超疏水表面液滴的振动特性及其与液滴体积的关系

超疏水表面液滴的振动特性与接触线的移动、液滴体积、基底振幅等因素密切相关.本文在基底振幅较小且恒定的条件下,研究了超疏水表面液滴的共振振幅、模式区间、共振频率等振动特性及其与液滴体积(20—500μL)的关系.此外,将基于一般性疏水表面建立的Noblin共振频率计算模型应用于超疏水表面,并提出“虚驻点”的概念,借此对模型进行了误差分析和修正.研究表明:1)共振时,液滴高度变化率即比振幅随体积增大而增大,随阶数增大而减小;2)各模式区间的起止频率首尾相接,其范围随体积增大而减小;3)液滴体积越大,共振频率越小,随着阶数增大,共振频率f与体积V的关系趋于f-V^–0.4,不同于一般性疏水表面上的f-V^–0.5;4)直接应用Noblin模型计算共振频率会产生较大误差,主要原因在于液滴表面波波段数量统计存在较大偏差,而修正后的模型可以准确计算超疏水表面大体积液滴的共振频率.     

单液滴冲击超疏水壁面的压力特性研究

雨滴撞击索类结构表面可能会激发振动及表面积冰等问题,现有研究多关注于疏水壁面及液滴撞击壁面铺展、回缩特性,鲜见涉及雨滴冲击超疏水壁面压力特性的研究.为此,采用CLSVOF方法对单液滴冲击超疏水固壁面这一过程进行数值计算,分析了液滴速度、初始直径等因素对液滴冲击超疏水壁面的压力特性、液滴动态行为特性及液滴与壁面接触时间的影响.结果 表明:单液滴撞击超疏水壁面的过程中,接触瞬间在接触点附近产生局部高压区,而在液滴铺展过程中,对壁面几乎没有压力冲击;在回缩反弹阶段,壁面受到持续较长时间的压力波动,且压力波动区域不局限于初始接触点附近较小范围.撞击速度或液滴初始直径的增大使壁面受到的冲击更为剧烈,且初始速度对壁面受压的影响更为明显.一定范围内液滴初始直径的增大则会导致接触时间延长.     

超疏水-疏水组合表面蒸汽冷凝的实验研究

液滴的快速脱落和移除对蒸汽滴状冷凝传热具有重要的影响,超疏水表面由丁二具有接触角大,接触角滞后小的优点而用于驱动冷凝液滴的自发运动,但是,常压蒸汽在超疏水表面冷凝时,液滴的润湿形态还没有定论。本文设计了超疏水疏水条纹间隔排列的超疏水一疏水组合表面,研究了常压蒸汽在组合表面上的冷凝过程,观测了液滴的运动特性,测量了超疏水一疏水组合表面上常压蒸汽冷凝传热性能。实验结果显示疏水区液滴在表面张力差的作用下从疏水区向超疏水区自发迁移,说明超疏水区液滴处于Wenzel润湿形态,超疏水一疏水组合表面蒸汽冷凝传热性能比完全超疏水和完全疏水表面传热性能的面积加权平均值大。说明液滴的自发迁移运动强化了疏水区的传热性能。     

接触角滞后对组合表面液滴运动的影响

本文通过控制NaOH和(NH_4)_2S_2O_8溶液的刻蚀时间,制备了具有不同接触角滞后超疏水区的0.5 mm-0.5mm超疏水疏水组合表面,可视化研究了常压纯蒸汽下液滴脱落半径,冲刷周期,尺寸分布.电镜表征结果表明,刻蚀时间越长,所制备超疏水表面的微纳结构越细,导致液滴接触角滞后增加。在0.5 mm-0.5 mm超疏水-疏水组合表面冷凝过程中,存在两种排液行为:液滴横向抽吸和液滴跨区脱落。随着超疏水区接触角滞后的增加,对液滴的抽吸作用越强。液滴跨区脱落直径随着超疏水区接触角滞后的增加有减小趋势,表面冲刷周期随超疏水区接触角滞后的增加而减小;与完全疏水表面相比,组合表面疏水区域液滴尺寸较小,主要集中在50μm以内。     

疏水表面振动液滴模态演化与流场结构的数值模拟

为了研究疏水表面垂直振动液滴的运动规律,本文建立了振动液滴的三维模型,考虑了振动液滴的动态接触角变化过程,通过流体体积函数和连续表面张力(volume of fluid-continue surface force, VOF-CSF)方法实现了液滴受迫振动的数值模拟,得到了液滴的四种模态(2, 4, 6和8)动态演化过程、内部流场结构以及动态接触角的变化规律.随着振动加速度的改变,液滴可表现出丰富的模态,而具体模态依赖于振动加速度的频率变化.以此为基础,本文对液滴的内部流场结构做了进一步的分析.在模态2和模态4时,液滴内部流动从底部向上产生"Y"型流动,而在模态6和模态8时呈现对称的涡流动.且共振模态阶数越高,液滴内部速度平均值越大.液滴振动时的动态接触角明显偏离静态接触角,表明液滴振动模型有必要考虑动态接触角.模拟结果与文献中的实验结果做了对比,结果符合良好.     

Janus颗粒撞击气泡的行为特征

为更好地在相变传热中应用双亲性Janus颗粒,用铜球制备了亲水-超疏水Janus颗粒,其粒径为1.0 mm,气泡直径为3.0 mm.研究了不同高度下带小气泡的Janus颗粒撞击气泡的行为特征.结果表明:Janus颗粒不同润湿性表面撞击气泡时的行为特征存在明显差异,当超疏水侧接触气泡时,会沿着气泡表面无旋转地滑到气泡底部;当亲水侧接触气泡时,会先沿着气泡表面滑行一段距离,随后发生旋转,对气泡造成强烈扰动;而亲水-超疏水分界面接触气泡时,颗粒会在接触的瞬间开始旋转.当Janus颗粒具有一定的高度撞击气泡时,一般以亲水面首先与气泡接触,随高度的增加, Janus颗粒拉扯气泡变形的程度增加.基于受力分析发现:Janus颗粒发生旋转的主要原因是不同润湿性表面所受毛细力作用点和方向的不同,相应地产生旋转力矩.     

液体弹珠碰撞固着液滴的影响因素及动力学分析

液体弹珠具有不润湿/不黏附,以及与外界进行选择性物质交换等特性,可以作为微量液滴承载体,广泛运用于微流控、化学/生物微反应器等新兴领域.碰撞可作为弹珠进行物质传递的一种操控方法,区别于液滴-液滴或弹珠-弹珠的碰撞,弹珠与液滴的碰撞行为更为丰富与复杂,对其的研究可为以弹珠为媒介的物质的有效传递奠定理论基础.本文利用高速摄像机拍摄技术,捕捉了液体弹珠与固着液滴碰撞过程,探究了不同奥内佐格数(Oh)以及壁面亲/疏水性(接触角:θ为35.4°—124.5°)下弹珠与液滴之间的碰撞过程.结果表明:在亲水壁面时,以翻越的形式与液滴结束碰撞;当改用疏水壁面后,以回弹行为取代翻越;当壁面疏水性提高接触角达到θ=124.5°时,有效碰撞面积增大,碰撞后在界面产生的波动使弹珠表面的颗粒迁移,出现裸露区域,形成液桥后快速完成聚结-合并(聚并).弹珠与固着液滴碰撞后,会出现三种运动行为即翻越、回弹以及聚并.     

表面微结构对液滴三相线移动行为影响研究

为研究表面微结构对液滴三相线移动行为的影响，采用标准MEMS工艺在硅基表面加工出了具有不同尺寸及间距的柱状微结构疏水表面。通过多角度光学可视化实验系统，研究了液滴蒸发时，不同微结构区域内液滴三相线移动行为，分析了微结构尺寸及间距对三相线移动特性和蒸发模式的影响。结果表明：处于不同微结构阵列上的液滴在蒸发过程中将出现三相线的非对称移动，液滴两侧出现不同的蒸发模式，且在后退接触角较小的一侧出现了一种不同于目前三种蒸发模式的现象-三相线固定，接触角呈周期性锯齿状波动，最后基于能量原理分析了液滴三相线移动所需能量与后退接触角之间的联系，解释了产生上述行为的原因。     

弹跳液滴与超疏水表面的换热特性研究

了解弹跳液滴在固体表面的动力学和传热特性对于促进自清洁、防冰和热管理等领域的发展是至关重要的。本文通过数值模拟的手段研究了冷液滴撞击热超疏水表面的过程。本文中提出了一种混合相场格子玻尔兹曼模型来描述液滴动力学和液固传热过程,并通过单个液滴在固体表面的铺展过程和定量冷却效率验证了所提出模型的正确性。随后对单个液滴碰撞超疏水表面的动力学行为和换热过程进行了模拟,结果表明热流密度不仅与液固接触面积有关,还与液滴与基体之间的温差有关。此外增大液滴的韦伯数对换热过程有促进作用,而增大液滴的雷诺数反而会抑制换热。     

薄液滴在润湿性受限轨道上的热毛细迁移特性

通过固体表面改性可对液滴热毛细迁移过程进行调控.基于润滑理论和滑移模型建立了均匀温度梯度作用下液滴在润湿性受限轨道上运动的数学模型,通过将基底划分成亲水区域和疏水区域构建了润湿性受限轨道.结合接触线动力学提出了三维液滴在不同方向上接触线移动速度的计算方法,得到了液滴热毛细迁移的演化历程,分析了轨道宽度和润湿性对液滴迁移特性的影响.研究表明:液滴主体受温度梯度作用由高温区向低温区迁移,液滴后缘在移动过程中与主体部分间形成一层薄液膜,即薄液膜拖尾.液滴在垂直于轨道方向上的铺展受到抑制,收缩到轨道边缘后保持定扎状态.前进接触线移动速度开始时迅速减小,后缓慢降低趋于平稳;前进接触线移动速度与轨道宽度呈负相关.垂直于轨道方向上的壁面润湿性限制导致的排挤作用,在初始的短暂时刻对液滴在轨道上的热毛细迁移具有加速作用.液滴前进接触线移动速度与轨道润湿性呈正相关.增强轨道润湿性使得后退接触线移动速度的初始值增大,但对其稳定值影响不大.相比于改变轨道润湿性,改变轨道宽度更易于调控液滴热毛细迁移过程.     

Jumping of a droplet on a superhydrophobic surface in AC electrowetting

Abstract  

Consistent droplet bouncing driven by AC electrowetting was achieved by introducing a superhydrophobic surface instead of conventional hydrophobic surfaces. A superhydrophobic surface is very effective to reduce interfacial energy barrier or adhesion, allowing complete detachment of a droplet from the substrate. While a fixed electric potential (100 V_rms) was applied, the shape deformation and the droplet bouncing were significantly influenced by the frequency of the AC electrowetting. Consistent droplet bouncing only occurred at very narrow frequency ranges (e.g., 30–31 Hz for 8 μL droplets), indicating that resonance dominates the droplet bouncing. Interestingly, the resonance was 1/2 sub-harmonics, where every other actuation was skipped, when the droplet was in the air. Theoretical evaluation of the resonant frequency based on the linear theory implies that the fundamental resonance between the AC electrowetting and the vertical vibration of the shape oscillation could be important to produce consistent droplet bouncing.     

Electric-field-induced oscillations of water droplets deposited on insulating surfaces

The 3-D oscillations of a water droplet under the effect of external fields, such as gravity and sinusoidal electric field, were investigated numerically. The time variation of the shape of a perfectly conducting droplet demonstrates that a water droplet vibrates strongly at certain frequencies. It was found that the resonance frequency and the magnitude of the deformation strongly depend on the surface properties and the value of contact angle. A comparison of the numerical results with the known experimental data shows satisfactory agreement with respect to the shape of the droplet and the resonant frequencies.     

Droplet transient migration and dynamic force balance mechanism on vibration-controlled micro-texture surfaces

In this paper, forced vibration was used to regulate the droplet migration, fully recording the transient migration of droplets on a micro-textured substrate under the resonance frequency by a high-speed camera. The influence of resonance frequency and dynamic migration characteristics of droplets on the solid micro-texture surface under lateral vibration were researched. The experiment demonstrates that the driving force is caused by the difference between the left and right contact angles made the droplet oscillate and migrate, and as time t increases, the left and right contact points are periodically shifted and the amplitude of migration increases. Therefore, based on the droplet migration behavior and its force balance mechanism, a spring vibration model of migration behavior of the vibrating droplet micro unit was set up to predict the complete trajectory of its migration on a solid surface. The calculation results show that the theoretical displacement is less than the experimental displacement, and the longer the time, the larger the difference. Affected by the vibration, part of the droplet permeates through the micro-texture, resulting in the droplet losing height and the contact angle becoming smaller as well. While the other part of droplet overcomes the internal surface tension to migrate.     

模式转换型超声塑焊振动系统的设计

基于弯曲振动理论和耦合振动理论,设计了一种新型大尺寸筒形超声塑焊振动系统。该振动系统由纵向振动换能器及变幅杆、弯曲振动金属圆盘和耦合振动圆筒四部分组成。换能器和变幅杆的纵向振动驱动圆盘的二次弯曲模式振动,圆盘的二次弯曲模式振动激励圆筒的纵向模式振动,实现了工具头在较高频率下谐振。实验结果表明,振动系统的测试频率与计算频率比较符合,在大信号下测试的纵-弯-纵振动模式转换效果很好。研究结果为高频大尺寸超声焊接系统的设计提供了思路。      

The debate on the dependence of apparent contact angles on drop contact area or three-phase contact line: A review

A sessile drop is an isolated drop which has been deposited on a solid substrate where the wetted area is limited by the three-phase contact line and characterized by contact angle, contact radius and drop height. Although, wetting has been studied using contact angles of drops on solids for more than 200 years, the question remains unanswered: Is wetting of a rough and chemically heterogeneous surface controlled by the interactions within the solid/liquid contact area beneath the droplet or only at the three-phase contact line? After the publications of Pease in 1945, Extrand in 1997, 2003 and Gao and McCarthy in 2007 and 2009, it was proposed that advancing, receding contact angles, and contact angle hysteresis of rough and chemically heterogeneous surfaces are determined by interactions of the liquid and the solid at the three-phase contact line alone and the interfacial area within the contact perimeter is irrelevant. As a consequence of this statement, the well-known Wenzel (1934) and Cassie (1945) equations which were derived using the contact area approach are proposed to be invalid and should be abandoned. A hot debate started in the field of surface science after 2007, between the three-phase contact line and interfacial contact area approach defenders. This paper presents a review of the published articles on contact angles and summarizes the views of the both sides. After presenting a brief history of the contact angles and their measurement methods, we discussed the basic contact angle theory and applications of contact angles on the characterization of flat, rough and micropatterned superhydrophobic surfaces. The weak and strong sides of both three-phase contact line and contact area approaches were discussed in detail and some practical conclusions were drawn.     

Lateral vibration of a water drop and its motion on a vibrating surface

The resonant modes of sessile water drops on a hydrophobic substrate subjected to a small-amplitude lateral vibration are investigated using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling. As the substrate is vibrated laterally, its momentum diffuses within the Stokes layer of the drop. Above the Stokes layer, the competition between the inertial and Laplace forces causes the formation of capillary waves on the surface of the drop. In the first part of this paper, the resonant states of water drops are illustrated by investigating the velocity profile and the hydrostatic force using a 3d simulation of the Navier-Stokes equation. The simulation also allows an estimation of the contact angle variation on both sides of the drop. In the second part of the paper, we investigate the effect of vibration on a water drop in contact with a vertical plate. Here, as the plate vibrates parallel to gravity, the contact line oscillates. Each oscillation is, however, rectified by hysteresis, thus inducing a ratcheting motion to the water droplet vertically downward. Maximum rectification occurs at the resonant states of the drop. A comparison between the frequency-dependent motion of these drops and the variation of contact angles on their both sides is made. The paper ends with a discussion on the movements of the drops on a horizontal hydrophobic surface subjected to an asymmetric vibration.     

A new model for thermodynamic analysis on wetting behavior of superhydrophobic surfaces

Superhydrophobic surfaces have shown inspiring applications in microfluidics, and self-cleaning coatings owing to water-repellent and low-friction properties. However, thermodynamic mechanism responsible for contact angle hysteresis (CAH) and free energy barrier (FEB) have not been understood completely yet. In this work, we propose an intuitional 3-dimension (3D) droplet model along with a reasonable thermodynamic approach to gain a thorough insight into the physical nature of CAH. Based on this model, the relationships between radius of three-phase contact line, change in surface free energy (CFE), average or local FEB and contact angle (CA) are established. Moreover, a thorough theoretical consideration is given to explain the experimental phenomena related to the superhydrophobic behavior. The present study can therefore provide some guidances for the practical fabrications of the superhydrophobic surfaces.     

液滴在非互溶大黏度比液体表面的铺展特性

利用基于润滑理论的液滴在非互溶液体表面铺展的物理模型,探讨大黏度比情形下黏度比对液滴演化过程和平衡形状的影响,分析液滴厚度、铺展半径等特征参数的变化。结果表明：接触线附近液—液界面的变形受黏度比和表面张力比的影响;提高黏度比将导致铺展速率降低、时间常数减小,进而延长演化历程,但不影响液滴最终稳定形状;铺展半径与时间的关系满足x_max= 1 - 0.2 exp(- βt);大黏度比液滴铺展后期并未出现小黏度比时的惯性振荡现象。     

Simple non-invasive measurement of rapid eye vibration

A simple, non-invasive method for the measurement of eye vibrations above 30 Hz is described. The method can be used in either laboratory or natural conditions, and is based on the cancellation of an illusion of motion that occurs when two nearby light sources flickering in counterphase above the flicker fusion limit are observed during eye vibration. In these conditions, the light sources appear to oscillate in space at a frequency equal to the difference between the vibration and flicker frequencies. The frequency of eye vibration can be determined by adjusting the flicker frequency until the illusion disappears (i.e., until the difference frequency becomes zero). The same set-up can also be used to determine the amplitude of eye vibration, by adjusting the spatial separation between the two light sources until the oscillation appears to be the result of their bouncing off each other upon contact. The reliability and sensitivity of this method are illustrated with data from three observers whose eyes were vibrated with a commercial massager applied onto their neck, and using three different settings for the speed of the massager.