Influence of local dispersion on transient processes accompanying the generation of rf radiation by an electromagnetic shock wave

Transient processes accompanying the conversion of a video pulse into a radio pulse in a nonlinear transmission line having hysteretic properties are studied. It is established that the transition process leading to the establishment of “steady-state” (close in amplitude) oscillations has a minimum when the electromagnetic shock wave front is phase-matched with the wave excited by it at a frequency near the minimum local dispersion of the group velocity. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 89–95 (January 1998)     

Statistical simulation of the flow of vibrationally preexcited hydrogen in a shock tube and the possibility of physical detonation

The direct simulation Monte Carlo method is used to numerically simulate the problem of the shock wave front in vibrationally excited hydrogen flowing in the low-pressure channel of a shock tube. It is assumed that the vibrational temperature of the hydrogen equals 3000 K. The cases of partially and completely excited hydrogen are considered. Equilibrium hydrogen is applied as a pusher gas, but its concentration is 50 times higher than the hydrogen concentration in the low-pressure channel. In addition, the strength of the shock wave is varied by heating the pusher gas. It has been shown that, if the prestored vibrational energy is weakly converted to translational energy, the shock wave slows down over time. If the energy conversion is sufficiently intense, when the pusher gas is warm and only completely vibrationally excited hydrogen is in the low-pressure channel, the wave gains speed over time (its velocity increases roughly by a factor of 1.5). This causes physical detonation, in which case the parameters of the wave become dependent on the vibrational-to-thermal energy conversion and independent of the way of its initiation.     

Experimental study of the formation of nonlinear acoustic waves in focused beams

The shock wave formation in focused beams produced by spherical hydroacoustic transducers with different apertures and an operating frequency of 3 MHz, as well as in weakly divergent high-intensity beams of the same frequency, is studied experimentally. The profiles of the received signals are analyzed for different receiving points in the acoustic beam and for different combinations of nonlinear and diffraction effects. It is found that the distortion of the initial waveform (i.e., of the compression and rarefaction phases) is asymmetric. The asymmetry of the wave profile in a focused beam is more pronounced than that in a quasi-plane wave while the asymmetric distortion of the high-frequency carrier causes an asymmetric distortion of the pulse envelope. The angular characteristics of the difference-frequency waves produced by parametric sound radiators are compared using both focused and weakly divergent beams of pump waves. The experiments also show that the appearance of a bubbly phase screen in the region before the point of the shock formation either shifts this point to greater distances or makes the discontinuity formation impossible. Results illustrating the changes that occur in the shock wave characteristics when the bubbly phase screen is placed in the region of the fully developed shock are presented.     

Stationary and quasi-stationary waves in even-order dissipative systems

A new equation was recently suggested by Rudenko and Robsman [1] for describing the nonlinear wave propagation in scattering media that are characterized by weak sound signal attenuation proportional to the fourth power of frequency. General self-similar properties of the solutions to this equation were studied. It was shown that stationary solutions to this equation in the form of a shock wave exhibit unusual oscillations around the shock front, as distinct from the classical Burgers equation. Here, similar solutions are studied in detail for nonlinear waves in even-order dissipative media; namely, the solutions are compared for the media with absorption proportional to the second, fourth, and sixth powers of frequency. Based on the numerical results and the self-similar properties of the solutions, the fine structure of the shock front of stationary waves is studied for different absorption laws and magnitudes. It is shown that the amplitude and number of oscillations appearing in the stationary wave profile increase with increasing power of the frequency-dependent absorption term. For initial disturbances in the form of a harmonic wave and a pulse, quasi-stationary solutions are obtained at the stage of fully developed discontinuities and the evolution of the profile and width of the shock wave front is studied. It is shown that the smoothening of the shock front in the course of wave propagation is more pronounced when the absorption law is quadratic in frequency.     

On the possibility of controlling transonic profile flow with energy deposition by means of a plasma-sheet nanosecond discharge

A way of effectively affecting the gasdynamic structures of a transonic flow over a surface by means of instantaneous local directed energy deposition into a near-surface layer is proposed. Experimental investigations into the influence of a pulsed high-current nanosecond surface discharge of the “plasma sheet” type on gas fast flow with a shock wave near the surface are carried out. The self-localization of energy deposition into a low-pressure region in front of the shock wave is described. Based on this effect, a facility for automated energy deposition into a dynamic region bounded by the moving shock front can be designed. The limiting value of the specific energy deposition on the surface in front of the shock wave is found. With the help of the direct-shadow method, an unsteady quasi-two-dimensional discontinuous flow arising when a plasma sheet is initiated on the wall in a flow with a plane shock wave is studied. By numerically solving the two-dimensional nonstationary equations of gas dynamics, the influence of the energy of a pulsed nanosecond discharge, which is applied in the frequency regime, on the aerodynamic characteristics of a high-lift profile is investigated. It is ascertained that the energy delivered to the gas before the closing shock wave in a local supersonic region that is located in the neighborhood of the profile contour in zones extended along the profile considerably decreases the wave drag of the profile.     

基于冲击波作用于光子晶体实现光学频率变换方法的分析

分析了光子晶体实现光学频率变化的方法。阐述了光子晶体光学频率变换的原理,用软件仿真了冲击波作用光子晶体的折射率变化和带隙变化,分析了冲击波速度和冲击波作用光子晶体时间的长短对光学频率变化的影响,结论表明,冲击波速度越大光学频率的变化量越大,冲击波作用光子晶体的时间越长光学频率的变化量越大。由于利用光子晶体的禁带特性,能够对落入光子晶体禁带中的光波实现全反射,故频率转换效率很高。此种方法在近几年发展起来的可调谐激光器有重要的应用,也是光子晶体一个新的研究领域。     

Spatial and temporal study of shock waves generated by laser ablation for Ti target

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Coherent optical photons from shock waves in crystals

We predict that coherent electromagnetic radiation in the 1-100 THz frequency range can be generated in crystalline materials when subject to a shock wave or soliton-like propagating excitation. To our knowledge, this phenomenon represents a fundamentally new form of coherent optical radiation source that is distinct from lasers and free-electron lasers. The radiation is generated by the synchronized motion of large numbers of atoms when a shock wave propagates through a crystal. General analytical theory and NaCl molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate coherence lengths on the order of mm (around 20 THz) and potentially greater. The emission frequencies are determined by the shock speed and the lattice constants of the crystal and can potentially be used to determine atomic-scale properties of the shocked material.     

A study of acoustic waves generated by the shock wave of an antihail gun

The processes of propagation of a shock wave generated by an antihail gun are analyzed. It is shown that a shock wave can reach an altitude of 100 km. The measurement results of the time dependence of variation in acoustic intensity and sound frequency for a vertically propagating shock wave are presented.     

Fundamental study of sterilization effects on marine Vibrio sp. in a cylindrical water chamber with supply of only underwater shock waves

The effect of shock sterilization on marine Vibrio sp. is investigated by carrying out a bio-experiment based on a bubble-shockwave interaction. In the experiments, underwater shock waves with different strength and frequencies are produced by a high-voltage power supply in a cylindrical water chamber. The bio-experimental results show marine Vibrio sp. is completely inactivated in a short time by a 1.0-Hz electric discharge. However, a high sterilization effect requires a strong and high frequency of the bubble motion, and it also depends on the lifetime of the bubble. Subsequently, by an experiment with an air gap to prevent the underwater shock waves entering the cell suspension, it is found that the introduction of a strong shock pressure is not entirely required to obtain the effective sterilization. On the other hand, the direct effect of the sterilization by rebound shock wave resulting from the bubble-shock wave interaction is examined in the experiments. The results suggest that free radicals mainly contribute to killing marine bacteria, and direct mechanical effects of the bubble motion are not responsible. In addition, the creation of the OH radical is indirectly confirmed by measuring the H₂O₂ concentration. Finally, the Herring equation is solved to investigate the condition of free radical generation when considering the effect of thermal conductivity at the bubble interface. As a result, the effective sterilization conditions based on the bubble-shock wave interaction are clearly obtained.     

超高压下冲击波速度直接测量技术

针对超高压下透明材料的高压离化机理,分析了透明材料中冲击波直接诊断技术的基本方法. 利用Drude-自由电子气模型,分析了不同冲击压力下冲击波阵面反射率的变化. 从理论上比较了不同探针光波长反射率的区别,发现探针光波长为660 nm时比探针光波长为532 nm时获得的冲击波阵面反射率要高. 对探测器"致盲"问题也进行了研究. 通过分析反射信号的时间顺序和强度大小,发现"致盲"效应是由X光对透明窗口离化引起的. 同时,发现方波驱动脉冲平台的前沿到达时刻和X光离化效应出现的时刻相同,冲击波信号到达时刻晚于X光离化时刻. 通过实验结果,得到蓝宝石中冲击波速度为35 km/s时,其波阵面的反射率约为40%. 通过理论分析和实验数据比对的方法,验证了蓝宝石中的减速曲线. 给出了加蓝宝石窗口后的测速公式. 经过和实验对比,确认了测速公式的正确性. 关键词： 冲击波 光学诊断 成像 干涉仪     

Application of the wavenumber jump condition to the normal and oblique interaction of a plane acoustic wave and a plane shock

A kinematic approach is considered whereby the wavenumber jump conditions in conjunction with the appropriate dispersion relations is applied to the investigation of the normal and oblique interaction of a plane acoustic wave with a plane shock wave. For the normal interaction of an acoustic wave with a stationary plane shock a logarithmic shift in the wave spectra is obtained. For the normal interaction with a moving shock front it is shown that for shock Mach numbers above a critical value, the frequency of the transmitted wave becomes negative. This results in the fact that the crests of the transmitted signal arrive at a fixed observer in a reverse order to their generation. Finally, the oblique interaction of an acoustic wave with a stationary shock is considered. The “Snell's Law” for the transmitted wave is derived and two special angles of incidence are identified. The first is a no-refraction angle: i.e., the transmitted wave angle is the same as the incident wave angle. The second is a critical angle such that for incident angles greater than this critical angle there is no transmitted wave. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a transmitted wave is derived in terms of the speed of sound and Mach number of the fluid and the frequency and tangential wavenumber component of the incident wave.The dynamics aspects of the interaction concerning the determination of the frequency independent transmission coefficients and shock displacements are determined for the simple case of the normal interaction with a moving shock as an illustration.     

激光驱动的冲击波自生磁场以及外加磁场的冲击波放大研究

冲击波是天体物理观测中常见的现象, 其对粒子的加速被认为是高能宇宙射线的来源. 宇宙中冲击波周围往往存在很强的磁场, 但人们对于此类强磁场的产生放大过程的理解并不充分. 本文利用二维粒子模拟程序研究了激光与磁化或者非磁化等离子体相互作用产生的冲击波现象, 给出了冲击波波前处磁场的产生放大特性. 研究发现, 作用过程中的自生磁场可以储存能量, 从而进一步加速电子; 当存在外加磁场时, 由冲击波加速的电子和离子的能量都比同条件下非磁化等离子体的能量高; 而且外加磁场藉由冲击波放大倍数则与其值有极大关系. 与天文观测中推断的磁场与背景磁场相比放大千倍这一研究结果的比较可以看出, 天体冲击波周围磁场放大主要是由局域内生磁场导致的.     

First report on the persist time of the free radical produced by shock wave pulses employed in clinical ESWL

The shock wave used in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) induces strong cavitation and generates a large amount of free radicals (FR). In order to evaluate the harmfulness of FR in the ESWL, information on the incidence and persist time of FR caused by shock waves is required. FR markers can estimate the amount of FR generated, but not how long the FRs will survive. The OH* FR generated by the ESWL shock wave reacts with luminol and emits blue light, which is called sonochemical luminescence (SCL) phenomenon. In this study, FR generation and persist time were measured by recording SCL phenomenon with a sensitive photomultiplier tube (PMT) that responds in nanoseconds. As a result of measurement with the PMT, when the electromagnetic shock wave used in clinical practice was irradiated to the luminol solution, the amount of light emitted per unit time reached its maximum value within a very short time (< ∼600us) and then exponentially decreased for a long time (∼several hundred ms). The measured FR persist time reaches a maximum of 1000 ms. As the output setting of the shock wave generator increases, the minimum or average FR persist time increases, but the maximum value does not show a high correlation with the output setting. The amount of generated FR shows a very high correlation with the shock wave setting, and when the setting is changed from low to high, it increases very sensitively, rapidly and non-linearly. In order to reduce the risk of FR in patient treatment using lithotripsy, the output setting of the shock wave should be minimized, and the interval between the shock wave pulses should be sufficiently larger than the FR persist time. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid increasing the output setting and setting the shock wave irradiation frequency below 1 Hz to shorten the treatment time in clinical practice. For the purpose of formulating these recommendations, additional studies on the generation and persist time of FR depending on the shock wave generation method and set conditions in living tissue or similar environment are required in the future.     

Nonlinear wave propagation along periodic-loaded transmission line

A high frequency transmission line periodically loaded with varactor diodes is presented to study nonlinear wave propagation. The nonlinearity and dispersion characteristics are experimentally and theoretically analysed. Experimental results on shock wave formation and harmonic frequency generation are found to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The influence of dispersion on second-harmonic frequency generation is particularly discussed yielding large values of the efficiency.     

束流预调制型同轴虚阴极振荡器的初步理论分析

 利用求解格林函数的方法,对束流预调制型同轴虚阴极振荡器进行了初步理论分析。分析结果表明,相同参数入射电子束同轴虚阴极振荡器的束波转换效率正比于预调制深度的平方,提高预调制的深度可以很好地提高束波转换效率;任意的束波互作用区结构参数和入射束流分布参数,都会存在一个对应工作状态下最大束波转换效率的最佳预调制频率,合理选择预调制频率可以优化同轴虚阴极振荡器的微波输出。     

W波段带状注扩展互作用振荡器的粒子模拟

设计了一种工作在W波段的振荡器。采用宽高比值为2的薄矩形电子注降低空间电荷效应,周期耦合腔慢波线作为高频结构以增加功率容量,阶梯渐变矩形波导作为输出结构,使输出结构与高频结构匹配连接减少反射。利用三维PIC粒子模拟程序进行数值模拟,分析慢波结构的周期数及周期长度对输出功率、频率及效率的影响。结果表明:当阴极电压为13.0~16.1 kV时,谐振腔能正常工作;谐振腔周期数为9,阴极电压为15.7 kV时输出功率和转换效率最大,输出峰值功率大于1.9 kW,平均功率为980 W,频率为91.6 GHz,转换效率达25%,输出频率随谐振腔周期长度的减小而增大。     

光子加速器的理论研究

研究了光子加速器(即利用等离子体中的朗谬尔波实现光脉冲频率上转换)所涉及的基本物理问题.文中导出了在存在朗谬尔波的条件下,光脉冲频率对于等离子体本底密度及电子密度扰动的依赖关系,并就最大频率转换、光脉冲俘获、波的加速位相(accelerating phase)以及位相滑动(phase slippage)效应进行讨论.     

Sound field prediction of ultrasonic lithotripsy in water with spheroidal beam equations

With converged shock wave,extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy(ESWL)has become a preferable way to crush human calculi because of its advantages of efficiency and non-intrusion.Nonlinear spheroidal beam equations(SBE)are employed to illustrate the acoustic wave propagation for transducers with a wide aperture angle.To predict the acoustic field distribution precisely,boundary conditions are obtained for the SBE model of the monochromatic wave when the source is located on the focus of an ESWL transducer.Numerical results of the monochromatic wave propagation in water are analyzed and the influences of half-angle,fundamental frequency,and initial pressure are investigated.According to our results,with optimization of these factors,the pressure focal gain of ESWL can be enhanced and the effectiveness of treatment can be improved.     

离心压气机内激波/叶排相互作用

对根部存在疲劳裂纹的某跨音离心级进行了非定常流场数值研究,其中着重关注运动激波／叶排相互作用物理图画及其影响。研究表明:离心压气机中运动激波／叶排相互作用仍然服从一般激波／固壁相交行为规则;叶轮／扩压器间距小以及叶轮尾迹相对较宽造成扩压器内激波剧烈变化;扩压器前伸波深入叶轮通道深度由激波强度及扩压器前缘附近叶表形状决定;扩压器前伸波与叶轮尾缘相互作用可能是本叶轮根部尾缘发生高周疲劳的原因。