一则激发好奇心的探究实验——在开放体系中测定不同温度的溶液中维生素C含量的变化

蔬菜中的维生素C对人体健康非常重要。但由于食物是在加热或做熟之后进食的,在该过程中会造成食物中维生素C的损失。为得知其损失的情况,我们设计了一个研究不同温度溶液中维生素C含量变化的探究实验。下面是设计的实验方案。     

怀药中维生素C含量的测定

为建立怀药中维生素C含量直接测定新方法,以pH 2.5硫酸溶液为溶剂,采用紫外分光光度法测定了怀药中维生素C含量.结果表明,维生素C在0～15 μg/mL范围内与吸光度呈良好的线性关系,回归方程为:y=0.060 29 C+0.003 55,r=0.999 9,所选的怀药均含丰富的维生素C,其中怀菊花中高达 51.55...     

分光光度法测定新鲜蔬菜中维生素C的含量

水溶性的维生素C是一种人体必需的营养物质。维生素C是含有烯二醇基的多羟基内酯结构,利用其水溶液在波长265nm处有较强烈的紫外吸收峰,建立了直接用紫外分光光度法测定新鲜蔬菜中维生素C含量的方法。实验结果表明,维生素C的含量在1.0~12.0μg/mL内线性关系良好,线性方程为A=0.066 03c+0.019 74(R2=0.997 51),检出限为0.044μg/mL,样品加标回收率为97.5%~105.4%。方法操作简单,准确度高,对新鲜蔬菜的测定结果令人满意。     

脱水蔬菜中的微量元素分析

采用原子吸收分光光度法对脱水前后蔬菜中１４种微量元素进行了分析测定。结果表明，脱水加工处理对蔬菜中Ｓｅ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ、Ｌｉ的损失影响较大，对其他多种微量元素影响。但加工处理方法不一，微量元素含量不一。采用标准加入法对分析方法进行考察，回收率为９６．３－１０６．７％，结果满意。     

丝瓜中维生素C含量的测定

为建立丝瓜中维生素C含量直接测定的新方法,以10%盐酸溶液为溶剂,采用紫外分光光度法测定其含量。结果表明,维生素C在0～10 mg/L质量浓度范围内与吸光度呈良好的线性关系,回归方程为:y=0.047 46ρ+0.001 09,r=0.999 7。检出限为0.023μg/mL,加标回收率在90.6%～99.0%之间。该法操作简单,结果准确,应用于维生素C含量的测定,结果准确,令人满意,可作为控制维生素C质量的方法。     

分光光度法测定新鲜蔬菜中维生素C的含量

水溶性的维生素C是一种人体必需的营养物质。维生素C是含有烯二醇基的多羟基内酯结构,利用其水溶液在波长265nm处有较强烈的紫外吸收峰,建立了直接用紫外分光光度法测定新鲜蔬菜中维生素C含量的方法。实验结果表明,维生素C的含量在1.0¹2.0μg/mL内线性关系良好,线性方程为A=0.066 03c+0.019 74(R2=0.997 51),检出限为0.044μg/mL,样品加标回收率为97.5%12.0μg/mL内线性关系良好,线性方程为A=0.066 03c+0.019 74(R2=0.997 51),检出限为0.044μg/mL,样品加标回收率为97.5%¹05.4%。方法操作简单,准确度高,对新鲜蔬菜的测定结果令人满意。     

小波变换分光光度法同时测定复方芦丁片中芦丁和维生素C

建立了同时测定复方芦丁片中芦丁和维生素C含量的计算分光光度法--小波变换分光光度法.对芦丁和维生素C的重叠吸收光谱进行连续小波变换,分别提取只与芦丁和维生素C有关的特征小波变换系数,由特征小波变换系数值和浓度建立的线性回归方程,可以准确地测定复方芦丁片中芦丁和维生素C的含量.芦丁和维生素C的线性范围分别为0～25 mg·L-1和0～15 mg·L-1,对3个模拟试样作回收率和精密度试验,回收率在98.1%～102.0%之间,RSD值均小于等于0.9%.     

紫外吸光光度法测定蔬菜鲜样中硝酸盐氮

采用紫外吸光光度法测定蔬菜鲜样中硝酸盐含量，该法适用于不同硝酸盐含量的蔬菜样品测定，与传统的酚二磺酸法相比，该法精密度和准确度高、操作简便，具有较大的推广价值。     

糙米、胚芽米、精白米中多种矿质元素和B族维生素含量的比较研究

对产自黑龙江省绥化市的同一批粳稻分别进行加工制得糙米、胚芽米和精白米,经过干灰化法或微波消解处理后,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP—OES）、原子吸收光谱法（AAS）和原子荧光光谱法（AFS）测定了其中Al、As、B、Ba、Ca、Cd、Co、cr、Cu、Fe、Hg、K、Mg、Mn、Mo、Na、Ni、P、Pb、Rb、S、Se和zn共23种矿质元素的含量,,并采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）和荧光分光光度法测定了其中维生素B．,烟酸,烟酰胺,维生素B。和维生素B：的含量。另外,还研究了经水淘洗后这3种类型大米中矿质元素和B族维生素含量的损失情况。结果表明,矿质元素和B族维生素含量呈现糙米,胚芽米,精白米由高到低的基本特征,淘洗可使各种矿质元素和B族维生素产生不同程度的损失,其中精白米中维生素B．经水淘洗后已损失殆尽。3种类型大米中cd、Cu、Mo、Ni、S、Se、Zn等元素含量差异相对较小,并且淘洗对Mo、S元素含量几乎没有影响,而cd、cu元素含量经水淘洗后反而略有增加。     

维生素C的化学实验

通过实验让学习者了解维生素C的酸性和还原性;了解几种常见蔬菜和水果中维生素C的含量及人体摄入维生素C应注意的事项。     

电生溴库仑滴定法直接测定渣油中硫醚硫的研究

本文提出了在甲苯－冰乙酸－乙醇－ＮａＢｒ电解液中电生溴库仑滴定电位法指示终点直接测定渣油中硫醚硫的新方法。该电解液对渣油样溶解性能好，终点电位突跃大，结果准确。     

维生素C的交流示波极谱滴定分析

在盐酸介质中 ,用K3 [Fe(CN) 6]标准溶液直接滴定Vc,以K3 [Fe(CN) 6]在交流示波极谱图上的切口出现指示滴定终点 .本法操作简便 ,灵敏准确 ,选择性强 ,应用于单方药物制剂Vc片剂和复方药物制剂感冒敏以及强力Vc银翘片中Vc的含量测定 ,结果满意     

稀土光化学Tb~3在KlO_4-KOH体系中的光氧化

本文报道在KIO_4-KOH碱性溶液中Tb~(3+)生成可溶性络合物的光氧化.研究了碱度,络合剂浓度,Tb~(3+)浓度,辐照面积,光强和辐照时间等因素对了b~(4+)生成的影响.KOH浓度应大于0.3M,KIO_4的浓度应比Tb~(3+)的初始浓度大两个数量级.生成的Tb~(3+)可溶性络离子呈棕红色.最大吸收峰420nm附近,比较稳定.     

Determination of isoniazid in drugs

A titrimetric method is described for the determination of isoniazid in pharmaceutical preparations. Samples are treated with an excess of iodine monochloride, and the iodine produced is titrated with iodine trichloride to an Andrews end-point. p-Aminosalicylic acid undergoes only nuclear iodination and does not interfere. Mixtures of isoniazid with vitamin C or methionine are analysed by first titrating both compounds by the Andrews method and then determining either vitamin C alone by titration with iodine monochloride or methionine by a second Andrews titration after destruction of isoniazid with nitrous acid. In both cases, isoniazid is obtained by difference. A mixture of isoniazid, methionine and vitamin C can also be analysed.     

Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Main Nutritional Indicators of Three Leafy Vegetables

The purpose of this paper was to identify content changes in the main nutritional indicators of three common leafy vegetables, and to provide a theoretical basis for the protection of leafy vegetables from acid rain. The experiment investigated the effects of simulated acid rain on four main nutritional indicators, including soluble sugar, total free amino acid, soluble protein and vitamin C during the application of simulated acid rain(SAR) in pakchoi(Brassica rapa chinensis), rape(Brassica campestris L.) ...     

An improved and fast UHPLC-PDA methodology for determination of <Emphasis Type="Italic">L</Emphasis>-ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids in fruits and vegetables. Evaluation of degradation rate during storage

This study provides a versatile validated method to determine the total vitamin C content, as the sum of the contents of L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA), in several fruits and vegetables and its degradability with storage time. Seven horticultural crops from two different origins were analyzed using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographic–photodiode array (UHPLC-PDA) system, equipped with a new trifunctional high strength silica (100% silica particle) analytical column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm particle size) using 0.1% (v/v) formic acid as mobile phase, in isocratic mode. This new stationary phase, specially designed for polar compounds, overcomes the problems normally encountered in HPLC and is suitable for the analysis of large batches of samples without L-AA degradation. In addition, it proves to be an excellent alternative to conventional C18 columns for the determination of L-AA in fruits and vegetables. The method was fully validated in terms of linearity, detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits, accuracy, and inter/intra-day precision. Validation experiments revealed very good recovery rate of 96.6 ± 4.4% for L-AA and 103.1 ± 4.8 % for total vitamin C, good linearity with r ² -values >0.999 within the established concentration range, excellent repeatability (0.5%), and reproducibility (1.6%) values. The LOD of the method was 22 ng/mL whereas the LOQ was 67 ng/mL. It was possible to demonstrate that L-AA and DHAA concentrations in the different horticulture products varied oppositely with time of storage not always affecting the total amount of vitamin C during shelf-life. Locally produced fruits have higher concentrations of vitamin C, compared with imported ones, but vegetables showed the opposite trend. Moreover, this UHPLC-PDA methodology proves to be an improved, simple, and fast approach for determining the total content of vitamin C in various food commodities, with high sensitivity, selectivity, and resolving power within 3 min of run analysis.     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱测定果蔬中维生素C

利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q-TOF/MS）快速与高分辨的分析优势,通过系统地考察样品制备、仪器分析中影响维生素C响应灵敏度和稳定性的各主要因素,建立了果蔬中维生素C的定量分析方法。果蔬样品在干冰保护下高速匀浆获得均匀的匀浆液,用0.1%（v/v）甲酸溶液提取后,采用Waters Acquity-UPLC T3色谱柱（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8 μm）分析,柱温为30℃,进样量为5 μL,流动相为0.05%（v/v）甲酸-甲醇溶液（8：2,v/v）,流速为0.25 mL/min。提取的定量离子为[M-H]^-（m/z 175.0238）,定性离子为[M-C₃H₄O₃]^-（m/z 87.0077）,质量允许误差为5×10^-6（5 ppm）。结果表明：维生素C在0.02~5.0 mg/L范围内峰面积与质量浓度呈线性,线性相关系数（R²）为0.9992;检出限及定量限分别为0.008 mg/L（S/N=3）和0.02 mg/L（S/N=10）;在不同添加水平下,维生素C的平均回收率为89.3%~113%,相对标准偏差小于5.40%。在优化的条件下,对32批次的国产和新西兰猕猴桃样品进行检测,国产猕猴桃中维生素C的含量范围为498~1625 mg/kg,新西兰进口猕猴桃中维生素C的含量范围为247~449 mg/kg。该方法操作简便,重复性良好,可用于果蔬中维生素C含量的准确测定。     

New Insight on Phenolic Composition and Evaluation of the Vitamin C and Nutritional Value of Smoothies Sold on the Spanish Market

Fruits and vegetables are a source of a wide range of nutrients, including bioactive compounds. These compounds have great biological activity and have been linked to the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases. Currently, the food industry is developing new products to introduce these compounds, whereby smoothies are becoming more popular among consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional quality and the polyphenol and vitamin C content of smoothies available on the Spanish market. An evaluation of the nutritional information and ingredients was carried out. The phenolic compounds were determined by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS; the vitamin C content was quantified using HPLC-UV/VIS; and the antioxidant activity was analyzed by DPPH and FRAP. Among all of the ingredients of the smoothies, coconut and banana have shown a negative impact on the polyphenol content of the smoothies. In contrast, ingredients such as orange, mango, and passion fruit had a positive correlation with the vitamin C content. Moreover, apple and red fruits showed the highest positive correlations with most of the phenolic acids, flavonoids, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities. In addition, a clustering analysis was performed, and four groups were clearly defined according to the bioactive composition determined here. This research is a precious step for the formulation of new smoothies and to increase their polyphenol quality.     

Interactions and Encapsulation of Vitamins C,B3, and B6 with Dendrimers in Water

Titrations of commercial diaminobutane (DAB) and polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers by vitamins C (ascorbic acid, AA), B₃ (nicotinic acid), and B₆ (pyridoxine) were monitored by ¹H NMR spectroscopy using the chemical shifts of both dendrimer and vitamin protons and analyzed by comparison with the titration of propylamine. Quaternarizations of the terminal primary amino groups and intradendritic tertiary amino groups, which are nearly quantitative with vitamin C, were characterized by more or less sharp variations (Δδ) of the ¹H chemical shift (δ) at the equivalence points. The peripheral primary amino groups of the DAB dendrimers were quaternarized first, but not selectively, whereas a sharp chemical‐shift variation was recorded for the inner methylene protons near the tertiary amines, thereby indicating encapsulation, when all the dendritic amines were quaternarized. With DAB‐G5‐64‐NH₂, some excess acid is required to protonate the inner amino groups, presumably because of basicity decrease due to excess charge repulsion. On the other hand, this selectivity was not observed with PAMAM dendrimers. The special case of the titration of the dendrimers by vitamin B₆ indicates only dominant supramolecular hydrogen‐bonding interactions and no quaternarization, with core amino groups being privileged, which indicates the strong tendency to encapsulate vitamins. With vitamin B₃, a carboxylic acid, titration of DAB‐G3‐16‐NH₂ shows that only six peripheral amino groups are protonated on average, even with excess vitamin B₃, because protonation is all the more difficult due to increased charge repulsion, as positive charges accumulate around the dendrimer. Inner amino groups interact with this vitamin, however, thus indicating encapsulation presumably with supramolecular hydrogen bonding without much charge transfer.     

Enzymatically validated liquid chromatographic method for the determination of ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids in fruit and vegetables

A liquid chromatographic method has been described for the determination of total vitamin C, ascorbic acid (AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) in fruits and vegetables. The complete separation of AA and DHAA could be achieved on a C18 column using 0.2 M KH2PO4 (pH adjusted to 2.4 with H3PO4) as the mobile phase at a flow-rate of 0.5 ml/min. Since the detection sensitivity was poor for DHAA even at 210 nm, it was estimated as the difference between the total AA after DHAA reduction and AA content of the original sample, using dithiothreitol (DTT) as the precolumn reductant. The reaction times for the complete conversion of DHAA to AA at room temperatures were 150, 120, 90 and 75 min for 1, 2, 4 and 8 mmol DTT per mmol of DHAA, respectively. The percentage recovery ranged from 81.7 to 105.9. AA contents of some selected fruits and vegetables were analyzed comparatively by liquid chromatography and enzymatic assay to validate the method.