Preparation of a novel P/Si polymer and its synergistic flame retardant application on cotton fabric

Cellulose - Cotton fabrics have been extensively used in our lives, but their flammable properties caused much potential harm. The purpose of our work is to give cotton fabrics certain flame...     

Preparation of synergistic silicon,phosphorus and nitrogen flame retardant based on cyclosiloxane and its application to cotton fabric

Cellulose - A novel cyclic Si/P/N flame retardant namely tetra (cyclosiloxyl-trimethoxysilylpropyl spirocyclic pentaerythritol) phosphate (SPPTMS) was successfully synthesized and applied to the...     

Synthesis of a novel hybrid synergistic flame retardant and its application in PP/IFR

A novel inorganic-organic hybrid synergistic flame retardant was prepared by sol-gel reaction and characterized by NMR and FT-IR. It showed that the fire resistance of polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant (PP/IFR) composites could be improved with the combination of hybrid synergistic flame retardant. The char morphology and structure of PP composites were characterized by SEM and Raman spectra. The influence of the hybrid flame retardant on the thermal degradation process of PP composites was analyzed by FT-IR and the rheological behavior of the PP composites was also evaluated. The thermal stability of PP composites was characterized by TGA, weight loss difference and integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT). It indicated that the hybrid synergistic flame retardant had good synergistic effect with IFR.     

Preparation and flame retardancy of reactive flame retardant for cotton fabric

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Monochlorotriazine aminopropyl silanol phosphate (MCASP) was synthesized as a novel flame retardant agent for cotton fabric. It was characterized by...     

Durable phosphorus/nitrogen flame retardant for cotton fabric

Cellulose - A new phosphorus/nitrogen flame retardant (FR) containing reactive –P–O−NH4+ groups was synthesized from glycerol, phosphoric acid, and urea. At high temperatures, the...     

Synthesis of a novel branched cyclophosphazene-PEPA flame retardant and its application on polypropylene

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - A phosphorous–nitrogen containing cyclophosphazene derivative intumescent flame retardant with branched structures, named...     

Effect of zinc oxide on flame retardant finishing of plasma pre-treated cotton fabric

An organic phosphorus compound (flame retardant agent, FR) in combination with a melamine resin (crosslinking agent, CL), phosphoric acid (catalyst, PA) and zinc oxide (co-catalyst, ZnO/nano-ZnO) imparted effective and durable flame retardant properties. Also, atmospheric pressure plasma jet was applied as pre-treatment to improve post-finishing (flame retardant finishing) on cotton fabrics. In the present paper, surface morphology, chemical structure analysis, combustibility and mechanical properties of plasma pre-treated cotton fabrics subjected to flame-retardant treatment were investigated. Surface morphology of treated cotton specimens showed roughened and wrinkled fabric surface with high deposition of the flame retardant finishing agent, which was caused by the plasma etching effect and attack of acidic FR. The FTIR-ATR spectra for the treated cotton specimens showed some new characteristic peaks in chemical structure, interpreted as carbonyl bands, OH stretching vibration, COO⁻ stretching vibration, CH₂ rocking band and CH₃ asymmetric and CH₂ symmetric stretching. Moreover, FR-CL-PA-treated specimens showed remarkable flame-retardant property, which was further improved by the plasma pre-treatment and ZnO/nano-ZnO co-catalyst. However, flame-retardant-treated cotton specimens had poor mechanical strength when compared with control sample, resulting from side effects of the crosslinking agent used, while plasma pre-treatment and ZnO/nano-ZnO co-catalyst may compensate for the reduction in tensile and tearing strength caused by flame-retardant agents.     

Synthesis and characterization of a novel organophosphorus flame retardant and its application in polypropylene

A novel organophosphorus containing spiro and caged bicyclic phosphate, 3,9‐Bis‐(1‐oxo‐2,6,7‐trioxa‐1‐phospha‐bicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐4‐ylmethoxy)‐2,4,8,10‐tetraoxa‐3,9‐diphospha‐spiro[5.5]undecane 3, 9‐dioxide (SBCPO), was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), hydrogen‐1 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and phosphorus‐31 NMR. The flame retardancy of polypropylene (PP) containing the novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) based on the combination between SBCPO and melamine (MA) was studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test and cone calorimeter test. Results indicated that this combination showed the excellent flame retardancy for PP at appropriate proportions (with the total loading of 30 wt. % and SBCPO: MA = 4:1). The value of LOI was as high as 31.6, and the rating in UL94 reached to V‐0. Moreover, the HRR and THR of IFR/PP decreased significantly in comparison with that of neat PP. The scanning electron microscopy results indicated that the incorporation of SBCPO could induce the formation of intumescent char layer, which retarded the degradation and combustion process of PP. The thermal oxidative degradation of the PP samples at different temperature was analyzed by FTIR. The thermal stabilities of the composites were further investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the amount of residues was increased greatly with the addition of SBCPO that remained in the form of polyaromatic stacks and phosphoric or polyphosphoric acid at the residual chars. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermal degradation characteristics of a novel flame retardant coating using TG-IR technique

A novel phosphate acrylate monomer (TGMAP) has been synthesized by allowing phosphoric acid to react with glycidyl methacrylate. Its structure was characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR). The thermal degradation mechanism was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR). The char yield was 36.3% at 600 °C. TG data indicate that the material undergoes degradation in three characteristic temperature stages, which can be attributed to the decomposition of the phosphate, thermal pyrolysis of aliphatic chains, and degradation of an unstable structure in char, respectively. The volatilized products formed on thermal degradation of TGMAP indicated that the volatilized products are CO, CO₂, carboxylic acid, acid anhydride, water, alkane, and aromatic compounds according to the temperature of onset formation.     

Effects of common synergistic agents on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene with a novel charring agent

In this article, the laboratory-made poly (p-ethylene terephthalamide) (PETA) was used as a novel charring agent and it combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to prepare the intumescent flame retardant (IFR). For improving the flame-retardant efficiency of IFRs on polypropylene (PP), several general synergistic agents, such as common zinc oxide (Com-ZnO), nanometer structural zinc oxide (Nano-ZnO), zeolite 4A, and aluminum hypophosphite(Al(H₂PO₂)₃), were added in composites of PP/IFR, and the synergistic effect was investigated by the limited oxygen index (LOI), the UL-94 (vertical flame) test, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), thermogravimetry-fourier transform infraredspectroscopy (TG-IR) test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It indicated that the flame retardancy was significantly enhanced in terms of prompting the char formation of PETA and interaction between APP and synergistic agents. Overall, Al(H₂PO₂)₃ was the most effective synergistic agent among them. TG-IR analysis showed that the addition of Al(H₂PO₂)₃ could delay the release of NH₃, and make the release of NH₃ more smooth, which was useful to form a dense char. SEM presented that compact, continuous and good intumescent charring layers were observed in all PP/IFR systems with synergistic agent.     

Durable flame retardant and mechanism of bamboo fabric through grafting based on arginine

Cellulose - In this present work, an efficient flame retardant (the ammonium salt of tetrakis(phosphonomethyl)arginine, ATTPMA) was synthesized without organic solvents. Then it was grafted onto...     

Synthesis and thermal stability of a novel phosphorus-nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardant

A novel phosphorus-nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardant （P-N IFR） was prepared via the reaction of dichlor-opentate with N-methylaniline. The structure of the product was confirmed by ^1H NMR, ^31p NMR, MS and IR. TGA analysis showed it has effective thermal stability.     

Bio-waste derived,phosphorus decorated composite for highly efficient flame retardant for cotton fabric

In this, an efficient flame retardant composite has been prepared using biowaste derived phosphorous groups decorated graphene supported nanomaterial. The eggshell was utilized as a source of calcium carbonate, which was converted to monocalcium phosphate (CP) by phosphoric acid treatment. As-prepared monocalcium phosphate was functionalized with graphene to prepare graphene functionalized monocalcium phosphate (GCP). The GCP-coated fabric didn't ignite during the flame test and sustained more than 600 s on continuous exposure to flame without changing its initial length and shape. Whereas, graphene oxide (GO), and CP coated cotton fabric burnt out very easily within a short time. The efficient flame retardant property of as synthesized GCP coated cotton fabric was confirmed with a high limiting oxygen index (34.1) and char length of 2.5 cm was generated from the VFT test. The synthesized GCP coated cotton fabric also confirmed efficient flame retardant properties. This facile method enables an easy process for mass production of cost-effective, bio-waste derived nanomaterial for a significantly highly efficient candidate for different applications in sustainable chemistry, including flame-retardant applications.

Graphical abstract

     

Synthesis and application in polypropylene of a novel of phosphorus-containing intumescent flame retardant

A novel phosphorus-containing triazine oligomer poly(2-morpholinyl-4-penta-erythritol phosphate-1,3,5-triazine) (PMPT) was synthesized as a kind of tri-component intumescent flame retardant (IFR). The chemical structure of PMPT was characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR and 31P-NMR, and the mechanical and flammability properties of FR-PP were measured. The FTIR results showed that the expected chemical reactions had happened at each step. The 1H-NMR and 31P-NMR spectra also agreed with the chemical structure of PMPT. The slight effect of PMPT on the mechanical properties of FR-PP suggested that PMPT and PP are compatible. The high limited oxygen index (LOI) values of FR-PP revealed that PMPT was an efficient IFR and there was the synergistic effect between PMPT and ammonium polyphosphate/ pentaerythritol (APP/PER).     

Thermal and flame retardant properties of novel intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites

Novel intumescent flame retardant polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared based on a char forming agent (CFA) and silica-gel microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (Si-MCAPP). The thermal and flame retardancy of flame retardant PP composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index, UL-94 test, cone calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron micrograph, and water resistance test. The results of cone calorimetry show that the flame retardant properties of PP with 30 wt% novel intumescent flame retardants (CFA/Si-MCAPP = 1:3) improve greatly. The peak heat release rate and total heat release decrease, respectively, from 1,140.0 to 156.8 kW m^?2 and from 96.0 to 29.5 MJ m^?2. The PP composite with CFA/Si-MCAPP = 1:3 has the excellent water resistance, and it can still obtain a UL-94 V-0 rating after 168 h soaking in water.     

Synthesis of a novel ionic liquid containing phosphorus and its application in intumescent flame retardant polypropylene system

A novel ionic liquid containing phosphorus ([PCMIM]Cl) was synthesized and characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and ³¹P NMR. Moreover, a new intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system, which was composed of [PCMIM]Cl and ammonium polyphosphate (APP), was used to impart flame retardancy and dripping resistance to polypropylene (PP). The flammability and thermal behaviors of intumescent flame‐retarded PP (PP/IFR) composites were evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and cone calorimeter test. It was found that there was an obvious synergistic effect between [PCMIM]Cl and APP. When the weight ratio of [PCMIM]Cl and APP was 1:5 and the total amount of IFR was kept at 30 wt%, LOI value of PP/IFR composite reached 31.8, and V‐0 rating was obtained. Moreover, both the peak heat release rate and the peak mass loss rate of PP/IFR composites decreased significantly relative to PP and PP/APP composite from cone calorimeter analysis. The TGA curves suggested that [PCMIM]Cl had good ability of char formation, and when combined with APP, it could greatly promote the char formation of PP/IFR composites, hence improved the flame retardancy. Additionally, the rheological behaviors and mechanical properties of PP/IFR composites were also investigated, and it was found that [PCMIM]Cl could also serve as an efficient lubricant and compatibilizer between APP and PP, endowing the materials with satisfying processability and mechanical properties. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Construction of biological flame retardant layer on cotton fabric via photografting of nucleotide/amino acid monomers

Cellulose - The adenine nucleotide (AMP-Na2) was modified to introduce unsaturated double bonds for photografting onto cotton fabrics together with l-Cysteine (l-Cys) monomer to prepare synergistic...     

Synthesis of a novel intumescent flame retardant based on phosphorus,nitrogen, and silicone,and application in VMQ

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - A novel intumescent flame retardant (DTT) based on silicone, phosphorus, and nitrogen was synthesized from...