Identification of pulse shapes during transverse impact on composite beams and plates

A test facility for transverse shock loading of beams and plates at small impact velocities (up to 40 km/sec) is described. The impact contact force and unsteady strains are determined for a transverse impact on fiber-layered beams and plates from fiberglass and carbon fiber-reinforced plastic. Pulse shapes are determined for various impact velocities in the range of 5–40 m/sec. The shock loading and unsteady strain of composite beams and plates are calculated by the finite element method. The finite elements take into account transverse shears according to the Timoshenko theory and the viscoelastic material behavior according to the Voigt model.     

模拟酸雨腐蚀下预应力混凝土梁的抗弯性能研究

为了探讨酸雨腐蚀环境对预应力混凝土梁抗弯性能的影响,制作了8根预应力混凝土梁,从混凝土强度等级、预应力度和钢绞线腐蚀率等方面,进行8根预应力混凝土梁的三分点静载试验。试验结果及分析表明,混凝土强度对屈服后试验梁的抗弯性能影响较大,对弹性阶段的刚度影响较小;随着预应力度的增加,试验梁的开裂荷载逐渐增大,进入裂缝阶段后,刚度下降速度逐渐加快;钢绞线腐蚀率越大,试验梁的极限抗弯承载力越低;腐蚀率在一定范围内（>3.22%）,随着腐蚀率的增大,预应力混凝土梁试件的开裂弯矩、屈服弯矩和极限弯矩明显降低。根据试验结果,提出了模拟酸雨环境下预应力混凝土梁试件抗弯承载力的计算方法,同时采用ANSYS软件对预应力混凝土梁进行非线性有限元分析,将试验梁的计算值和模拟值与试验值进行比较,均吻合较好。     

钢筋混凝土开孔深梁有限元分析与设计研究Finite element analysis of RC deep beams with openings and researching of the design method

钢筋混凝土深梁受力不同于浅梁,梁腹开孔后受力更趋复杂。现有的设计方法对深梁行为的解释不够完备,设计结果的适用性难以判断,设计规范也没有给出开孔深梁的设计条文。为研究深梁设计方法的有效性,本文采用了非线性有限元分析方法,引入适合混凝土结构非线性分析的断裂塑性模型,并考虑钢筋粘结滑移效应,对一系列开双孔或偏孔钢筋混凝土深梁试验进行仿真分析,所得结果与试验结果吻合良好,能够准确预测深梁在裂缝、破坏形态及承载力等方面的受力特征。研究表明现有的深梁设计方法中,压拉杆模型方法相较内力法和应力图形法更加经济有效。在仿真分析的基础上,提出了一种对开孔深梁具有普遍适用性的非线性设计方法,其设计结果具有高承载力、较好延性、经济的配筋量和充分的材料利用率的优点。     

冲击荷载与火灾联合作用下SFRC梁的力学行为

为了探究冲击荷载与火灾联合作用下钢纤维混凝土(steel fiber reinforced concrete, SFRC)梁的力学性能,联合应用高性能落锤试验系统、四点弯曲实验装置与装配式电炉开展了4根SFRC梁的冲击实验与高温恒载实验,观察了其破坏模式并记录了跨中位移和钢筋应变的时程曲线,探讨了冲击损伤SFRC梁的抗火性能。此外,在实验研究的基础上,考虑材料的应变率强化效应及温度软化效应,建立数值模型,首先对梁进行冲击加载模拟,并以冲击模拟结果为初始状态,采用热-力“顺序”耦合方法,对冲击加载与高温恒载联合作用下SFRC梁的力学行为进行了三维宏观有限元数值模拟。同时,考虑混凝土内部结构非均质性的影响,采用类似步骤,开展了细观模拟。宏/细观模拟结果与实验结果的良好吻合验证了本文数值方法的合理性与有效性,并体现了细观方法的优越性。研究发现,冲击能量较小时,SFRC梁在冲击荷载作用下,尽管局部混凝土开裂,梁整体残余变形较小,抗火性能有一定程度的下降;随着钢纤维掺量增大,混凝土基体抗剪强度增大,SFRC梁在冲击荷载作用下的开裂形态由弯剪裂缝并存向以弯曲裂缝为主转变;冲击损伤SFRC梁在高温恒载作用下裂缝分布较为集中,且发生脆性破坏。     

纵向焊接铝合金梁承载力研究

大多数结构用铝合金通常要经过热处理或加工硬化以得到更高的力学性能.这种合金焊接后,焊接热会使焊缝附近局部区域(称为热影响区HAZ)强度降低.这一特点使得焊接铝合金梁构件极限承载力的研究与焊接钢梁构件相比变得更为复杂.由于我国目前还没有关于铝合金结构的设计规范,为此本文对两种典型的纵向焊接工字型截面铝合金梁构件进行了试验研究,并在参考国外规范的基础上,提出了适用于静力设计的纵向焊接铝合金梁设计公式的建议.通过对试验构件进行数值分析,验证了有限元分析焊接梁的可靠性.在此基础上进行了大量的数值分析,并将试验结果及有限元计算结果与公式计算结果进行了比较,可以看出建议公式计算结果富有较大安全度,从而验证了其适用性,为我国《铝合金结构设计规范》的编制提供了依据和参考.     

基于拓扑优化的车辆底部防护组件改进设计

为提升车辆底部防护组件的抗爆性能,降低车身底板变形对车内乘员的威胁,基于混合自动元胞机法对防护组件中的加强梁进行拓扑优化设计,得到了加强梁的最佳材料分布形式,随后根据拓扑优化结果进行了工程诠释和重新设计。为了进一步提升防护组件的抗爆性能,采用多目标优化的方法对加强梁进行优化设计,以基板的挠度峰值、基板的最大动能和防护组件质量为优化目标,防护组件的质量为约束条件,以及梁的厚度、截面尺寸为设计变量,得出加强梁各参数组合的最优方案。结果表明,相比于初始设计,该方案在不增加结构质量的情况下,防护组件的抗爆性能得到显著提升,改进后基板的挠度峰值降低了5%,基板的最大动能降低了11.58%。     

腹筋对连续深梁剪切破坏影响的有限元分析

我国现行混凝土结构设计规范关于腹筋对深梁抗剪承载力影响的考虑,主要基于简支深梁的试验数据和计算模型,相关规定对于连续深梁的适用性有待验证。腹筋对连续深梁抗剪性能的影响机理十分复杂,系统的试验研究较少,试验结果比较分散。为了弥补试验研究的不足,采用非线性有限元方法模拟钢筋混凝土连续深梁的受力性能。利用已有的试验数据,验证了基于ATENA软件建立的有限元模型,并以此为基础,对以腹筋配筋率和剪跨比为变量的64根连续深梁进行分析,研究腹筋对连续深梁受剪承载力的影响。有限元分析结果与规范公式和压杆-拉杆模型(STM)及最新提出的三参数机动法(3PKT)的比较表明,中国规范高估了水平腹筋对构件受剪承载力的贡献,STM和3PKT方法也存在各自的不足。     

Test method for measuring strength of a curved sandwich beam

A fixture for testing curved sandwich beams in flexure was designed and evaluated. The test specimen is a continuous sandwich beam consisting of a central circular 90° region connected by two straight legs. The fixture was designed according to the four-point flexure principle to produce a pure bending moment in the curved region. The validity of the test fixture in producing the desired loading was examined by fitting a curved aluminum bar of similar bending stiffness as the sandwich beams considered. Strain gage readings were successfully compared to predictions from curved homogeneous beam theory. In addition, the deflection of the beam at the loading points was analyzed using straight and curved beam theory for the various sections of the beam, and predictions were compared to measured load-displacement response. Good agreement was achieved between experimental and analytical results lending confidence to the test principle. Curved sandwich beams consisting of glass/polyester face sheets over a PVC foam core were tested to failure and the loading response of the beams and their failure behavior are discussed. It was found that the beams failed at the upper face/core interface due to radial tension stress.     

Mathematical Modeling and Parameter Identification of a Planar Servo-Pneumatic Test Facility. Part II: Experimental Identification

The main objective of this paper is the identification of the inertia parameters of a rigid body under planar motion using a planar servo-pneumatic test facility designed for vibration tests. The hardware realization of the test facility used is discussed. The pneumatic components as well as the mechanical components of the test facility are described by linear and by nonlinear mathematical models, derived in Part I [1] of this paper. These model equations are used as identification hypotheses in the identification process. A comparison of time histories obtained by computer simulations of the nonlinear test facility model and by laboratory experiments shows that this nonlinear test facility model provides a realistic identification hypothesis for the estimation experiments. Based on different model hypotheses the inertia parameters of the test table and of the payload have been successfully identified from laboratory experiments. The relative estimation errors of the identified parameters are less than 10%.     

微结构片外弯曲测试装置及试样设计

硅是微电子机械系统（简称微机电系统）中最常见的功能结构材料,可靠性是制约硅微构件小尺度加工和大规模制造的瓶颈问题．为研究硅微构件的力学特性,本文开发了一套以压电驱动、微力测量、位移检测为核心组件的片外测试系统．设计了一种将四个弯曲测试梁集于一体的微结构,借助有限元方法确定其尺寸,并用理论方法验证有限元分析的合理性．本文着重确保了四个关键设计目标：一、每根测试梁最大应力应位于其与外框架结合处;二、未断裂测试梁的最大应力受其他梁的断裂的影响应足够小;三、各个测试梁的最大应力的差别应足够小;四、支撑梁的最大应力应明显小于测试梁．最后测试了试样的弯曲强度,实验加载曲线和有限元分析基本吻合,表明测试装置和试样设计是合理的,为后续的硅微构件可靠性测试奠定了基础．     

Some results of testing simple structures under constant and variable loading during creep

The design of two rigs for room-temperature creep testing is described. One is for testing beams in pure bending and the other for testing circular plates simply supported at the outer edge and loaded through a rigid central boss. A system for giving reproducible step-loading cycles is also described. Typical creep-deformation curves for commercially pure aluminum beams and plates under steady and variable loading are given. These test results are compared with predictions based on the tensile-creep behavior. The repeatability and accuracy of these results are also discussed.     

A Braking System for Tests with a Prescribed Deceleration Pulse

Tests with a prescribed deceleration pulse are fundamental to the development and certification of crashworthy structures. At the Politecnico di Milano Laboratory for the Safety of Transports these tests are carried out using a horizontal impact-sled facility. Test articles are mounted on a trolley which is launched down a rail and then arrested by means of a braking system that allows prescribed deceleration pulses to be obtained. The oleo-pneumatic braking system customarily used in these tests is difficult to use and user-defined time-histories of the deceleration pulse cannot be obtained. In an effort to overcome these limits, a new braking system was developed. The idea was to arrest the trolley by means of a number of beams that varied in length and that were positioned at variable distances from each other. Experimental tests and numerical simulations were carried out in parallel to verify the feasibility of the new system and improve on the initial design. A mathematical model and genetic algorithm were also developed and used as part of a method to find the test set-up that allowed user-defined deceleration pulses to be obtained. A full-scale test with the deceleration pulse prescribed for small airplane seat certification was carried out to assess the performance of the braking system. The test revealed a weakness of the braking system that was then further developed before being put into full operational service.     

High-temperature test facility for repeated pressure loading of cylinders

A test facility capable of subjecting cylindrical specimens to repeated pressure loadings at high temperatures is described. The loading rates range from 480 to 600 cycles per minute. The test pressures range from 310 to 447 MN/m² and the test temperatures are 260°C, 538°C and 816°C. Testing was performed at two strain rates. A “low” strain rate of about 4 per second and a “high” strain rate of about 9.6 per second. The uniqueness of the facility lies in the choice of a solid loading medium to transmit pressure to the specimen. Some typical results are presented.     

THE RELATION BETWEEN STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY OF BEAM1)

本文提出了梁的强刚比的定义,用无量纲的形式定量地表达了梁的强度与刚度之间的关系,以期充分发挥材料的潜力并促进材料力学的课堂教学。强刚比与载荷大小无关,其数值可以通过有限元方法或者通过梁的载荷试验来获得。结合工程实际,从设计和试验两个方面对梁的强刚比 及其影响因素进行了简要地探讨和分析。     

Experimental investigation of transient flexural waves in beams with discontinuities of cross section

There has been little experimental work on flexural wave propagation in general and on flexural wave propagation in beams with discontinuities of cross section in particular. Experimental data are obtained for various test beams subjected to eccentric longitudinal impact. The bending strain versus time results are presented for several positions along a uniform beam and finite beams (of circular cross section) with discontinuities of cross section. Bending strain histories are recorded at several positions before and after the discontinuity. The effect of reflections on the propagated flexural wave is illustrated. The dispersion of the traveling flexural wave caused several alternating peaks within the duration of the original positive input pulse. The importance of investigating discontinuities of cross section in structures subjected to impact loading is clearly manifested.     

Vibration of two beams connected by nonlinear isolators: analytical and experimental study

To study the coupling vibration of nonlinear isolators and flexible bodies, test rigs of two flexible beams connected by wire mesh isolators are constructed and investigated both experimentally and analytically. A five-parameter polynomial model of wire mesh isolators is derived by identifying parameters in the frequency domain with the sine-sweep test. For obtaining the parameters that are valid in a wide range of frequency, a numerically assisted identification method is developed. With this model, the vibration of two flexible beams connected by wire mesh isolators is studied. The frequency response is obtained analytically by employing the Green’s function method and harmonic balance method. Sine-sweep test results with three test rigs show good coherence with the corresponding numerical results. With obtained experimental results and numerical results, effect of connection parameters is studied in detail. It is found that traditional design rules for isolators are no longer effective and the coupling vibration must be investigated in the design phase. Another phenomenon is that the damping has a function of weakening the effect of nonlinear stiffness. Nonlinear stiffness and nonlinear damping can decrease the transmissibility along with the increase of the excitation level.     

性能增强再生混凝土梁受弯性能试验研究

设计并完成了6根再生混凝土梁试件,其中1根普通再生混凝土梁,3根不同硅粉掺量再生混凝土梁,2根子午线钢纤维与尼龙纤维组成的混杂纤维再生混凝土梁。对该6根梁进行了抗弯性能试验,探讨了普通及性能增强再生混凝土梁受力变形机理及破坏特征。试验结果表明：普通及性能增强再生混凝土梁受力过程仍具有较为明显的弹性、开裂、屈服、极限四个过程;其受力过程基本符合平截面假定,能够按照混凝土结构设计规范(GB50010-2010)进行结构设计;相较于普通再生混凝土,性能增强再生混凝土梁在抗开裂及极限承载力等性能方面更为优异,能够应用于工程实际。最后利用ABAQUS有限元软件对试验梁试件进行了有限元分析,结果表明有限元分析所获得的受弯过程与试验过程吻合较好,验证了试验的正确性。     

复合砂浆钢绞线网加固RC梁受弯性能计算研究

分析了复合砂浆钢绞线网加固钢筋混凝土梁的受弯性能, 不同材料加固梁的受弯性能可采用同一公式进行计算, 研究表明加固梁受弯性能受本体梁的初始受力状态和是否采用三面U型加固影响较大. 采用正截面极限平衡法, 推导出复合砂浆钢绞线网加固钢筋混凝土梁极限抗弯承载力计算公式; 在混凝土结构设计规范公式基础上, 提出加固梁裂缝宽度和裂缝间距计算公式, 加固梁公式计算值与试验值吻合较好.     

A wavenumber domain boundary element model for the vibration isolation via a new type of pile structure: linked pile rows

In this study, a new kind of pile structure, namely linked periodic pile rows, is proposed for the vibration isolation facility. The proposed linked periodic pile rows consist of pile rows with pile tops rigidly linked by beams. To investigate the vibration isolation effect of linked pile rows, a numerical model is developed for the simulation of the dynamic response of linked pile rows. To address the pile–soil interaction problem, based on the sequence Fourier transform method, a wavenumber domain boundary element method is developed for the pile–soil system. The beams linking the pile tops are dealt with by the bar and beam vibrational theories. By using the coupling conditions between the pile tops and linking beams as well as the periodicity condition for the beam–pile–soil system, the complementary equations for the system are established. With the proposed model, the vibration isolation effects of the linked pile rows are investigated and compared with those of free pile rows. The comparison indicates that linked pile rows usually yield a better isolation vibration effect than free pile rows. Hence, linked pile rows are a more effective wave barrier for vibration isolation than free pile rows.