that they are closely realted to the red muntjac and the Chinese muntjac. Additionally, the tufted deer is genetically closer to muntjacs than the musk deer is.     

DNA序列特征的统计分析

介绍了近年来在多种学科领域对DNA碱基序列的研究中发展起来的定量分析符号序列的方法,归纳了将碱基与数字对应起来的规则和进行统计分析的方法．并给予一定的评价。DNA分子包涵了丰富的化学信息和生物信息,对于DNA序列的统计分析显得非常重要。将DNA序列表达成数字信号通常有从一维到四维4种不同维数空间的映射方式,其相应的统计方法有均方根涨落、熵近似方法、傅立叶变换和小波变换等,各种方法从多个角度多个层次来分析揭示了DNA序列的结构规律。     

A novel k-word relative measure for sequence comparison

In order to extract phylogenetic information from DNA sequences, the new normalized k-word average relative distance is proposed in this paper. The proposed measure was tested by discriminate analysis and phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic trees based on the Manhattan distance measure are reconstructed with k ranging from 1 to 12. At the same time, a new method is suggested to reduce the matrix dimension, can greatly lessen the amount of calculation and operation time. The experimental assessment demonstrated that our measure was efficient. What's more, comparing with other methods’ results shows that our method is feasible and powerful for phylogenetic analysis.     

Spectrum Analysis of the Colored Pottery Figurines from Yangling Tombs of the Han Dynasty

ABSTRACT

The analysis of the colored pottery figurines from Yangling Tombs of the Han Dynasty was realized by X-ray diffraction, emission spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence and fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS). Consequent results showed that the colored components were respectively mercuric(II) sulphide, ferric (III) oxide, and carbon, among which mercuric(II) sulphide was an artificial pigment.     

水稻线粒体DNA热变性的动力学研究

作为重要的细胞器之一，线粒体有其自身的遗传系统，它不仅有其自身的基因组，也有其独立的转录、翻译系统，甚至其使用的遗传密码也与核基因不同．线粒体DNA（mtDNA）对于线粒体本身的生物发生意义重大，尽管大多数线粒体蛋白是由细胞核基因组编码，但线粒体DNA仍有10％左右的     

Third-Generation Sequencing of Epigenetic DNA

The discovery of epigenetic bases has revolutionised the understanding of disease and development. Among the most studied epigenetic marks are cytosines covalently modified at the 5 position. In order to gain insight into their biological significance, the ability to determine their spatiotemporal distribution within the genome is essential. Techniques for sequencing on “next-generation” platforms often involve harsh chemical treatments leading to sample degradation. Third-generation sequencing promises to further revolutionise the field by providing long reads, enabling coverage of highly repetitive regions of the genome or structural variants considered unmappable by next generation sequencing technology. While the ability of third-generation platforms to directly detect epigenetic modifications is continuously improving, at present chemical or enzymatic derivatisation presents the most convenient means of enhancing reliability. This Review presents techniques available for the detection of cytosine modifications on third-generation platforms.     

DNA甲基化电化学分析

DNA甲基化是目前研究最多的DNA表观遗传修饰之一.大量研究表明,DNA甲基化会引起DNA结构、稳定性以及DNA与蛋白质相互作用方式的改变,从而影响基因表达,进而引起多种神经退行性疾病、免疫系统疾病甚至癌症.因此,发展简易、灵敏、准确、可靠的方法进行DNA甲基化的分析是至关重要的.本文简单介绍了DNA甲基化的分析方法,重点综述了DNA甲基化的电化学分析方法,并对DNA甲基化的研究前景进行了展望.     

利用荧光标记引物和DNA自动测序仪确定DNA的断裂位点

建立了利用荧光标记引物和DNA自动测序仪进行DNA断裂位点分析的新方法, 该方法简便易行、灵敏度高、重复性好、数据分析客观性强、结果可靠, 适用于各种因素造成的DNA断裂位点的分析.     

DNA序列编码及相似度计算

将DNA的一级序列如β-球蛋白基因的第一个外显子(Exon)转化为分子“结构图”, 然后由所得“结构图”提取图的不变量, 如分子连接性指数. 以图的不变量作为自变量, 再由相似度计算公式或距离公式进行相似度计算, 其相似度的大小显示不同物种间亲缘关系的远近程度. 运用这种方法对人、 猴及鼠等8个物种的β-球蛋白基因的第一个外显子的相似度进行计算, 所得结果与生物学中的进化树符合得较好.     

Sequence‐specific nucleic acid mobility using a reversible block copolymer gel matrix and DNA amphiphiles (lipid‐DNA) in capillary and microfluidic electrophoretic separations

Reversible noncovalent but sequence‐dependent attachment of DNA to gels is shown to allow programmable mobility processing of DNA populations. The covalent attachment of DNA oligomers to polyacrylamide gels using acrydite‐modified oligonucleotides has enabled sequence‐specific mobility assays for DNA in gel electrophoresis: sequences binding to the immobilized DNA are delayed in their migration. Such a system has been used for example to construct complex DNA filters facilitating DNA computations. However, these gels are formed irreversibly and the choice of immobilized sequences is made once off during fabrication. In this work, we demonstrate the reversible self‐assembly of gels combined with amphiphilic DNA molecules, which exhibit hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains attached to the nucleobase. This amphiphilic DNA, which we term lipid‐DNA, is synthesized in advance and is blended into a block copolymer gel to induce sequence‐dependent DNA retention during electrophoresis. Furthermore, we demonstrate and characterize the programmable mobility shift of matching DNA in such reversible gels both in thin films and microchannels using microelectrode arrays. Such sequence selective separation may be employed to select nucleic acid sequences of similar length from a mixture via local electronics, a basic functionality that can be employed in novel electronic chemical cell designs and other DNA information‐processing systems.     

Nonisotopic single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of sequence variability in ribosomal DNA expansion segments within the genus Trichinella (Nematoda: Adenophorea)

A nonisotopic single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) approach was employed to 'fingerprint' sequence variability in the expansion segment 5 (ES5) of domain IV and the D3 domain of nuclear ribosomal DNA within and/or among isolates and individual muscle (first-stage) larvae representing all currently recognized species/genotypes of Trichinella. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of the D3 sequence data set, employing three different tree-building algorithms, examined the relationships among all of them. These analyses showed strong support that the encapsulated species T. spiralis and T. nelsoni formed a group to the exclusion of the other encapsulated species T. britovi and its related genotypes Trichinella T8 and T9 and T. murrelli, and T. nativa and Trichinella T6, and strong support that T. nativa and Trichinella T6 grouped together. Also, these eight encapsulated members grouped to the exclusion of the nonencapsulated species T. papuae and T. zimbabwensis and the three representatives of T. pseudospiralis investigated. The findings showed that nonencapsulated species constitute a complex group which is distinct from the encapsulated species and supported the current hypothesis that encapsulated Trichinella group external to the nonencapsulated forms, in accordance with independent biological and biochemical data sets.