金属圆柱壳受大质量低速冲击的屈曲变形

对钢质和铜质金属圆柱壳的轴向冲击动力响应进行了实验研究,记录了两种不同材料圆柱壳在大质量低速冲击下的冲击力时程曲线,得到其屈曲模态。采用高速摄像及模拟技术给出了钢质圆柱壳渐进屈曲的全过程,为理解钢质圆柱壳的屈曲机理提供了直观的结果。黄铜质圆柱壳在大质量低速冲击下, 出现整个壳面滿布屈曲波纹的塑性动力屈曲现象,说明高速冲击不是产生塑性动力屈曲的充要条件。像铜这样具有高密度的韧性材料,在大质量低速冲击下,会在轴向产生持续的压缩塑性流作用而出现塑性动力屈曲现象。     

高速碰撞下圆柱壳自由梁的穿孔特性

利用二级轻气炮加载,进行了球状2A12铝弹丸垂直撞击圆柱壳自由梁实验。并进行了弹丸速度、圆柱壳直径和壁厚等因素对穿孔直径影响的数值模拟,数值模拟结果和实验结果基本吻合。通过量纲分析和数值模拟结合,推导了穿孔直径与相关影响参数的经验关系式。研究结果表明:当圆柱壳直径和厚度不变时,高速撞击产生的穿孔直径在径向和轴向都随着弹丸速度增大而增大;当弹丸速度和圆柱壳厚度不变时,高速撞击产生的穿孔直径随着圆柱壳自由梁直径的增大而减小;当弹丸速度和圆柱壳直径不变时,穿孔直径随着圆柱壳厚度的增大而减小。     

On dynamic buckling phenomena in axially loaded elastic-plastic cylindrical shells

Some characteristic features of the dynamic inelastic buckling behaviour of cylindrical shells subjected to axial impact loads are discussed. It is shown that the material properties and their approximations in the plastic range influence the initial instability pattern and the final buckling shape of a shell having a given geometry. The phenomena of dynamic plastic buckling (when the entire length of a cylindrical shell wrinkles before the development of large radial displacements) and dynamic progressive buckling (when the folds in a cylindrical shell form sequentially) are analysed from the viewpoint of stress wave propagation resulting from an axial impact. It is shown that a high velocity impact causes an instantaneously applied load, with a maximum value at t=0 and whether or not this load causes an inelastic collapse depends on the magnitude of the initial kinetic energy.     

爆炸加载下装配垫片对金属柱壳膨胀断裂影响研究

采用多普勒光纤探针测速技术（Doppler pins system，DPS，又称全光纤位移干涉测速技术）和高速摄影技术，研究装配垫片对金属柱壳膨胀断裂的影响，获得了有无垫片对应柱壳外表面位置的速度曲线和垫片对柱壳膨胀断裂影响明显的高速摄影图像。实验结果表明:与无垫片区域相比，垫片区域的柱壳外表面经历了先凸起后内凹的过程，导致垫片对应柱壳的径向运动位移发生反复错位，最终低于无垫片区域约0.34 mm，该位移差可能导致柱壳发生径向剪切断裂；实验结果还表明，在垫片与间隙交界处两侧（沿垫片方向约7.5°、沿间隙方向约9°）处各增加了一条裂纹，该断裂模式既不同于环向拉伸断裂，也不同于45°的剪切断裂，而是由垫片/间隙边界产生的两束稀疏应力波传到柱壳外表面引起的扰动影响所致，这个新的断裂模式与柱壳材料的动态力学性能密切相关。数值模拟结果表明，装配垫片对柱壳断裂机制影响不仅包含该处附加的质量效应，还应考虑炸药通过垫片后作用在柱壳上的冲击加载幅值变化、冲击加载时序与其他部位不同步的差异，以及垫片/间隙交界处引起的表面波传播对柱壳断裂模式的后续发展行为的影响。     

绕径旋转横观各向同性圆球壳的变形和应力分析

本文用三维弹性力学理论研究绕径旋转横观各向同性圆球壳的变形和应力分布，给出任意厚度圆球壳的位移和应务的封闭形式解以及数值结果。研究表明球壳上的位移和应力大小与旋转角速度的平方成正比，球面内的正应力远大于径向正应力和剪应力。     

杆式弹对厚壁壳体装药冲击起爆机制模拟分析

为研究高速杆式弹冲击厚壁壳体装药的起爆机制,运用冲击物理显式欧拉型动力学SPEED软件,开展了不同弹径和弹长的钨合金杆式弹与厚壁壳体Comp-B装药相互作用过程的数值模拟,采用升降法获得弹体起爆装药临界着速及装药起爆位置变化。研究结果表明:弹体起爆装药临界着速随弹径增大而显著降低,随弹长增大呈先降低后平缓变化的规律;弹体以临界着速起爆装药时,存在2种装药起爆机制,即弹体贯穿壳体后的宏观剪切起爆和未贯穿壳体的低速冲击起爆,且其机制随弹体着速在临界着速以上继续提高会发生转变,最终均会转变为高速冲击起爆机制;装药起爆位置均发生在炸药壳体交界面后一定距离处,相同机制下此距离随弹体着速提高而减小。     

Fluid–structure interaction during the impact of a cylindrical shell on a thin layer of water

A two-dimensional unsteady analysis of an elastic circular cylindrical shell that enters a thin layer of an ideal incompressible liquid is considered. The cylinder initially touches the liquid free surface at a single point and then penetrates the liquid layer at a constant vertical velocity. The problem is coupled because the liquid flow, the shape of the elastic shell and the geometry of the contact region between the body and the liquid must be determined simultaneously. The flow region is subdivided into four complementary regions that exhibit different properties: the region beneath the entering body surface, the jet root, the spray jet, and the outer region. A complete solution is obtained by matching the solutions within these four subdomains. The structural analysis is based on the normal-mode method. Strain-time histories of the inner surface of the cylinder are of particular interest. In the case of a very flexible shell three distinct regimes of the impact process were found. For a high impact velocity the lower part of the shell flattens and the shell does not enter the water. For a moderate impact velocity the shell reaches the bottom and an effect of “fluid capture” may occur. For a low impact velocity the shell penetrates the liquid, but the size of the contact region decreases before the shell reaches the bottom. This behaviour corresponds to exit or “reflection” of the shell from the water layer.     

Damage analysis and dynamic response of elasto-plastic laminated composite shallow spherical shell under low velocity impact

Based on the elasto-plastic mechanics, the damage analysis and dynamic response of an elasto-plastic laminated composite shallow spherical shell under low velocity impact are carried out in this paper. Firstly, a yielding criterion related to spherical tensor of stress is proposed to model the mixed hardening orthotropic material, and accordingly an incremental elasto-plastic damage constitutive relation for the laminated shallow spherical shell is founded when a strain-based Hashin failure criterion is applied to assess the damage initiation and propagation. Secondly, using the presented constitutive relations and the classical nonlinear shell theory, a series of incremental nonlinear motion equations of orthotropic moderately thick laminated shallow spherical shell are obtained. The questions are solved by using the orthogonal collocation point method, Newmark method and iterative method synthetically. Finally, a modified elasto-plastic contact law is developed to determine the normal contact force and the effect of damage, geometrical parameters, elasto-plastic contact and boundary conditions on the contact force and the dynamic response of the structure under low velocity impact are investigated.     

圆柱壳在侧向非对称冲击载荷下的塑性动力屈曲

采用塑性动力屈曲能量准则，对圆柱壳非均匀局部径向冲击下的塑性动力屈曲进行了研究。文中分别采用弹性的角弹簧和位移弹簧模拟非屈曲部分对屈曲部分的影响，推导了有关模态和临界速度的冲击公式，并与有关的实验结果进行了比较，分析了两种边界对塑性动力屈曲的影响。     

破片撞击下YAG透明陶瓷复合靶的破坏特性

YAG透明陶瓷兼具有优秀的透光性能和抗冲击破坏性能,是武器装备透明部分的优秀防护材料,在军事装备、航天等国防领域具有良好的应用前景。冲击载荷下材料的加载响应特性对掌握材料破坏机制至关重要,能为透明复合靶设计提供依据。为获得YAG透明陶瓷多层复合靶的冲击破坏特性,利用内径9 mm的气体驱动发射平台进行了碳化钨球形破片在20～310 m/s速度下撞击YAG透明陶瓷复合靶的实验,通过高速摄影捕捉的陶瓷表面损伤演化过程,计算了典型径向、环向裂纹扩展速度。通过观测回收的靶体和YAG碎片的宏细观破坏特征,分析了撞击速度与靶体破坏特征之间的联系。结果表明,YAG陶瓷层径向裂纹和环向裂纹扩展速度均随着时间的延长线性降低,且裂纹扩展速度几乎不受撞击速度影响。陶瓷层中心粉碎区面积随撞击速度的提高而增大,且中间玻璃层破坏区域面积与陶瓷锥底面积相关联,陶瓷锥角与撞击速度关联性不强。同时,观察到陶瓷层在冲击破坏过程中出现了裂纹簇,获得了裂纹簇数量与破片撞击速度之间的关系,分析了裂纹簇的特征及其成因。裂纹变向、应力波作用会显著影响细观断面破坏特征。径向、环向和锥裂纹中沿晶断裂的比例均随着裂纹扩展距离的增大而增加,且穿晶比例随着撞击速度的提高而增加。     

Sensitivity analysis of the vane length and passage width for a radial type swirler employed in a triple swirler configuration

The design of axial or radial swirlers typically governs a number of geometrical parameters that are determined by the desired flow field. In the meantime, the number of unknown parameters increases with the number of concentrically mounted swirlers. The available literature is nonetheless limited, and designers are obligated to increase the number of initial assumptions. In this article, three kinds of triple swirlers are employed and simulations are performed to determine the effect of each parameter on the swirler performance. Based on the correlation provided, overlengthening the radial vane length could result in significant changes in the flow field from the jetlike pattern to a wide swirl-jet angle due to the Coanda effect. Passage width should also have the potential to alter the swirl-jet angle and velocity field at the exit of the swirler.     

内部爆炸加载下柱壳的环周分裂数

基于有限长度柱壳的Gurney速度公式,以壳体平均半径估算平均应变率,同时考虑壳体剪切断裂时的断裂面长度与径向壁厚的差异,对Grady-Kipp方法进行了修正,得到柱壳剪切断裂模式下环周分裂数的完整表达式。利用修正方法分析得到的环周分裂数计算结果与实验数据分析结果符合更好。以20号低碳钢柱壳为例,对其在TNT爆炸加载下的膨胀断裂进行了三维数值模拟,得到的环周分裂数模拟结果与实验结果符合较好。     

Explosive projection of liquid from a thick-walled cylindrical container

The process of projection of a layer of an ideal liquid enclosed into a cylindrical elastoplastic shell by products of instantaneous detonation of a high explosive charge is studied numerically in a two-dimensional plane formulation. The processes of shell fracture and liquid exhaustion through the resultant slots are considered. Numerical results are analyzed, and analytical relations for angular distributions of radial velocity and mass of the liquid escaping through the slots are derived. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 56–63, May–June, 2009.     

Braking of a Body by a Soft Inflatable Shell on Impact on a Surface

The results of mathematical simulation of a solid velocity damping by a soft skeleton fabric shell filled with air on impact on a hard surface are given. The equations of motion of a falling body and of the loading dynamics of membrane shells and the reinforcement rings in the fabric shell are considered together. Themathematical model and the numerical algorithm for solving the spatial problem of the dynamics of inflation of a shell with reinforcement rings are explicitly realized by the finite difference method. The boundary conditions are posed with regard to the contact of the shell elements in compression near the ring belts. The results of numerical experiments considering the interaction of the falling body with the deformable skeleton shell are discussed. The parameters influencing the process of the body braking on impact on a surface are determined.     

层叠式PVDF压电作动器及圆柱壳的振动主动控制

设计了一个层叠式PVDF压电作动器用于壳结构的振动控制。考虑压电层、粘接层、壳体耦合关系,推导了表面局部粘贴层叠式PVDF压电作动器的圆柱壳的振动控制方程,给出了作动力与压电层和粘接层层数、厚度之间的关系以及作动力与作动器粘贴位置之间的关系。针对一端固定、另一端自由的圆柱壳,进行了振动控制仿真。结果表明层叠式PVDF压电作动器作动力与作动器层数近似成线性关系,增大作动器层数能有效增大作动力,在低控制电压下能显著抑制圆柱壳振动,作动器周向不完全粘贴时,在径向产生的径向作动力对壳体横向振动控制非常有利。说明了层叠式PVDF压电作动器是一种可用于壳体结构振动并具有良好作动效果的作动器。     

Modelling a shock wave source for seismic well survey

The shock wave seismic source has specific advantages for reservoir survey, particularly in the technique of vertical seismic profiling. This paper is concerned with the modelling of the characteristics of a shock wave device under conditions typical of its use as a surface seismic source. Such modelling necessitates numerical solution of the time-dependent conservation equations for axi-symmetric geometry under conditions where the fluid in the surface borehole may be air or water. A version of the piecewise parabolic method has been used to take account of the two-phase behaviour based on the formal properties of the well-known Tait equation of state for water. Results are presented which enable predictions to be made for use in the field of the pressure and velocity signatures of the shock wave source in terms of axial and radial profiles. Such information is significant in the assessment of the degrees of compressional- and shear-wave energies delivered by the source in vertical seismic profiling surveys of reservoirs. Received 6 November 1997 / Accepted 3 March 1998     

Free vibration and stability of an axially moving thin circular cylindrical shell using multiple scales method

This paper investigates the linear free vibration of axially moving simply supported thin circular cylindrical shells with constant and time-dependent velocity considering the effect of viscous structure damping. Classical shell theory is employed to express strain-displacement relation. Linear elasticity theory is used to write stress–strain relation considering Hook’s Law. Governing equations in cylindrical coordinates are derived using the Hamilton principle. Equilibrium equations are rewritten with the help of Donnell–Mushtari shell theory simplification assumptions. Motion equations for displacements in axial and circumferential directions are solved analytically concerning to displacement in the radial direction. As the displacement in the radial direction is the combination of driven and companion modes, the third motion equation is discretized using the Galerkin method. The set of ordinary differential equation obtained from the Galerkin method is solved using the steady-state method, which in practice leads to the prediction of the exact frequencies of vibration. By employing multiple scale method the critical speed values of a circular cylindrical shell and several types of instabilities are discussed. The numerical results show that by increasing the mean velocity, the system always loses stability by the divergence instability in different modes, and the critical speed values of lower modes are higher than those of higher modes. As well as the unstable regions for the resonances between velocity function fluctuation frequencies and the linear combination of natural frequencies is gained from the solvability condition of second order multiple scale method. The accuracy of the method is checked against the available data.

     

舷侧水对船舶抗碰撞性能的影响

为了评估舷侧液舱在大型撞击物下的抗碰撞特性,采用有限元法和简化理论法对典型球鼻艏在不同撞击速度和液舱水线工况下的舷侧外板和内板的抗破坏性能进行了分析。结果表明:舷侧水效应可以显著提升双舷侧结构的抗破坏性能,但是提升的幅度是有限的,而且水效应对外板的破坏作用力影响较小,对舷侧内板的破坏作用力影响较大;当球鼻艏撞击速度逐渐增高时,舷侧外板和内板的破坏作用力也逐渐增大,但增大速率逐渐降低,其中舷侧外板较舷侧内板的增大速率更快趋于平缓。对不同液舱水线的分析表明:舷侧液舱水线在受撞击的强框架以上时,对抗碰撞性能影响较小;当舷侧液舱水线在受撞击的强框架以下时,对舷侧外板的抗碰撞特性影响较小,但对舷侧内板的抗碰撞特性影响很大,并且随着球鼻艏碰撞速度的增高,不同水线位置对船舶抗碰撞性能的影响也随之增大。     

冲击载荷作用下柱壳链中的弹性波传播简化模型及其解析解

柱壳链能引起波形的弥散,具备操控波形的潜力。建立了柱壳链结构的等效连续介质模型和细观有限元模型,研究了质量块冲击作用下柱壳链中的弹性应力波传播过程及其几何弥散特性。基于考虑横向惯性修正的Rayleigh-Love波动方程,建立了柱壳链在质量块冲击下的控制方程,采用Laplace变换及其逆变换获得了位移场、速度场和应变场的解析解,所得结果与细观有限元模拟结果较好吻合。结果表明,在冲击过程中应变和速度峰值均逐渐减小,应变峰值、振荡幅度和波形前沿宽度与泊松比和惯性半径相关,泊松比和惯性半径越大,应变峰值越小,应变分布振荡越剧烈,波形前沿宽度越宽。     

圆柱壳体装药偏心多点起爆下破片速度的分布

针对偏心起爆战斗部破片速度增益的问题,提出爆轰波碰撞形成马赫超压是引起破片速度增加的原因。利用AUTODYN软件,模拟偏心起爆战斗部从壳体径向膨胀、表面产生裂纹到最后形成破片的整个过程,并将模拟得到的破片速度与实验数据对比,两者吻合较好;简化Whitham方法并结合Gurney速度公式得到偏心起爆战斗部定向破片速度和定向区域的计算方法,同时在保证破片初速的前提下,研究偏心多点起爆下起爆点数的选择标准。研究结果表明:偏心多点起爆下定向破片初速增益约34%,定向区域范围约30°,起爆点数的选择与壳体长度和装药口径相关。