Formaldehyde-LIF of Dimethyl Ether During Auto-ignition at Elevated Pressures

The present work describes the imaging of laser induced fluorescence (LIF) of formaldehyde in a high pressure/high temperature atmosphere. Gaseous dimethyl ether (DME) is injected at 70 bar into the combustion chamber. Formaldehyde is detected by its fluorescence from excitation using the third harmonic of a Nd:YAG-laser with a wavelength of 355?nm at chamber pressures of 20, 30 and 40 bar. The experimental results are compared to 1D flamelet simulation of the auto-ignition processes applying a detailed reaction mechanism for DME. The results reveal a very good accordance to the experimental findings.     

SiC和石墨混杂增强铜基复合材料的高温摩擦磨损特性研究

采用MMU-5G型端面摩擦磨损试验机研究了SiC和石墨颗粒混杂增强铜基复合材料在250～400 ℃与GCr15钢对摩时的高温摩擦磨损特性,并与SiC/Cu复合材料进行对比分析.结果表明:加入石墨颗粒可以降低复合材料和偶件GCr15钢的磨损率,获得低而稳定的摩擦系数;同时,有效防止高温条件下严重粘着转移现象的发生,使得在400 ℃下混杂复合材料仍具有较低的磨损率.这是由于在混杂增强铜基复合材料的高温磨损表面上通过"磨屑机械混合→热压"的机制形成了连续的富石墨机械混合层,而对磨损表面起到良好的固体润滑作用,使得SiC和石墨混杂增强铜基复合材料具有良好的高温摩擦磨损特性.     

Investigation of Lifted Flame Propagation Under Pulsing Conditions Using High-Speed OH-LIF and LES

Flame propagation in a lifted flame subjected to a transient velocity pulse is investigated using high-speed OH-LIF and Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The design of the burner, taking the requirements of the simulations into consideration, comprises an attached and lifted CNG jet flame in a mild air co-flow, forced to transition by a controlled mass flow pulse of fuel. The high-speed images taken at 5 kHz show a rapid lifting of the flames upon pulsation before the flame base propagates back towards the nozzle. The resulting steady state position differed from the initial lift-off position, consistent with the previously observed hysteresis concept. Calculations using LES along with detailed chemistry are shown to capture the basic features observed in the experiment.     

Three-Phase Flow Modelling Using Pore-Scale Capillary Pressures and Relative Permeabilities for Mixed-Wet Media at the Continuum-Scale

When regions of three-phase flow arise in an oil reservoir, each of the flow parameters, i.e. capillary pressures and relative permeabilities, are generally functions of two phase saturations and depend on the wettability state. The idea of this work is to generate consistent pore-scale based three-phase capillary pressures and relative permeabilities. These are then used as input to a 1-D continuum core- or reservoir-scale simulator. The pore-scale model comprises a bundle of cylindrical capillary tubes, which has a distribution of radii and a prescribed wettability state. Contrary to a full pore-network model, the bundle model allows us to obtain the flow functions for the saturations produced at the continuum-scale iteratively. Hence, the complex dependencies of relative permeability and capillary pressure on saturation are directly taken care of. Simulations of gas injection are performed for different initial water and oil saturations, with and without capillary pressures, to demonstrate how the wettability state, incorporated in the pore-scale based flow functions, affects the continuum-scale displacement patterns and saturation profiles. In general, wettability has a major impact on the displacements, even when capillary pressure is suppressed. Moreover, displacement paths produced at the pore-scale and at the continuum-scale models are similar, but they never completely coincide.     

等离子堆焊Stellite合金高温摩擦磨损特性研究

采用等离子堆焊技术在气门用钢基体上制备了Stellite 1和Stellite F合金堆焊层,对堆焊层的金相组织、物相组成和硬度等进行了研究,在MMU-10G高温端面摩擦磨损试验机上考察了不同温度条件对2种堆焊层摩擦磨损性能的影响,并分析了堆焊层的磨损机理.结果表明:高温条件下,随着温度的上升,2种合金堆焊层的摩擦系数增大,磨损体积减小;温度为400℃时,Stellite 1和Stellite F合金堆焊层分别产生了大量的疲劳裂纹和宽大的犁沟,磨损较为剧烈;温度为500和600℃时,2种合金堆焊层磨损机制相似,主要磨损机制分别为疲劳剥落和磨粒磨损;氧化膜的快速形成以及上试样硬度的下降减小了磨损,磨痕中心区域变窄,磨痕边缘的磨屑不断堆积并被碾压产生了严重的黏着磨损,导致摩擦系数增加.     

High-rate Characterization of 304L Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures for Recrystallization Investigation

An integrated experimental technique was developed for high-rate mechanical characterization of 304L stainless steel at elevated temperatures by using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). A sandwich structure consisting of two platens and the specimen in between was heated before mechanical loading while the bars were maintained at room temperature to eliminate the temperature gradient effect on the wave propagation in the bars. Upon contacting the cold bars, temperature gradients form in the platens, leaving the temperature in specimen constant and uniform. Pulse shaping techniques were employed to maintain constant strain-rate deformation and dynamic stress equilibrium in the specimen. Dynamic compressive stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures for the 304L stainless steel were obtained. To relate recrystallization to impact loading, a momentum trapping system was employed to apply a single loading on the specimen during one dynamic experiment. We also controlled the quenching time to study its effect on recrystallization.     

On Methods of Experimental Investigation of the Laminar-Turbulent Transition at Transonic Velocities

The results of an experimental investigation of the laminar-turbulent transition on a flat plate at transonic velocities, performed in a transonic wind tunnel, are presented. A comparative analysis of the transition data obtained by various methods is given.     

316L不锈钢氮离子注入层的高温摩擦磨损特性

考察了316L奥氏体不锈钢高温氮离子注入层的摩擦磨损性能,并分析了其组织结构。结果表明：在相同注入工艺条件下,高温注入后的含氮层深度较常温注入下的提高约10倍;在150～460℃下注入处理时,在距离注入层表面大约40nm深度内的组织结构与注入温度有关,含氮层主要以膨胀奥氏体组织为主;由于膨胀奥氏体、CrN和微晶组织等对含氮层的强化作用,使显微硬度显著提高,摩擦系数明显下降,耐磨性能得到改善;460℃下注入处理后试样的摩擦系数较150℃下处理后的略高,而前者的耐磨性明显较高。     

An Investigation of the Seismic Behaviour of an Ancient Masonry Bastion Using Non-Destructive and Numerical Methods

Determining the structural behavior of masonry structures is a challenge due to their lack of homogeneity. The seismic behavior of masonry structures is especially complex. The aim of this study was to examine the structural behavior of Za?anos Bastion using both experimental and numerical methods. The Operational Modal Analysis technique, including the Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition Method, and the Stochastic Subspace Identification Method were used to illustrate experimentally the dynamic characteristic of the bastion. A finite element model was developed using ANSYS software in order that the dynamic characteristics of the bastion, including natural frequencies and mode shapes, could be calculated numerically. Seismic analysis was carried out using the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake ground motion record to determine the linear and nonlinear seismic behavior of the bastion. The Turkish Earthquake Code and its general technical specifications were used to evaluate the seismic results. The results show that the maximum and minimum principal stresses exerted on the masonry components exceeded the code requirements at some points, but in general the requirements for the stresses were satisfied.     

激光散射法用于雾化场颗粒Sauter平均直径测量的若干问题研究

通过实验室中的模拟研究 ,探计了不同的颗粒浓度 (体积分数 )造成散射光强度和分布的差异对于Sauter平均直径测量的影响。实验结果表明 ,对同一种砂粒试样 ,由于砂粒浓度造成的散射光的强度和分布的不同 ,对Sauter平均直径的测量结果基本上没有影响。还用CCD相机对按一定比例混合而成的玻璃砂进行显微放大成像 ,得到砂粒的Sauter平均直径 ,此法对测试系统的校验有很大的帮助。     

Detection of Thermal Denaturation and Renaturation of Collagen: Optical Characteristics Using Angular Displacement-Enhanced Heterodyne Polarimeter

Experimental Techniques - An angular displacement-enhanced heterodyne polarimeter has been employed to investigate the optical properties and thermal denaturation of collagen. In the angular...     

金属板材高温压缩试验

本文介绍了直接接触式加热器及金属板材800℃压缩试验技术。用自动描绘的力变形曲线测得弹性模量E和屈服强度σ_(0.2)。该试验技术所用设备简单,耗电少,操作方便,并提高了工作效率和试验精确度。     

Lifted Diffusion Flame Stabilisation: Conditional Analysis of Multi-Parameter High-Repetition Rate Diagnostics at the Flame Base

Data from simultaneous 5?kHz OH-PLIF and Stereo-PIV at the stabilisation region of a propane/ argon lifted diffusion jet flame are presented for jet-exit Reynolds numbers of 10,000 and 15,000. The time history leading to the upstream appearance of flame islands is investigated for both flames. These flame islands are found to be preceded, on average, by a increased out-of-plane fluid velocity. Conditioning local flame statistics on the instantaneous flame base, as indicated by the OH image, permits analysis of upstream and downstream flame motions (in laboratory co-ordinates). The relative velocity is investigated by conditioning out the data with significant out-of-plane fluid velocity. This has introduced greater accuracy over previous attempts at estimating this quantity. No evidence is found for a correlation between increased turbulence intensity or the passage of large scale eddies with increased flame propagation speeds. Furthermore, divergence at the flame base is not found to correlate with upstream flame motion (as a combination of propagation and convection). The volume of the data investigated has led to the development of robust statistics for all quantities presented here.     

Numerical Simulations of the Sandia Flame D Using the Eddy Dissipation Concept

A turbulent piloted methane/air diffusion flame (Sandia Flame D) is calculated using both compressible Reynolds-averaged and large-eddy simulations (RAS and LES, respectively). The Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) is used for the turbulence-chemistry interaction, which assumes that molecular mixing and the subsequent combustion occur in the fine structures (smaller dissipative eddies, which are close to the Kolmogorov length scales). Assuming the full turbulence energy cascade, the characteristic length and velocity scales of the fine structures are evaluated using a standard k- ?? turbulence model for RAS and a one-equation eddy-viscosity sub-grid scale model for LES. Finite-rate chemical kinetics are taken into account by treating the fine structures as constant pressure and adiabatic homogeneous reactors (calculated as a system of ordinary-differential equations (ODEs)) described by a Perfectly Stirred Reactor (PSR) concept. A robust implicit Runge-Kutta method (RADAU5) is used for integrating stiff ODEs to evaluate reaction rates. The radiation heat transfer is treated by the P1-approximation. The assumed β-PDF approach is applied to assess the influence of modeling of the turbulence-chemistry interaction. Numerical results are compared with available experimental data. In general, there is good agreement between present simulations and measurements both for RAS and LES, which gives a good indication on the adequacy and accuracy of the method and its further application for turbulent combustion simulations.     

二硫代钼酸锌高温稳定性及其润滑性能的研究

在实验室中全成了二硫代钼酸锌粉,并考察了其作为固体润滑剂的高温摩擦学性能,同时采用热重分析对其热稳定性进行了评价,采用Ｘ射线光电子能谱分析了摩擦表面典型元素的化学状态。结果表明,二硫代钼酸锌在空气中的第一分解温度为２４９．８℃,摩擦磨损试验结果表明,二硫代钼酸锌作为固体润滑剂在室温到５００℃温度范围内具有较代的摩擦系数,但摩擦系数随温度的升高而增大。磨损表面Ｘ射线光电子能谱分析结果表明,该固体润滑     

Fully Compressible Low-Mach Number Simulations of Carbon-dioxide at Supercritical Pressures and Trans-critical Temperatures

This work investigates fully developed turbulent flows of carbon-dioxide close to its vapour-liquid critical point in a channel with a hot and a cold wall. Two direct numerical simulations are performed at low Mach numbers, with the trans-critical transition near the channel centre and the cold wall, respectively. An additional simulation with constant transport properties is used to selectively investigate the effect of the non-linear equation of state on turbulence. Compared to the case where the pseudo-critical transition occurs in the channel center, the case with the pseudo-critical transition close to the cold wall reveals that compressibility effects can exist in the near-wall region even at low Mach numbers. An analysis of the velocity streaks near the hot and the cold walls also indicates a greater degree of streak coherence near the cold wall. A comparison between the constant and variable viscosity cases at the same Reynolds number, Mach number and having the same isothermal wall boundary conditions reveals that variable viscosity increases turbulence near the cold wall and also causes higher velocity gradients near the hot wall. We also show that the extended van Driest transformation results in a better agreement of the velocity profile with the log-law of the wall compared to the standard van Driest transformation. The semi-locally scaled turbulent velocity fluctuations and the turbulent kinetic energy budgets on the hot and the cold sides of the channel collapse on top of each other, thereby establishing the validity of Morkovin’s hypothesis.     

Fe-Mo-石墨和Fe-Mo-Ni-石墨的高温摩擦磨损行为

采用粉末冶金技术制备了Fe-Mo-石墨材料(FM)和Fe-Mo-Ni-石墨材料(FMN),分析了其显微组织及组成,并研究了其在室温、320 ℃和450 ℃下的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:FM 和FMN两种复合材料主要含有铁素体、珠光体、Fe₃Mo金属间化合物、Mo₂C、Fe₂MoC以及少量石墨,各相分布均匀.FMN较FM珠光体数量要少, Ni元素的加入在一定程度上抑制了珠光体的生成;室温条件下,富含石墨的摩擦层发挥了减摩作用,而在高温条件下,复合材料中的石墨与对偶表面生成的Fe氧化物Fe₂O₃+Fe₃O₄+FeO·Cr₂O₃对其减摩降磨至关重要.     

Optical field at the center of a sphere

The paper gives an exact formula for determining the intensity of an optical field at the center of a spherical particle of arbitrary radius obtained by evaluating an indeterminate form of the 0/0 type of Mie theory for the electricfield components at the center of the sphere. This formula is valid for arbitrary values of the complex refractive index of the particle material and arbitrary wavelengths of the incident radiation. An approximation for large particles and two approximations for particle sizes less than 10^–4 cm are obtained. The solution obtained for the opticalfield intensity at the center of small particles coincides with the classical Lorentz formula for local fields.