超声速平板圆台突起物绕流实验和数值模拟研究

高速飞行器表面不可避免的存在突起物并形成复杂流场, 从而引起飞行器气动特性和热载荷的变化; 同时, 突起物是流动控制的重要方法之一, 合适的突起物形状及安装位置对于改善冲压发动机进气道性能有重要意义. 本文采用基于纳米粒子的平面激光散射技术(NPLS)研究了马赫3.0来流边界层为层流的平板上三个不同高度圆台突起物绕流流场, 主要关注了突起物后方的尾迹边界层, 并采用高精度的显式五阶精度加权紧致非线性格式(WCNS-E-5)离散求解Navier-Stokes方程模拟了该流场. 获得了超声速圆台绕流精细流场结构, 观察到突起物后方尾迹区域边界层发展的过程. 结合实验和数值模拟结果可以发现, 当圆台高度接近或者小于当地边界层厚度时, 突起物对边界层的扰动非常弱, 圆台后方尾迹边界层能够维持较长距离的层流状态, 在边界层转捩阶段也有清晰的发卡涡结构出现; 反之, 边界层受到的扰动明显增大, 在突起物后方很快发展为湍流; 风洞噪声对本文研究圆台引起的边界层扰动有一定影响, 实验获得的边界层转捩位置要比数值结果靠前. 基于NPLS流场图像, 采用间歇性方法分析了圆台突起物后方边界层的特性, 对于高度大于边界层厚度的圆台其间歇性曲线较为接近并且更加饱满, 边界层的脉动也更为强烈.     

高温瞬态超音速喷流OH分子示踪速度测量

 介绍了研制的小型脉冲高温超音速流场模拟装置。利用OH分子示踪速度测量技术,对实验室建立的小型脉冲高温超音速流场模拟装置产生的喷流速度分布进行了诊断。通过改变测量对应于喷流的空间位置光路调节,改变193 nm激光线相对于喷流的空间位置,分别得到了喷流不同区域的OH分子示踪速度图像,根据图像计算了测量位置喷流沿轴线方向的速度分量的分布情况。结果显示：喷流在压缩区的速度比在膨胀区低得多;在压缩初期区域喷流中心部分速度明显高于两侧部分,而在二次膨胀区域喷流中心部分速度低于两侧部分。     

三维高光谱NPLS模型用于冬小麦估产的初步研究

以35个实验小区,8个生育期的冬小麦田间测量冠层反射高光谱组成三维数据信息阵,采用多维偏最小二乘(multiway partial least squares, NPLS)算法建立了冬小麦亩产量估产模型。模型用于对13个实验小区产量预测分析,预测值与实际值的相关系数ｒ为0.936 6, 平均相对误差为4.44%,说明模型的预测效果较好,对实际的估产工作有一定的指导意义。     

基于超声分子束和普通充气的聚变等离子体密度反馈实验研究

本文介绍了全超导托卡马克装置EAST实验中等离子体密度反馈的方法和结果. EAST密度反馈采用普通充气 (gas puffing) 和超声分子束 (supersonic molecule beam injection, SMBI) 在放电过程中反馈进气, 获得稳定、预期的等离子体密度. 典型的一天放电实验中, 每次放电的充气量和壁滞留的变化可分为两个阶段: 第一阶段为初始约20次放电, 该阶段充气量非常高且呈指数趋势下降, 粒子滞留率为80%–90%, 壁滞留迅速上升. 第二阶段为随后的约50次放电, 该阶段充气量较小且保持稳定, 粒子滞留率为50%–70%, 壁滞留缓慢上升. SMBI的加料效率为15%–30%, 延迟时间小于5 ms. 因此使用SMBI 进行密度反馈效果优于gas puffing反馈, 相同条件下前者充气量较后者减少了～ 30%, 壁滞留减少了～ 40%, 再循环系数也相应减少. gas puffing反馈时, 采用脉宽调制模式效果优于脉幅调制模式. SMBI密度反馈可以作为未来EAST长脉冲高参数放电的主要手段之一. 关键词： 密度反馈 超声分子束 再循环 壁滞留     

Effect of the stagnation temperature on supersonic flow parameters: Application for air in nozzles

When the stagnation temperature of a perfect gas increases, the specific heats and their ratio do not remain constant any more and start to vary with this temperature. The gas remains perfect and its state equation always remains valid, except it will be called a calorically imperfect gas. The aim of this research is to develop the relations of the necessary thermodynamics and geometrical ratios and to study the supersonic flow at high temperature (lower than the threshold of dissociation). The results are found by the resolution of nonlinear algebraic equations and integration of complex analytical functions where the exact calculation is impossible. The dichotomy method is used to solve the nonlinear equation, and the Simpson algorithm is used for the numerical integration of the found integrals. A condensation of the nodes is used, since the functions to be integrated have a high gradient at the extremity of the interval of integration. A comparison is made with a calorifcally perfect gas to determine the error of this. An application is made for air in a supersonic nozzle. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

能量损耗对超声声速测量的影响

分析了超声波在传播过程中发生的能量损耗对超声声速测量的影响。     

基于流动显示的压缩拐角流动结构定量研究

在Ma = 3.0的超声速风洞中, 采用NPLS技术对上游边界层为层流的25° 压缩拐角进行了流动显示实验, 获得了压缩拐角的精细流动结构, 边界层、剪切层和激波等结构清晰可见. 基于流动显示数据, 采用间歇性、空间相关性和分形分析对流动结构进行了定量研究, 计算了边界层和分离区的间歇因子分布, 获取了边界层中拟序结构和结构角的大小, 给出了边界层分形维数的分布, 并与Ringuette和Bookey等的实验结果进行比较, 阐述了压缩拐角流动结构的定量特征.     

New results on gas density, velocity field, and force field of a gasdynamic laser within a supersonic nozzle

Several new results are derived upon gas density as well as upon velocity and force fields relative to a gasdynamic laser within a supersonic nozzle. Evolution equations, including the continuity equation, are employed to obtain the above results. In particular, the continuity equation is used to determine the shape of the nozzle so that its cross-sectional area is calculated as a function of distance. This function is one of the ingredients to get our results relative to gas density, velocity, and force. In addition, the time-dependent power associated with the vibrational non-equilibrium expansion in the nozzle of hot gas at high pressure is evaluated.     

Flow characteristics and micro-scale metallic particle formation in the laser supersonic heating technique

The characteristics of the supersonic flow of the laser heating technique for producing micro-scale metallic particles were investigated in this study. A numerical model was established to predict the flow fields and particle trajectories leaving a spray nozzle with shock wave effects. The compressible flow of the shock waves and the trajectories of particles in diameters of 1–20 μm were simulated and compared with the flow visualization. In the experiment, a pulsed Nd-YAG laser was used as heat source on a carbon steel target within the nozzle, and the carbon steel particles were ejected by high-pressure air. The result shows that the shock wave structures were generated at various entrance pressures, and there is a significant increase in the amount of carbon steel particles and the spraying angles by increasing the entrance air pressure.     

带二次流的多喷管超声速引射器性能实验研究

为研究多喷管超声速引射器在有二次流情况下的性能,采用模拟器产生给定总温和总压的模拟二次流,在多喷管超声速引射器实验台上进行了一系列实验。重点考察了多喷管引射器的性能以及一次流总压和喷管安装构型对其性能的影响。实验结果表明：多喷管超声速引射器可保证二次流在设计工况下正常工作;二次流的加入大大减小了一次流的总压损失;较低的一次流总压具有更好的压力匹配性能,但引射增压能力也有所降低;合理的喷管安装构型可同时提高引射增压能力和压力匹配能力。提出了将二次流作为“助推器”,以帮助多喷管引射器在较低工况下实现启动的方案,在不增加系统复杂度的前提下提高了引射器的压力匹配能力。     

一种小型化高功率微波辐射场功率密度测试系统

为解决现有高功率微波辐射场功率密度测量系统测量环节多、系统复杂以及长电缆无法适应复杂电磁环境测量等问题,研制了一款小型化、一体化辐射场功率密度测量系统。系统采用天线-耦合器-转换器作为接收前端,后端采用同轴信号处理单元,在屏蔽箱内完成信号衰减、功率探测及电光转换,可实现系统远程测量与监控,可用于连续波、单次脉冲、连续脉冲辐射场功率密度测量。同时,系统采用模块化校准,可有效降低测量系统不确定度。该系统具备30 dB动态,最小可测脉宽50 ns,可测辐射场功率密度100 MW/m²,系统结构紧凑,简便易携,采用光纤传输,抗电磁辐射,可实现X波段GW级高功率微波辐射场功率密度快速测量。     

有机气凝胶的超声法制备

在间苯二酚类有机气凝胶的制备工艺中引入超声波技术,缩短了有机气凝胶制备周期。实验发现：反应物质量分数为10%的溶液在超声作用下的凝胶时间减少8%～17%,超声波能有效抑制凝胶过程中的氧化作用。在反应初始阶段,通过激光粒度仪测量稀溶液反应,发现超声波作用下的凝胶核生长速度是普通加热的凝胶核生长速度的87倍左右。微量水分测定仪的数据表明,低强度超声波可以上万倍地加快凝胶样品的溶剂交换速率。     

Density and temperature reconstruction of a flame-induced distorted flow field based on background-oriented schlieren(BOS) technique

An experimental system based on the background-oriented schlieren(BOS) technique is built to reconstruct the density and temperature distribution of a flame-induced distorted flow field which has a density gradient. The cross-correlation algorithm with sub-pixel accuracy is introduced and used to calculate the background-element displacement of a disturbed image and a fourth-order difference scheme is also developed to solve the Poisson equation. An experiment for a disturbed flow field caused by a burning candle is performed to validate the built BOS system and the results indicate that density and temperature distribution of the disturbed flow field can be reconstructed accurately. A notable conclusion is that in order to make the reconstructed results have a satisfactory accuracy, the inquiry step length should be less than the size of the interrogation window.     

测量喷气Z箍缩负载的气流马赫数

 利用双压力传感器的方法测量了喷气Z箍缩负载的气流马赫数。测量得到的气流马赫数最高可达到4.25，它和定常计算的结果4.8很接近，这表明可以用定常计算来估算喷气Z箍缩中超声速喷嘴产生的气流马赫数。     

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采用直流驱动等离子体激励器并通过气流场的碘线表征法研究了边界表面放电等离子体对低气压超音速氦气流场的作用。实验结果表明,边界表面放电等离子体的阴极区对以超音速流动的氦气的控制作用在符合实际工程条件的低气压下是有效果的;等离子体激励器的驱动电压越高,气流场的流动控制效果越好;定性观察表明激励器的阴极板的面积越大,实际作用区域越大,相应的实际控制效果越好。     

等离子体对低气压超音速氦气流场作用的实验研究

采用直流驱动等离子体激励器并通过气流场的碘线表征法研究了边界表面放电等离子体对低气压超音速氦气流场的作用。实验结果表明,边界表面放电等离子体的阴极区对以超音速流动的氦气的控制作用在符合实际工程条件的低气压下是有效果的;等离子体激励器的驱动电压越高,气流场的流动控制效果越好;定性观察表明激励器的阴极板的面积越大,实际作用区域越大,相应的实际控制效果越好。     

Influence of silicon doping density on vacuum field emission triode at high frequency range

Silicon FEA will affect the high frequency application of field emission tubes when it works at the microwave frequency range. This article shows that the electron emitting will be influenced by the majority carrier response time in semiconductor silicon. The surface capacitance and delay time of n-type and p-type silicon are calculated by using semiconductor theory. The result shows that the semiconductor conductivity will determine the maximum work frequency of device. The maximum work frequency (no considering other effects such as C_gc, g_m etc.) will be decreased from about 200 GHz to 2 GHz when the resistivity of p-type silicon is increased from 0.1 · cm to 10 cm.     

超声法测速在气垫导轨实验中的应用

用超声脉冲回波法对滑块位置与速度进行连续测量。     

Magnetic field dependence of critical current density in YBa2Cu3O7

We have measured the transport critical current densityJ _cof sintered YBa₂Cu₃O₇, in various applied fields up to 185 Oe at 77 K. We find a sharp decay ofJ _cwith magnetic field. We show that this sharp decay is consistent with the low field hysteresis results of Groveret al. We argue that the observed field dependence is not caused by intragranular weak links.     

测量喷气Z箍缩负载的气流马赫数

利用双压力传感器的方法测量了喷气Z箍缩负载的气流马赫数。测量得到的气流马赫数最高可达到4.25,它和定常计算的结果4.8很接近,这表明可以用定常计算来估算喷气Z箍缩中超声速喷嘴产生的气流马赫数。