基于普通酚醛树脂有机气凝胶的高效制备与研究

基于普通线性酚醛树脂体系,采用溶胶-凝胶(sol-gel)法制备了酚醛树脂有机气凝胶.通过调节交联剂——六亚甲基四胺(HMTA)的浓度对酚醛树脂有机气凝胶的微观孔结构进行优化,减小溶剂在干燥过程中的毛细作用力,采用常压干燥的手段即可得到较小收缩率、较强骨架强度的有机气凝胶.详细研究了交联剂(HMTA)用量对有机气凝胶内部微观孔结构/形貌、表观密度、热稳定性、力学性能等方面的影响.孔结构与微观形态研究结果表明,随着HMTA浓度的减小,有机气凝胶平均孔径减小,比表面积增加,在较低交联剂浓度下,平均孔径达到100 nm,并且孔径分布均匀,内部聚合物有机骨架完好.纳米尺度的孔径和均匀的孔径分布能够显著提高有机气凝胶的骨架稳定性,与微米尺度孔径的气凝胶材料相比,压缩模量和压缩强度均有显著的提高.HMTA浓度的提高使酚醛树脂气凝胶体系中引入大量不稳定的N—CH2基团,造成气凝胶材料的热稳定性下降.     

甲壳素类液晶高分子的研究Ⅷ. N-邻苯二甲酰化壳聚糖/DMSO液晶溶液的热致相转变

合成了氮上完全取代的邻苯二甲酰化壳聚糖 (PhthCS) .用DSC研究了PhthCS DMSO液晶溶液的热致相转变 .偏光显微镜和DSC测定都表明临界浓度为 43wt% .在浓度高于 43wt%的溶液的DSC曲线中观察到了除了液晶 各向同性液体转变 (清亮点 )外还有一个明显的凝胶 溶胶转变 .凝胶 溶胶转变温度和转变焓均比文献报道的不规则取代的N 邻苯二甲酰化 O 乙酰化壳聚糖大得多 ,可见取代的规整性对凝胶 溶较转变有很大的影响 .根据DSC研究结果绘制了PhthCS DMSO体系的相图     

溶胶-凝胶法制备α-Fe_2O_3纳米晶

研究了在硝酸铁 -乙二醇甲醚体系中用溶胶 -凝胶法制备氧化铁纳米晶 .利用 TEM、XRD和 TG- DTA手段对产物进行了表征。结果表明 ,体系中加入十二烷基磺酸钠有助于纯相α- Fe2 O3纳米晶的生成 ,而加入钛酸四丁酯则显著缩短凝胶时间 ,所得粉体的原始晶粒尺寸为 30 nm左右 .若加入硅酸乙酯替代钛酸四丁酯 ,则最终产物为 γ氧化铁和 α氧化铁的混晶相 ( γ- Fe2 O3为主晶相 ) ,晶粒尺寸约 10 nm .     

分子凝胶中可聚合凝胶因子的聚集态及分形结构研究

利用X射线衍射(XRD)及原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了可聚合凝胶因子4，4′—二 (α-甲基丙烯酰氧基—1，3—亚乙氧基碳基丙酰氨基)二苯甲烷(BMDM)在二苯醚凝 胶中的聚集态及分形结构。研究结果表明，凝胶纤维束是由大量细长的薄带状的单 元纤维有序堆积成的，单元纤维的宽度约为3nm，厚度为0．1—0．2nm；凝胶因子 聚集体则是一种规则的片层结构，具有自相似性和分形特征。利用分形理论中的 Sandbox法计算结果也表明分子凝胶具有分形特征，计算得分形维数D＝1．853。     

生物质纳米碳膜的制备及其电化学性能

将衰老叶片用H₂SO₄进行水热氧化得到氧化水合碳前驱体，前驱体经烘干研磨在KOH存在下进行碳化得到生物质纳米碳膜(LS-OCM),通过FT-IR,XRD、TEM、SEM、AFM、XPS及N₂吸附-脱附等测试手段对其材料组成和微观形貌进行表征。TEM、SEM及N₂吸附-脱附分析显示，制得生物质纳米碳膜材料(LS-OCM)既保留叶片原有的叶脉结构又形成丰富多级的孔道结构，比表面积约为450.7 m²/g,孔径分布较窄，平均孔径为3.8 nm; AFM分析显示，LS-OCM类似二维纳米膜，片层平均厚度在1.6 nm左右；XPS及XRD分析表明，该材料中C主要以C=C形似存在，为类石墨烯碳膜。电化学性能分析表明，在电流密度为0.25 A/g下，LS-OCM比电容为262.58 F/g,循环100圈，比电容仍然可达150.8 F/g,表明材料具有良好的稳定性。     

纳米Na_2SiF_6的电化学制备、表征与荧光性质

采用溶胶-凝胶法在Ti表面修饰一层纳米TiO2(nanoTiO2)膜,经X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)表征,证明多孔TiO2膜的平均孔径为80 nm.以该多孔膜电极为模板,借助电化学沉积的方法制备了纳米Na2SiF6(nano Na2SiF6).经XRD和透射电镜(TEM)测试证实该Na2SiF6为均一的白锰钒型结构,平均粒径约为20 nm.初步研究了其荧光性质,发现在452.4 nm和285 nm处分别有强的荧光发射峰和激发峰.     

不同Ti/Ba比钛酸钡纳米粉体及其陶瓷的制备和介电性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶(Sol-gel)法制备了不同Ti/Ba比的钛酸钡纳米粉体及其陶瓷。通过XRD、SEM和TEM对钛酸钡粉体及陶瓷进行了表征,并测试了陶瓷的介电性能,研究了Ti/Ba比对陶瓷微观结构和介电性能的影响。结果表明:通过溶胶-凝胶工艺制备的纳米粉体主要为立方相钛酸钡,平均粒径约19~33 nm:随Ti/Ba比的增加,钛酸钡纳米粉体平均粒径呈先稍递减后增大的趋势,当粉体平均粒径大于30 nm吋,四方相在混合相中所占比例逐渐增大;Ti/Ba=1.01~1.03时,陶瓷中异常长大的晶粒较多,室温介电常数降低;1300℃烧结2 h的Ti/Ba=1.04的钛酸钡陶瓷具有较好的介电性能。     

Eu／TiO2光催化降解部分水解聚丙烯酰胺影响因素研究

考查了以四异氧丙基钛(TTIP)为钛源,采用溶胶-凝胶的合成方法制备Eu掺杂TiO2纳米晶催化剂.运用X射线粉体衍射光谱仪(XRD)检测到制备的复合物具有锐钛矿晶型、透射电镜(TEM)和N2吸附表征催化剂的形貌和吸附特性:Eu/TiO2纳米晶粒子分散均匀,平均粒径为9 nm左右.比表面积107 m2/g,孔体积0.5 cm3/g、孔径14.0 nm.此外,研究了在紫外光作用下催化条件对光催化降解部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的影响,如:光催化时间、催化剂的浓度、HAPM的初始浓度、反应的pH值及Na2CO3,NaHCO3和NaCl浓度对催化的影响.结果表明,除NaCl外,其它条件对HPAM的催化降解均有显著的影响.增加催化时间、最佳的催化剂浓度、pH~6和较低的初始浓度有利于催化反应的进行.     

白光LED用红色荧光粉CaMoO4：Eu^3＋的制备及发光性能研究

采用柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法制备了CaMoO4: Eu3 荧光粉,对前驱体进行了差热(DSC)分析,对样品进行了X-射线衍射(XRD)、粒度分析和荧光光谱测定. DSC 和XRD结果表明,在700℃时可得到CaMoO4纯相.粒度分析结果表明随着烧结温度的升高,产物的粒径明显增大,700℃时约为 160 nm,而用固相法在800℃制备的CaMoO4: Eu3 荧光粉的平均粒径明显增大至3μm左右.分别以393 nm 的近紫外光和 464 nm 的可见光激发样品,CaMoO4: Eu3 荧光粉发出明亮的红光,对应于Eu3 的4f - 4f跃迁,当Eu3 的掺杂浓度约为30 mol %时,在616 nm处的发光强度最大.在393,464 nm的吸收分别与目前应用的紫外光和蓝光LED芯片相匹配.因此,这种荧光粉是一种可能应用在白光LED上的红色荧光材料.     

可聚合凝胶因子的合成及其有机凝胶热力学研究

合成了一种可聚合凝胶因子（Gelator)4，4’-二（α－甲基丙烯酰氧基－1， 3－亚乙氧基羰基丙酰氨基）二苯甲烷（BMDM）。BMDM能在二苯醚、甲苯、二甲苯 、氯苯等含苯环的低极性溶剂中形成热可逆的物理凝胶，而在二甲基甲酰胺、乙醇 和二氯甲烷等强极性溶剂中则易溶解，在乙醚、石油醚等非极性溶剂中不可溶解。 FT－IR和DSC研究该凝胶因子在二苯醚中形成的凝胶，发现该凝胶因子是通过氢键 等次价键力相互作用而聚集、自我组装形成凝胶的。利用溶胶－凝胶相转变和DSC 数据，研究了该有机凝胶的热力学参数和性质，BMDM在二苯醚中形成的凝胶聚集体 间的范德华弱相互作用焓为ΔH=0.8kJ·mol^-1，凝胶－溶胶相转变热焓为ΔH=22. 3kJ·mol^-1。     

In Situ Gel‐to‐Crystal Transition and Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Obtained by Fluorination of a Cyclic β‐Aminoalcohol Gelator

A new fluorinated version of a cyclic β‐aminoalcohol gelator derived from 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline is presented. The gelator is able to gel various nonprotic solvents through OH???N hydrogen bonds and additional CH???F interactions due to the introduction of fluorine. A bimolecular lamellar structure is formed in the gel phase, which partly preserves the pattern of molecular organization in the single crystal. The racemate of the chiral gelator shows lower gelation ability than its enantiomer because of a higher tendency to form microcrystals, as shown by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The influence of fluorination on the self‐assembly of the gelator and the properties of the gel was investigated in comparison to the original fluorine‐free gel system. The introduction of fluorine brings two new features. The first is good recognition of o‐xylene by the gelator, which induces an in situ transition from gels of o‐xylene and of an o‐xylene/toluene mixture to identical single crystals with unique tubular architecture. The second is the enhanced stability of the toluene gel towards ions, including quaternary ammonium salts, which enables the preparation of a stable toluene gel in the presence of chloroaurate or chloroplatinate. The gel system can be used as a template for the synthesis of spherical gold nanoparticles with a diameter of 5 to 9 nm and wormlike platinum nanostructures with a diameter of 2 to 3 nm and a length of 5 to 12 nm. This is the first example of a synthesis of platinum nanoparticles in an organogel medium. Therefore, the appropriate introduction of a fluorine atom and corresponding nonbonding interactions into a known gelator to tune the properties and functions of a gel is a simple and effective tactic for design of a gel system with specific targets.     

Use of a gelator in a ferroelectric liquid crystal: pitch compensation and nanofibres

A new azobenzene-containing gelator for liquid crystals, AG2, was synthesized and used to prepare a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) gel. The FLC gel shows interesting features. On cooling from the isotropic phase into the N * phase, the dissolved AG2 acts as a chiral dopant and has a compensation effect on the helical pitch of the N * phase. With 0.5 wt% of AG2 in the FLC host, a homogeneous alignment of the FLC molecules is formed in the N * phase, ensuring the bulk alignment in the SmC * phase, even on quenching the mixture from the isotropic phase. This alignment under fast cooling contrasts sharply with the slow cooling rate required for the alignment of a pure FLC. After formation of the bulk alignment, the aggregation of AG2 occurs in the lower temperature SmA or SmC * phases, and the gelator molecules self-assemble into nanometer-sized fibres (about 100nm diameter) that are aligned and located between the smectic layers. As the gelator is microphase-separated from the FLC in the SmC * phase, it exerts little disruption on the electro-optic properties of the FLC cell.     

由凝胶因子形成的十四酸异丙酯超分子凝胶制备与表征

采用双十八烷基-L-苯丙氨酸(Bis18-L-Phe)为凝胶因子,制备了具有热可逆性的十四酸异丙酯(IPM)超分子凝胶。IPM凝胶相转变温度(Tgel)随Bis18-L-Phe浓度增大而增加。偏光显微镜(POM)显示在整个IPM凝胶中形成了相互缠绕的针状聚集体。FT-IR光谱分析表明Bis18-L-Phe分子间酰胺的氢键作用是IPM凝胶形成的一个重要驱动力。IPM凝胶动力学研究表明凝胶时间随Bis18-L-Phe浓度的增大而缩短,随着温度升高而延长,因此IPM凝胶时间可以通过温度和Bis18-L-Phe浓度调控。     

Novel CuS nanofibers using organogel as a template: controlled by binding sites

A new cholesterol organogelator 1 was synthesized, which was confirmed as an effective gelator for various organic solvents and could self-assemble into network fibers in some organic solvents. Moreover, gelator 1 could act as templates for the synthesis of various CuS nanofibers with different helical pitches. For example, when H(2)S was used as the sulfur source, straight and bending helical CuS nanofibers with a pitch of 100-200 nm could be fabricated in butyl acetate and benzene-butanol gel systems, respectively, while bending CuS nanofibers with a similar helical pitch (ca. 50 nm) could be obtained when thioacetamide was used as the sulfur source in both gel systems. It was first found that the morphologies of inorganic nanofibers could be controlled by the binding sites between the inorganic precursor and the organogel.     

一种含芘葡萄糖衍生物的合成及其胶凝行为

合成并表征了一种荧光活性小分子胶凝剂——芘磺酰基-丙二胺-葡萄糖(PSDAPG), 考察了其在36种常见溶剂中的胶凝行为. 结果发现, PSDAPG可使其中16种溶剂胶凝. 对癸醇, PSDAPG表现出罕见的超级胶凝能力, 室温下最低胶凝浓度(MGC)达7.0×10-4 g·mL-1. 此外, PSDAPG还是一种既可胶凝水又可胶凝有机溶剂的双性胶凝剂. 扫描电镜(SEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振(1HNMR)和荧光光谱研究表明,在不同溶剂中, PSDAPG具有不同的聚集结构, 除了芘基之间的疏水π-π堆积作用外, 氢键作用是PSDAPG自发形成三维网络结构的重要驱动力. 实验研究还表明, 溶液态和凝胶态的PSDAPG荧光光谱均同时呈现芘的单体荧光和激基缔合物荧光光谱特征, 但两者的光谱形貌差异显著. 随凝胶的形成, 体系单体荧光发射增强, 激基缔合物荧光发射减弱,表明形成的三维网络结构阻碍了PSDAPG中芘单元的运动性, 使得以Birks途径形成激基缔合物的效率降低.     

基于均苯三甲酸与对羟基吡啶的超分子水凝胶

以均苯三甲酸和对羟基吡啶为原料, 采用简便方法合成了一种新的凝胶因子, 并采用1H NMR、IR和元素分析确认其结构. 红外光谱中2849和1894 cm－1处出峰证明羧基与吡啶基间形成了氢键. 在凝胶化过程中, 凝胶因子可自组装形成纤维状网络结构. 随着凝胶因子浓度的增加, 纤维搭接逐渐致密, 凝胶网络密度逐渐增大, 可冻结水含量逐渐增加. 因此, 通过改变凝胶因子浓度可有效控制凝胶的结构及性能. 该凝胶因子在较低浓度下形成的超分子水凝胶在100 ℃下也能够稳定存在.     

The remarkable role of hydrogen bond,halogen, and solvent effect on self-healing supramolecular gel

Self-healing supramolecular gels of low-molecular-weight (LMW) molecules are smart soft materials; however, the development of self-healing LMW gelator is still a challenging task because of the lack of in-depth studies about self-healing mechanisms of LMW gels and the solvent effect on gel properties. Therefore, herein a different perspective was used to study a family of D-gluconic acetal-based gelators with variable structural fragments in 14 different solvents, and a more detailed understanding of self-assembly and self-healing mechanism of supramolecular gels was attained. Based on the critical gelation concentration, phase transition temperature, and rheological data, A8 bearing an amide group in side chain and two chlorine atoms linked to benzene ring was found to be an outstanding gelator, which could form gels with good self-healing ability in a variety of solvents. Interestingly, A8 gel formed in n-BuOH demonstrates high transparency, good mechanical strength, self-supporting behavior, and great self-healing ability from mechanical damage. Based on the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and theoretical calculation analysis, the self-assembly and self-healing mechanisms of A8 gel were proposed, indicating that a combination of hydrogen bonding and halogen effect was responsible for the efficient self-healing behavior of supramolecular gel. Furthermore, the analysis of solvent parameters indicated that the dispersion force of solvent favored gelators to self-assemble, hydrogen bonding donor ability of solvent mainly affected the formation of one-dimensional assembly, and hydrogen bonding receptor ability and polarity of solvent mainly influenced the supramolecular interactions among assemblies, significantly intervening the self-healing ability of gels. Overall, this study provides a new perspective to the understanding of gelator structure–property correlation in solvents and sheds light for future development of self-healing supramolecular gels.     

Energy transfer from a fluorescent hydrogel to a hosted fluorophore

The fluorescent properties of a new 1,3,5-cyclohexyltricarboxamide-based low-molecular-weight hydrogelator (1) derivatized with one hydrophobic fluorophore and two hydrophilic substituents have been investigated. Gels of 1 are composed of long, nonbranched fibers of uniform diameter, as shown by cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The aggregation of the naphthalene fluorophore moieties of the gelator molecules in the gel fibers favors the occurrence of a fast energy migration process that allows a very efficient sensitization of the fluorescence of a hosted fluorophore. Such processes have been investigated by the addition of propyldansylamide (PDNS), at two different concentrations, to gels of 1. Around 30% of the total PDNS added to the gels was found to be incorporated in the gel fibers, as confirmed by deconvolution of the fluorescence spectrum, excited-state lifetime measurements, and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements. Moreover, anisotropy measurements show that the fluorophore that is incorporated within the gel fibers is almost completely immobilized, indicating that the interactions of PDNS with the gelator moieties are very strong. This particular configuration of donor (1) and acceptor (PDNS) molecules leads to a very efficient antenna effect, where 50% of the absorbed photons are funneled through to the dansyl derivative when one PDNS molecule is incorporated in the gel fibers for every 100 gelator molecules. A 5-fold higher concentration of PDNS increases the percentage of funneled photons to 75%.     

Optically transparent hydrogels from an auxin-amino-acid conjugate super hydrogelator and its interactions with an entrapped dye

Low-molecular-weight organic hydrogelators (LMHGs) that can rigidify water into soft materials are desirable in various applications. Herein, we report the excellent hydrogelating properties of a simple synthetic auxin-amino-acid conjugate, naphthalene-1-acetamide of L-phenylalanine (1-NapF, M(w)=333.38?Da), which gelated water even at 0.025?wt?%, thereby making it the most-efficient LMHG known. Optically transparent gels that exhibited negligible scattering in the range 350-900?nm were obtained. A large shift from the theoretical pK(a) value of the gelator was observed. The dependence of the minimum gelator concentration (MGC) and the gel-melting temperatures on the pH value indicated the importance of H-bonding between the carboxylate groups on adjacent phenylalanine molecules in the gelator assembly. FTIR spectroscopy of the xerogels showed a β-sheet-like assembly of the gelator. Variable-temperature (1)H?NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that π stacking of the aromatic residues was also partly involved in the gelator assembly. TEM of the xerogel showed the presence of a dense network of thin, high-aspect-ratio fibrillar assemblies with diameters of about 5?nm and lengths that exceeded a few microns. Rheology studies showed the formation of stable gels. The entrapment of water-soluble dyes afforded extremely fluorescent gels that involved the formation of J-aggregates by the dye within gel. A strong induced-CD band established that the RhoB molecules were interacting closely with the chiral gelator aggregates. H-bonding and electrostatic interactions, rather than intercalation, seemed to be involved in RhoB binding. The addition of chaotropic reagents, as well as increasing the pH value, disassembled the gel and promoted the release of the entrapped dye with zero-order kinetics.     

Optically Transparent Hydrogels from an Auxin–Amino‐Acid Conjugate Super Hydrogelator and its Interactions with an Entrapped Dye

Low‐molecular‐weight organic hydrogelators (LMHGs) that can rigidify water into soft materials are desirable in various applications. Herein, we report the excellent hydrogelating properties of a simple synthetic auxin–amino‐acid conjugate, naphthalene‐1‐acetamide of L ‐phenylalanine ( 1‐NapF , M_w=333.38 Da), which gelated water even at 0.025 wt %, thereby making it the most‐efficient LMHG known. Optically transparent gels that exhibited negligible scattering in the range 350–900 nm were obtained. A large shift from the theoretical pK_a value of the gelator was observed. The dependence of the minimum gelator concentration (MGC) and the gel‐melting temperatures on the pH value indicated the importance of H‐bonding between the carboxylate groups on adjacent phenylalanine molecules in the gelator assembly. FTIR spectroscopy of the xerogels showed a β‐sheet‐like assembly of the gelator. Variable‐temperature ¹H NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that π stacking of the aromatic residues was also partly involved in the gelator assembly. TEM of the xerogel showed the presence of a dense network of thin, high‐aspect‐ratio fibrillar assemblies with diameters of about 5 nm and lengths that exceeded a few microns. Rheology studies showed the formation of stable gels. The entrapment of water‐soluble dyes afforded extremely fluorescent gels that involved the formation of J‐aggregates by the dye within gel. A strong induced‐CD band established that the RhoB molecules were interacting closely with the chiral gelator aggregates. H‐bonding and electrostatic interactions, rather than intercalation, seemed to be involved in RhoB binding. The addition of chaotropic reagents, as well as increasing the pH value, disassembled the gel and promoted the release of the entrapped dye with zero‐order kinetics.