旋转流场下模型大幅俯仰运动实验研究

在中航气动院FL-8低速风洞中,采用单自由度振荡机构进行了旋转流场下大幅俯仰运动的气动特性实验研究。模型在绕风速轴连续旋转的同时,进行给定频率和振幅绕体轴的俯仰振荡运动。测量了模型的动态气动特性,着重分析了不同运动参数对模型气动特性的影响。实验结果表明,旋转速度的存在使大振幅俯仰振荡实验中的滚转力矩和偏航力矩产生了明显的迟滞特性,但对俯仰力矩和法向力的迟滞特性影响不大。     

机翼上反角对纵向气动特性的影响研究

利用有限体积法离散求解雷诺平均 Navier-Stokes方程,计算了具有不同机翼上反角的翼身组合体构型;着重研究了机翼上反角对纵向升阻、俯仰力矩特性的影响规律;并通过展向压力分布的对比,首次从机理上对这种影响进行了探索解释,为气动布局机翼安装参数的设计提供了思路和参考.研究结果表明:由于上反角主要改变了弦向前50%部分的压力分布,所以机翼上反角越大,前缘上表面吸力峰与下表面正压力下降越多,激波向前移动越大、强度更弱,从而升力、阻力、升阻比均减小.本文在上反角小于9°范围内,上反角每增加1°,升力系数降低0.005,阻力系数降低0.0002,升阻比降低0.04,俯仰力矩导数降低0.001,典型剖面压力最小值降低1%,激波位置前移1.6%.     

旋转射弹高速倾斜入水多相流场与弹道数值模拟

基于VOF多相流模型和有限体积法求解水、汽、气多相流动的RANS方程,结合重叠网格技术和six DOF算法对某一型号舰载射弹倾斜入水过程进行数值模拟研究。首先基于该方法研究了射弹旋转效应对射弹运动特性及流体动力特性的影响,然后对不同入水角下倾斜入水过程进行分析,得到不同倾角下旋转射弹入水空泡形态发展规律、弹体运动特征及流体动力特性变化规律。研究结果表明:射弹的旋转有利于弹体在初始对称面内的弹道稳定性,但会降低弹体侧向稳定性,使射弹受到的阻力系数、俯仰力矩系数变小;入水角越小,形成的空泡越不对称,由射弹运动状态的改变引起的空泡形态变化越明显,在超空泡航行阶段,弹体运动较稳定,不同角度下流体动力系数差别很小,当弹体下表面刺破空泡壁沾湿时,弹体运动状态发生较大变化,流体动力系数迅速增大,此时入水角度过小,弹体容易失稳;弹体的沾湿对空泡形态、弹体运动稳定性和流体动力特性有着重要的影响。     

地面效应影响下的高速火箭橇气动特性数值与风洞试验研究

精确预示地面效应下高速火箭橇的气动特性及流场规律对高速火箭橇的设计和评估具有重要意义。本文应用有限体积方法,研究了湍流模型对火箭橇气动特性计算精度的影响,建立了基于realizable k-ε湍流模型的火箭橇气动特性的高精度数值计算方法;结合风洞试验方法,研究了雷诺数和地面效应对高速火箭橇流场流动规律的影响,分析了火箭橇气动特性。结果表明,火箭橇阻力系数随雷诺数增大而减小,升力系数和俯仰力矩系数随雷诺数增大而增大,但雷诺数对高速火箭橇气动特性的影响较小;地面效应会使火箭橇流场发生激波-激波干扰、激波-边界层干扰和激波反复反射等复杂气动现象,大幅提升了火箭橇的升力系数和俯仰力矩系数,但对阻力系数的影响较小。研究为高速火箭橇气动外形的设计及运动稳定性的评估提供依据。     

方形截面弹俯仰振荡对滚转特性的影响

飞行器在大气环境中飞行时,经常受阵风等的干扰,引发非指令的自激振荡,威胁飞行安全.通过建立刚体六自由度运动方程和N-S方程的松耦合求解技术,研究强迫俯仰振荡过程对滚转特性的影响.针对背风区涡流形态及横侧向气动特性复杂的方形截面飞行器,数值模拟研究了其不同攻角下的静态滚转气动特性、自由滚转运动特性,以及俯仰振荡时不同振荡速率对滚转气动和运动特性的影响.结果表明,此飞行器在静态时临界攻角约为13°,当攻角小于临界攻角时,滚转方向是静不稳定的,诱发快速滚转运动;当攻角大于临界攻角时,滚转方向是静稳定,其滚转运动是收敛的.研究发现,俯仰振荡一般会降低飞行器滚转方向静稳定或静不稳定的量值,增强滚转方向的动态稳定性.在俯仰振荡的影响下,即使滚转方向是静不稳定的,如果俯仰振荡的频率足够大,飞行器的滚转运动也可能是收敛的.     

弹性振动对翼型气动特性影响的数值模拟

通过求解雷诺平均非定常Navier-Stokes方程,采用数值模拟方法计算了俯仰和沉浮振动对NACA0012翼型平均气动特性的影响.结果表明:对于俯仰运动而言,在迎角13α≤时的升力°和力矩曲线的线性段部分,振幅角的变化对动态平均升力系数和动态平均力矩系数的影响不明显,与静态时的情况基本一致;当迎角14α≥时,翼型振动的平均升力系数和动态平均力矩系数小°于静态时的情况.同一迎角条件下的俯仰振动频率越高时,其动态的平均升力系数和动态平均力矩系数越大,频率较高时的失速迎角相对于频率较低时的情况有所推迟,但相对于静态的失速迎角而言,不同频率下的动态失速迎角均提前.对于沉浮运动而言,动态平均升力系数随振幅和频率的增加而减小,动态失速迎角随振幅和频率的增大而提前.     

伸缩翼飞机纵向飞行动力学研究

研究了可变翼展飞机在变翼展过程中的气动特性及纵向飞行动响应。首先基于多刚体系统动力学方法建立了可伸缩机翼飞机的动力学模型,进而获得了纵向飞行动力学方程;然后分析了飞机质心、质量矩、惯性矩随翼展的变化规律;最后通过实时气动力计算和纵向飞行动力学方程联立求解,获得了不同翼展下的飞机升力、阻力、力矩及纵向飞行动响应。结果表明:在相同迎角条件下,大翼展飞机的升力性能与小翼展飞机的升力性能相比有较大的优势;未加控制时机翼收缩导致飞机阻力和升力减小,飞行速度增大;为维持变翼过程的稳定飞行,需要对俯仰运动施加控制。     

基于多项式迭代的等效旋转矢量微分方程精确数值算法

提出了一种基于多项式迭代的求解等效旋转矢量微分方程(Bortz方程)的新算法,以角速度多项式作为输入,利用泰勒级数将Bortz方程中的余切函数展开成多项式形式,将不可交换误差补偿中的叉乘和求模运算变换为多项式的卷积运算,通过迭代求取等效旋转矢量的多项式精确解,有效地解决了捷联惯导系统在大角度机动环境下的姿态精确确定问题。此外,还对新算法的数值运算量和迭代收敛精度进行了分析。最后,进行了半锥角90°、频率1 Hz、时长1 s的大幅值圆锥运动姿态更新仿真实验,与传统圆锥优化算法的5'姿态误差相比,新算法的误差仅为10~(-7)',具有明显的精度优势。     

一种求解等效旋转矢量高阶误差补偿系数的新方法

在传统等效旋转矢量多子样算法中,仅考虑了二阶不可交换误差的补偿而忽略了高阶项的影响,算法精度有限。高阶误差补偿算法在一定程度上提高了等效旋转矢量的计算精度,但是其系数求解方法比较烦琐。针对以上问题,提出一种采用数值仿真方法进行误差补偿算法系数的求解方法,将等效旋转矢量方程(Bortz方程)分解为互不相关的不同重数的角速度叉乘积的形式,随机仿真生成高阶误差期望值和一组角增量的叉乘积,建立量测方程组,通过角增量矩阵秩的计算化简消除叉乘积之间的相关性,最终求得所有误差补偿系数,所提方法具有操作简单和易于推广的突出优点。在大锥角圆锥运动和大角度机动环境下进行了对比仿真验证,与传统算法相比新的高阶算法的精度提高了2～3个数量级。     

飞行器纵向俯仰气动特性计算研究

应用有限体积方法求解三维可压缩雷诺平均N-S方程,计算了巡航导弹外形飞行器作小振幅俯仰运动时的动态绕流流场和空气动力特性,开展了导弹绕不同转轴、以不同频率和在不同迎角范围内进行俯仰运动的非定常气动力迟滞特性研究。计算结果表明,当导弹作快速俯仰运动时,在上仰和下俯过程中的同一迎角瞬间,绕导弹流场流动明显不同,表现出明显的非定常迟滞特性。导弹的非定常气动力迟滞特性随俯仰运动频率的增大明显增强,且气动力迟滞曲线随着俯仰轴位置的变化而变化。在同一减缩频率下,导弹在不同迎角范围内作周期俯仰运动时,相同的运动相位角所对应的升力系数对迎角的导数是一致的,而不同减缩频率下升力系数对迎角的导数随运动相位角变化曲线明显不同。     

飞行器气动参数辨识进展

飞行器气动参数辨识研究的主题,是应用系统辨识技术从飞行试验数据求取气动力,从而建立飞行器动力学系统的数学模型.它研究的对象是飞行器;解决的是空气动力学问题;采用的基本方程是飞行动力学的运动方程组;应用的研究手段是现代控制论的滤波、预测和估计理论.它是处于空气动力学、飞行力学、弹性力学和现代控制论之间的应用性研究课题. 本文综述了国内外公开发表的飞行器参数辨识研究的理论结果和实践经验,分八个专题——模型辨识,参数估计,数据预处理和相容性检验,试验设计与最佳输入,弹性与非定常效应,频域辨识,闭环辨识,辨识准度与系统验证——评述其研究进展和现状.      

平流层飞艇气动参数辨识

进入21世纪以来,随着科技的飞速发展,世界上掀起了研究和开发平流层平台的热潮。飞艇作为平流层平台可以实现无线通信、空间观测、大气测量以及军事侦查等目的。本文首先将飞艇所受的气动力分成由于来流速度产生的定常气动力和飞艇转动引起的非定常气动力两部分,通过理论分析建立了飞艇的气动力模型,从而得到需要辨识的气动参数。其次建立了以浮心为原点的六自由度非线性动力学模型和一种基于混合遗传算法的气动力系数辨识方法——混合遗传算法（遗传算法＋单纯型法）与极大似然法相结合的方法,并利用该方法对飞艇的气动参数进行辨识。通过仿真结果验证了该方法实用性和有效性。最后通过对气动参数的准确值与辨识值的分析比较,得出各个参数对飞艇运动性能的影响情况。     

低轨纳卫星质量矩姿态控制技术研究

针对气动力矩严重影响低轨纳卫星姿态控制效果的问题,创新性地提出了利用质量矩技术将气动干扰转化为控制力矩的解决方法.由于气动力矩矢量垂直于大气来流速度方向,因而采用质量矩与磁力矩相结合的方式三轴全驱动控制卫星姿态,从而避免系统欠驱动. 建立双执行机构控制方式的姿态动力学模型,并根据各干扰项的影响简化了控制方程.针对气动力不确定、星体参数误差、未知环境影响等复杂干扰,设计了针对理想控制力矩基于干扰观测器的滑模控制器. 为减小滑块附加干扰力矩,研究了理想控制力矩的最优分配策略. 最后, 为双执行机构搭建了半物理仿真平台,结果表明: 姿态机动过程中, 与滑块加速度相关的附加惯性力矩远大于其他干扰项,最优力矩分配策略能够大幅减小快时变的附加干扰, 优化效果明显; 姿态保持过程中,干扰观测器能有效观测系统慢时变干扰, 提高滑模控制律的姿态控制精度,姿态角收敛误差小于$\pm $0.1$^\circ$.最终验证了在低轨纳卫星上利用质量矩技术控制姿态的可行性.      

ATTITUDE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR MASS MOMENT NANO-SATELLITE IN LOW EARTH ORBIT 1)

针对气动力矩严重影响低轨纳卫星姿态控制效果的问题,创新性地提出了利用质量矩技术将气动干扰转化为控制力矩的解决方法.由于气动力矩矢量垂直于大气来流速度方向,因而采用质量矩与磁力矩相结合的方式三轴全驱动控制卫星姿态,从而避免系统欠驱动. 建立双执行机构控制方式的姿态动力学模型,并根据各干扰项的影响简化了控制方程.针对气动力不确定、星体参数误差、未知环境影响等复杂干扰,设计了针对理想控制力矩基于干扰观测器的滑模控制器. 为减小滑块附加干扰力矩,研究了理想控制力矩的最优分配策略. 最后, 为双执行机构搭建了半物理仿真平台,结果表明: 姿态机动过程中, 与滑块加速度相关的附加惯性力矩远大于其他干扰项,最优力矩分配策略能够大幅减小快时变的附加干扰, 优化效果明显; 姿态保持过程中,干扰观测器能有效观测系统慢时变干扰, 提高滑模控制律的姿态控制精度,姿态角收敛误差小于$\pm $0.1$^\circ$.最终验证了在低轨纳卫星上利用质量矩技术控制姿态的可行性.     

Technical Stability of Dynamic States of Controlled Elastic Aircraft

Sufficient conditions are obtained for the technical stability of the controlled longitudinal vertical motion of elongated elastic aircraft. These aircraft are considered to have a variable cross-section and to be subject to significant transverse deformations and vibrations. The technical-stability criteria formulated depend on a small positive parameter. This parameter is a function of key parameters of the controlled dynamic process such as the increment in the transverse load due to the curvature of the system axis and the aerodynamic forces     

Stability chart of parametric vibrating systems using energy-rate method

Based on the integral of energy and numerical integration, we introduce, develop, and apply a general algorithm to predict parameters of a parametric equation to produce a periodic response. Using the new method, called energy-rate, we are able to find not only stability chart of a parametric equation which indicates the boundaries of stable and unstable regions, but also periodic responses that are embedded in stable or unstable regions.There are three main important advantages in energy-rate method. It can be applied not only to linear but also to non-linear parametric equations; most of the perturbation methods cannot. It can be applied to large values of parameters; most of the perturbation methods cannot. Depending on the accuracy of numerical integration method, it can also find the value of parameters for a periodic response more accurate than classical methods, no matter if the periodic response is on the boundary of stability and instability or it is a periodic response within the stable or unstable region.In order to introduce the energy-rate method and indicate its advantages we apply the method to the standard Mathieu's equation,

     

On the aeroelastic stability and bifurcation structure of subsonic nonlinear thin panels subjected to external excitation

Dynamic behavior of panels exposed to subsonic flow subjected to external excitation is investigated in this paper. The von Karman’s large deflection equations of motion for a flexible panel and Kelvin’s model of structural damping is considered to derive the governing equation. The panel under study is two-dimensional and simply supported. A Galerkin-type solution is introduced to derive the unsteady aerodynamic pressure from the linearized potential equation of uniform incompressible flow. The governing partial differential equation is transformed to a series of ordinary differential equations by using Galerkin method. The aeroelastic stability of the linear panel system is presented in a qualitative analysis and numerical study. The fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical algorithm is used to conduct the numerical simulations to investigate the bifurcation structure of the nonlinear panel system and the distributions of chaotic regions are shown in the different parameter spaces. The results shows that the panel loses its stability by divergence not flutter in subsonic flow; the number of the fixed points and their stabilities change after the dynamic pressure exceeds the critical value; the chaotic regions and periodic regions appear alternately in parameter spaces; the single period motion trajectories change rhythmically in different periodic regions; the route from periodic motion to chaos is via doubling-period bifurcation.     

Chaotic Motion in a Spinning Spacecraft with Circumferential Nutational Damper

The dynamics of a simplified model of a spinning spacecraft with a circumferential nutational damper is investigated using numerical simulations for nonlinear phenomena. A realistic spacecraft parameter configuration is investigated and is found to exhibit chaotic motion when a sinusoidally varying torque is applied to the spacecraft for a range of forcing amplitude and frequency. Such a torque, in practice, may arise in the platform of a dual-spin spacecraft under malfunction of the control system or from an unbalanced rotor or from vibrations in appendages. The equations of motion of the model are derived with Lagrange's equations using a generalisation of the kinetic energy equation and a linear stability analysis is given. Numerical simulations for satellite parameters are performed and the system is found to exhibit chaotic motion when a sinusoidally varying torque is applied to the spacecraft for a range of forcing amplitude and frequency. The motion is studied by means of time history, phase space, frequency spectrum, Poincaré map, Lyapunov characteristic exponents and Correlation Dimension. For sufficiently large values of torque amplitude, the behaviour of the system was found to have much in common with a two well potential problem such as a Duffing oscillator. Evidence is also presented, indicating that the onset of chaotic motion was characterised by period doubling as well as intermittency.     

Bayesian calibration of Vehicle-Terrain Interface algorithms for wheeled vehicles on loose sands

The Vehicle-Terrain Interface (VTI) model is commonly used to predict off-road mobility to support virtual prototyping. The Database Records for Off-road Vehicle Environments (DROVE), a recently developed database of tests conducted with wheeled vehicles operating on loose, dry sand, is used to calibrate three equations used within the VTI model: drawbar pull, traction, and motion resistance. A two-stage Bayesian calibration process using the Metropolis algorithm is implemented to improve the performance of the three equations through updating of their coefficients. Convergence of the Bayesian calibration process to a calibrated model is established through evaluation of two indicators of convergence. Improvements in root-mean square error (RMSE) are shown for all three equations: 17.7% for drawbar pull, 5.5% for traction, and 23.1% for motion resistance. Improvements are also seen in the coefficient of determination (R²) performance of the equations for drawbar pull, 2.8%, and motion resistance, 2.5%. Improvements are also demonstrated in the coefficient of determination for drawbar pull, 2.8%, and motion resistance, 2.5%, equations, while the calibrated traction equation performs similar to the VTI equation. A randomly selected test dataset of about 10% of the relevant observations from DROVE is used to validate the performance of each calibrated equation.     

A new approach to studying the dynamics of a thin curved vortex

The paper studies the dynamics of a thin curved vortex in a potential flow of an ideal incompressible fluid. The flow is specified by a number of geometrical restrictions and does not satisfy the Biot–Savart law. The form of the derived equation of the vortex dynamics coincides with the form of the wellknown equation of local induction for selfinduced vortex motion. The parameters of the new equation are simultaneously flow parameters, and in this sense, they do not show uncertainty typical of classical equations. The coefficient of the new equation can take any specified values (not necessarily much greater than unity, as required according to the concept of local induction) and generally is a function of a natural filament parameter.