Investigation of the Syngas Flame Characteristics at Elevated Pressures Using Optical and Laser Diagnostic Methods

The effect of pressure on the characteristics of syngas flames is investigated under gas turbine relevant conditions using planar laser induced fluorescence of OH radicals and OH^* chemiluminescence imaging. An optically accessible combustor fitted with a swirl burner was operated with two different syngas mixtures, preheated air at 700?K, and pressures ranging from 5 to 20?bars. The thermal load varied from 15 to 25?kW/bar at an equivalence ratios 0.5. The OH-PLIF measurements show that the flames under all conditions exhibited two reaction fronts, one at the shear layer between the inner recirculation zone and the fuel inlet, and one between the fuel inlet and the air nozzle. The more or less continuous reaction front at low pressure turned into a highly corrugated flame front at higher pressures, with isolated regions of ignition and extinction. The probability density distribution of the flame curvature for the mixtures studied showed that the inner and outer flame responded differently to the pressure increase, with the mean curvature magnitude also depending on the mixture composition and thermal load. The measurements clearly shows the limitations associated with the use of OH^* chemiluminescence images as a marker for the heat release rate especially in case of syngas mixtures.     

LES-CMC of a Partially Premixed,Turbulent Dimethyl Ether Jet Diffusion Flame

Large-eddy simulations have been coupled with a conservative formulation of the conditional moment closure (CMC) approach for the computation of a turbulent, partially-premixed dimethyl-ether jet flame. Two different numerical setups and 3 different detailed chemical mechanisms were investigated. The results are compared with measurements of velocity, temperature, and major and intermediate species. The general agreement between simulations and experiments is very good, and differences between the different mechanisms are limited to the predicted concentrations of intermediates only. Larger differences can be observed if the CMC grid size is reduced. This is due to reduced averaging effects on the conditionally averaged dissipation rates that allow to better capture high dissipation events that lead to larger deviations from a fully burning solution. A high CMC resolution provides excellent agreement with experiments throughout the flame and the results demonstrate CMC’s capability to accurately predict turbulence-chemistry interactions in partially-premixed flames involving complex chemistry.     

Capillary Pressures by Fluid Saturation Profile Measurements During Centrifuge Rotation

A novel centrifuge technique to obtain the capillary pressure curve by measuring the local fluid distribution in a spinning core is presented. The Nuclear Tracer Imaging Centrifuge (NTIC) method measures the fluid saturation profile along the length of the core to directly obtain the capillary pressure curve. The proposed method is superior to conventional centrifuge techniques because (1) the capillary pressure curve is obtained at one rotational speed, (2) core plugs are not removed from the spinning centrifuge for imaging, and (3) no mathematical solution is needed to calculate the capillary pressure curve. The literature states that the various mathematical solutions used in conventional centrifuge tests are the greatest source of error, not the uncertainty in the experimental data. By eliminating the dependence of such solutions, the NTIC represents an alternative to conventional centrifuge tests, and may be used to validate the various mathematical procedures applied in conventional centrifuge capillary pressure tests. NTIC may also confirm the applicability of other imaging techniques that rely on core plug removal for saturation imaging, by verifying if there is no fluid re-distribution at static conditions.     

Numerical Study of n-Heptane Auto-ignition Using LES-PDF Methods

This work deals with pre-vaporized n-heptane auto-ignition in turbulent flows. The paper applies the Eulerian Stochastic Field method to the solution of the sub-grid joint-scalar probability density function (PDF) of the reacting scalars in the Large Eddy Simulations (LES) context. A reduced mechanism of 22 species and 18 reactions is used to model n-heptane chemical kinetics. The method is able to reproduce the different regimes observed experimentally and studies the influence of inflow temperature fluctuations.     

高压下受限齿轮油成膜特性研究

本文揭示了在实际应用中极端工况下齿轮油的润滑特性.为了测量在高接触压力和不同温度条件下齿轮油的成膜能力,制作了高精度的膜厚测量仪,采用相对光强法实现纳米级膜厚测量.试验中共采用了5种性质不同的齿轮油,在纯滚动条件下测量接触区的油膜厚度,结果表明：随着接触压力的升高油膜厚度明显降低,但压力对润滑状态影响不大;温度的改变不但能影响油膜厚度,对润滑状态的影响也很明显;GL-5 85W/190和GL-5 85W/90齿轮油在接触压力达3 GPa温度提高到120℃时仍能形成很厚的油膜,但其余3种润滑剂在极端工况下成膜能力不足.本文最后根据试验结果还提出了含有丰富添加剂的齿轮油润滑模型.     

二硫代钼酸锌高温稳定性及其润滑性能的研究

在实验室中全成了二硫代钼酸锌粉,并考察了其作为固体润滑剂的高温摩擦学性能,同时采用热重分析对其热稳定性进行了评价,采用Ｘ射线光电子能谱分析了摩擦表面典型元素的化学状态。结果表明,二硫代钼酸锌在空气中的第一分解温度为２４９．８℃,摩擦磨损试验结果表明,二硫代钼酸锌作为固体润滑剂在室温到５００℃温度范围内具有较代的摩擦系数,但摩擦系数随温度的升高而增大。磨损表面Ｘ射线光电子能谱分析结果表明,该固体润滑     

SiC和石墨混杂增强铜基复合材料的高温摩擦磨损特性研究

采用MMU-5G型端面摩擦磨损试验机研究了SiC和石墨颗粒混杂增强铜基复合材料在250～400 ℃与GCr15钢对摩时的高温摩擦磨损特性,并与SiC/Cu复合材料进行对比分析.结果表明:加入石墨颗粒可以降低复合材料和偶件GCr15钢的磨损率,获得低而稳定的摩擦系数;同时,有效防止高温条件下严重粘着转移现象的发生,使得在400 ℃下混杂复合材料仍具有较低的磨损率.这是由于在混杂增强铜基复合材料的高温磨损表面上通过"磨屑机械混合→热压"的机制形成了连续的富石墨机械混合层,而对磨损表面起到良好的固体润滑作用,使得SiC和石墨混杂增强铜基复合材料具有良好的高温摩擦磨损特性.     

金属板材高温压缩试验

本文介绍了直接接触式加热器及金属板材800℃压缩试验技术。用自动描绘的力变形曲线测得弹性模量E和屈服强度σ_(0.2)。该试验技术所用设备简单,耗电少,操作方便,并提高了工作效率和试验精确度。     

Multiscale Creep Compliance of Epoxy Networks at Elevated Temperatures

Epoxy networks are thermoset polymers for which an important structural length scale, molecular weight between crosslinks (M _c), influences physical and mechanical properties. In the present work, creep compliance was measured for three aliphatic epoxy networks of differing M _c using both macroscale torsion and microscale depth-sensing indentation at temperatures of 25 and 55°C. Analytical relations were used to compute creep compliance (J(t)) for each approach; similar results were observed for the two techniques at 25°C, but not at 55°C. Although creep compliance measurement differed at elevated temperatures, there were clear correlations between M _c, glass transition temperature, T _g, and the observed time-dependent mechanical behavior via both techniques at 55°C, but these correlations could not be seen at 25°C. This work demonstrates the capacity of depth-sensing indentation to differentiate among epoxy networks of differing structural configurations via J(t) for small material volumes at elevated temperatures.     

不同温度下砷化镓表面摩擦诱导选择性刻蚀特性研究

利用摩擦诱导选择性刻蚀的方法,可在砷化镓表面加工一系列的纳米结构;该纳米加工方法无需掩膜,且加工效率高、成本低,具有应用前景.为了进一步研究砷化镓表面摩擦诱导选择性刻蚀的特性,优化加工参数,本文作者在不同温度下利用H_2SO_4-H_2O_2溶液对砷化镓表面进行选择性刻蚀,考察了刻蚀后所形成的凸起高度及砷化镓表面粗糙度随刻蚀时间和刻蚀温度的变化规律,阐释了温度对砷化镓表面刻蚀的影响机制;最后从加工高度和表面粗糙度着眼,探讨了砷化镓表面摩擦诱导选择性刻蚀的最佳条件.本研究为砷化镓表面选择性刻蚀加工的条件优化提供了重要依据.     

Fully Compressible Low-Mach Number Simulations of Carbon-dioxide at Supercritical Pressures and Trans-critical Temperatures

This work investigates fully developed turbulent flows of carbon-dioxide close to its vapour-liquid critical point in a channel with a hot and a cold wall. Two direct numerical simulations are performed at low Mach numbers, with the trans-critical transition near the channel centre and the cold wall, respectively. An additional simulation with constant transport properties is used to selectively investigate the effect of the non-linear equation of state on turbulence. Compared to the case where the pseudo-critical transition occurs in the channel center, the case with the pseudo-critical transition close to the cold wall reveals that compressibility effects can exist in the near-wall region even at low Mach numbers. An analysis of the velocity streaks near the hot and the cold walls also indicates a greater degree of streak coherence near the cold wall. A comparison between the constant and variable viscosity cases at the same Reynolds number, Mach number and having the same isothermal wall boundary conditions reveals that variable viscosity increases turbulence near the cold wall and also causes higher velocity gradients near the hot wall. We also show that the extended van Driest transformation results in a better agreement of the velocity profile with the log-law of the wall compared to the standard van Driest transformation. The semi-locally scaled turbulent velocity fluctuations and the turbulent kinetic energy budgets on the hot and the cold sides of the channel collapse on top of each other, thereby establishing the validity of Morkovin’s hypothesis.     

Inconel 690合金高温微动磨损特性研究

采用SRVⅣ高精度微动磨损试验机研究核电材料Inconel 690合金的高温微动磨损行为和机制.结果表明:温度升高使摩擦系数和磨损量逐渐减小;温度升高至270℃,微动区域特性由完全滑移区转变为部分滑移区;室温下,由剥层造成的表面磨损占主导地位,随着温度的升高,疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展为微动的主要破坏机制.摩擦氧化主要发生在滑移区,中心黏着区相对很少.在部分滑移区,疲劳裂纹萌生在黏着区与微滑区交界处.室温下亚表层更易出现剥层,高温下更易形成压实的氧化层.     

高温冲击拉伸试验中的快速接触加温技术

本文阐述了高温冲击拉伸试验技术中基于大热容量热惯性温升极大值原理的快速接触加温技术;研制了稳定性好、加热效率高、总体热惯性大、断电温升至极大值的稳定时间长的一对新的加温炉。测试结果表明,可以在试件上获得了最高可达1073K的近似稳定和均匀的温度场。通过实验研究建立了试件温度、稳定炉温和加温炉加热自动断电设定温度之间的标定关系。利用此标定关系,可以根据试验所需要的试件温度方便地确定加温炉自动断电设定温度,并通过监控稳定炉温来实施的所需试件温度下的冲击拉伸试验。本文还对高温冲击拉伸试验中的相关问题进行了分析讨论。     

Fe-Mo-石墨和Fe-Mo-Ni-石墨的高温摩擦磨损行为

采用粉末冶金技术制备了Fe-Mo-石墨材料(FM)和Fe-Mo-Ni-石墨材料(FMN),分析了其显微组织及组成,并研究了其在室温、320 ℃和450 ℃下的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:FM 和FMN两种复合材料主要含有铁素体、珠光体、Fe₃Mo金属间化合物、Mo₂C、Fe₂MoC以及少量石墨,各相分布均匀.FMN较FM珠光体数量要少, Ni元素的加入在一定程度上抑制了珠光体的生成;室温条件下,富含石墨的摩擦层发挥了减摩作用,而在高温条件下,复合材料中的石墨与对偶表面生成的Fe氧化物Fe₂O₃+Fe₃O₄+FeO·Cr₂O₃对其减摩降磨至关重要.     

AlCoCrFeNi高熵合金的高温摩擦磨损性能

AlCoCrFeNi高熵合金因其优异的综合力学性能而有望成为新一代高温结构材料,但对其高温摩擦磨损性能的研究还较为少见.本文中应用放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术制备了AlCoCrFeNi高熵合金,研究了其显微组织和力学性能,系统地考察了其在室温至800℃时的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:应用SPS技术制备的AlCoCrFeNi高熵合金主要由FCC相、无序BCC相和少量有序BCC相组成;呈网格状分布的FCC相使高熵合金具有良好的塑性和韧性,而呈等轴状分布的BCC相赋予了高熵合金优异的强度;高熵合金室温至800℃时的摩擦系数在0.43~0.51之间,磨损率低于10–5mm3/(N·m).室温至中温阶段主要为磨粒磨损,中温至高温阶段的磨损机制为磨粒磨损、黏着磨损和塑性变形综合作用.高温下高熵合金表面形成了一层主要由为Al2O3和Cr2O3组成的氧化物膜,在一定程度上起到抗磨作用.     

Stress-Dependent Elastic Behaviour of a Titanium Alloy at Elevated Temperatures

In this study the influence of stress and temperature on the elastic modulus during fully-reversed low cycle fatigue of the titanium alloy Ti6242 is examined. The change of the elastic properties with stress manifests itself in a crescent-like shaped hysteresis loop of stress vs. plastic strain at very low amplitudes, i.e. below the technical yield stress. A quadratic extension of Hooke??s law with a second constant ??k?? is applied. The parameters are determined all along the unloading curve in tension and compression. The approach results in the alignment of the hysteresis loop so that they become vertical, i.e. the elastic strain is accurately described. The value and sign of ??k?? depend on whether the deformation occurs in tension or compression. Like the Young??s modulus E ₀, ??k?? also depends on temperature. At temperatures up to 550°C the values of ??k?? in tension and compression do not change during fatigue life. However, at 650°C thermally activated slip processes lead to changes of both, E ₀ and ??k??.     

<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">In-Situ</Emphasis> Mechanical Testing for Characterizing Strain Localization During Deformation at Elevated Temperatures

An experimental methodology has been developed to characterize local strain heterogeneities in alloys via in-situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) based mechanical testing. Quantitative measurements of local strains as a function of grain orientation, morphology and neighborhood are crucial for mechanistic understanding and validation of crystal plasticity models. This study focuses on the technical challenges associated with performing creep tests at elevated temperatures ≤700°C in an SEM. Samples of nickel-based superalloy Rene 104 were used for this study, but the technique is applicable to testing of any metal samples at elevated temperature. Electron beam lithography was employed to produce a suitable surface speckle pattern of hafnium oxide to facilitate full field displacement measurements using a commercial software package. The speckle pattern proved to have good thermal stability and provided excellent contrast for image acquisition using secondary electron imaging at elevated temperature. The speckle pattern and microscope magnification were optimized to obtain the resolution necessary to discern strain localizations within grain interiors and along grain boundaries. Minimum strain resolution due to SEM image distortions was determined prior to tensile testing, and image integration methods were utilized to minimize imaging artifacts. Limitations due to the present specimen heating method and potential solutions to these limitations are also addressed.     

Microscale Experiments at Elevated Temperatures Evaluated with Digital Image Correlation

The methods of uniform heating and resistive (Joule) heating for microscale freestanding surface-micromachined thin metal film specimens were evaluated by a combination of full-field strain measurements by optical microscopy/Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and microscopic infrared (IR) imaging. The efficacy of each method was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated with the aid of strain fields and IR-obtained temperature distributions along 850 nm thick freestanding microscale specimens subjected to uniaxial tension while heated by each method. The strain and temperature fields were quite uniform in experiments carried out with uniform specimen heating except for minor end-effects at the specimen grips. However, the resistively heated specimens showed highly uneven temperature distribution varying by 50°C along the 1,000 μm specimen gauge length. This high temperature gradient resulted in strain localization and 40% reduction in yield and ultimate tensile strengths of resistively heated specimens compared to the uniformly heated ones. Therefore, it is concluded that resistive heating is not a reliable method for conducting microscale temperature experiments with metallic films.