Functions of Two Variables with Large Tangent Plane Sets

We show that there exist a C¹function,f, of two variables and a setE ⊆ R²of zero Lebesgue measure such that using the natural three-dimensional parametrization of planesz = ax + by + ctangent to the surfacez = f(x, y), the (three-dimensional) interior of the set of parameter values, (a, b, c), of tangent planes corresponding to points (x, y) inEis nonempty. From the Morse–Sard theorem it follows that there are no such C²functions. We also study briefly the relationship of our example with the Denjoy–Young–Saks theorem.     

The convolution of associated homogeneous distributions on R–Part II

This is the second in a series of two papers in which we construct a convolution product for the set ?′ (R) of associated homogeneous distributions (AHDs) with support in R. In Part I we showed that if f ^a and g ^b are AHDs with degrees of homogeneity a ? 1 and b ? 1, the convolution f ^a * g ^b exists as an AHD, if the resulting degree of homogeneity a + b?1 ? N. In this article, we develop a functional extension process, based on the Hahn–Banach theorem, to give a meaning to the convolution product of two AHDs of degrees a ? 1 and b ? 1, in the critical case that a + b ? 1 ∈ N. With respect to this construction, the structure (?′(R), *) is shown to be closed.     

Level curves of open polynomial functions on the real plane

Let f : f ² → R be an open polynomial function. Thenf changes sign across V(f) (alternatively around a singular point of V(f)) and the function c : R → N expressing the number f(λ) of connected components of the λ-level curve of f is lower semicontinuous; it has a removable singilarity at every value λ which is critical and is not a real critical value at infinity for f.     

On boundary value problems for systems of nonlinear generalized ordinary differential equations

A general theorem (principle of a priori boundedness) on solvability of the boundary value problem dx = dA(t) · f(t, x), h(x) = 0 is established, where f: [a, b]×R ⁿ → R ⁿ is a vector-function belonging to the Carathéodory class corresponding to the matrix-function A: [a, b] → R ^n×n with bounded total variation components, and h: BV_s([a, b],R ⁿ ) → R ⁿ is a continuous operator. Basing on the mentioned principle of a priori boundedness, effective criteria are obtained for the solvability of the system under the condition x(t₁(x)) = B(x) · x(t ₂(x))+c ₀, where t _i: BV_s([a, b],R ⁿ ) → [a, b] (i = 1, 2) and B: BV_s([a, b], R ⁿ ) → R ⁿ are continuous operators, and c ₀ ∈ R ⁿ .     

Spin depolarization decay rates in α-symmetric stable fields on cubic lattices

We study the asymptotic, long-time behavior of the energy function where {X_s : 0 ≤ s < ∞} is the standard random walk on the d-dimensional lattice Z^d, 1 < α ≤ 2, and f:R⁺ → R⁺ is any nondecreasing concave function. In the special case f(x) = x, our setting represents a lattice model for the study of transverse magnetization of spins diffusing in a homogeneous, α-stable, i.i.d., random, longitudinal field {λV(x) : x ∈ Z^d} with common marginal distribution, the standard α-symmetric stable distribution; the parameter λ describes the intensity of the field. Using large-deviation techniques, we show that S_c(λ α f) = lim_t→∞ E(t; λ f) exists. Moreover, we obtain a variational formula for this decay rate S_c. Finally, we analyze the behavior S_c(λ α f) as λ → 0 when f(x) = x^β for all 1 ≥ β > 0. Consequently, several physical conjectures with respect to lattice models of transverse magnetization are resolved by setting β = 1 in our results. We show that S_c(λ, α, 1) ≈ λ^α for d ≥ 3, λ^agr;(ln 1/λ)^α−1 in d = 2, and in d = 1. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Zur Asymptotik der wellengleichung und der wärmeleitungsgleichung in zweidimensionalen außenräumen

We study initial and boundary value problems for the wave equation and the heat equation with a time-independent right-hand term f in two space dimensions in the exterior of a closed curve C. In the case of Neumann's boundary condition ?u/?n = 0 on C, the solutions increase with a logarithmic rate as t → ∞ if ∫ fdx ≠ 0. In contrast to this, the solutions of the corresponding Dirichlet problems converge to the solution of the related static problem as t → ∞. In the case of the wave equation, these results have already been obtained by L: A. Muravei under the additional assumption that the curvature of C is positive, by using high frequency estimates for the reduced wave equation Δ U + ?² U = 0. The analysis presented here is based on different methods, which can be applied to arbitrary smooth curves.     

The Number of Lattice Points Above the Catenary

For fixed c > 1 and for arbitrary and independent a,b ≧ 1 let Z ²|b( cosh(x/a)−c) ≦ y < 0}. We investigate the asymptotic behaviour of R(a,b) for a,b → ∞. In the special case b = o(a ^5/6) the lattice rest has true order of magnitude . This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A family of Hermite interpolants by bisection algorithms

A two point subdivision scheme with two parameters is proposed to draw curves corresponding to functions that satisfy Hermite conditions on [a, b]. We build two functionsf andf ¹ on dyadic numbers and for some values of the parameters,f is in ¹ withf ¹=f. Examples are provided which show how different the curves can be.     

Clairaut relation for geodesics of Hopf tubes

Summary In this note we use the Hopf map π: S³ → S² to construct an interesting family of Riemannian metrics h^fon the 3-sphere, which are parametrized on the space of positive smooth functions f on the 2-sphere. All these metrics make the Hopf map a Riemannian submersion. The Hopf tube over an immersed curve γ in S² is the complete lift π^-1(γ) of γ, and we prove that any geodesic of this Hopf tube satisfies a Clairaut relation. A Hopf tube plays the role in S³ of the surfaces of revolution in R^3. Furthermore, we show a geometric integration method of the Frenet equations for curves in those non-standard S³. Finally, if we consider the sphere S³ equipped with a family h^f of Lorentzian metrics, then a new Clairautrelation is also obtained for timelike geodesics of the Lorentzian Hopf tube, and a geometric integration method for curves is still possible.     

The Łojasiewicz exponent of an analytic function at an isolated zero

Let f be a real analytic function defined in a neighborhood of 0 ? \Bbb Rⁿ 0 \in {\Bbb R}^n such that f^-1(0)={0} f^{-1}(0)=\{0\} . We describe the smallest possible exponents !, #, / for which we have the following estimates: |f(x)| 3 c|x|^a |f(x)|\geq c|x|^{\alpha} , |grad f(x)| 3 c|x|^b |{\rm grad}\,f(x)|\geq c|x|^{\beta} , |grad f(x)| 3 c|f(x)|^q |{\rm grad}\,f(x)|\geq c|f(x)|^{\theta} for x near zero with c > 0 c > 0 . We prove that a = b+1 \alpha=\beta+1, q = b/a\theta=\beta/\alpha . Moreover b = N+a/b \beta=N+a/b where $ 0 h a < b h N^{n-1} $ 0 h a < b h N^{n-1} . If f is a polynomial then |f(x)| 3 c|x|^(degf-1)n+1 |f(x)|\geq c|x|^{(\deg f-1)^n+1} in a small neighborhood of zero.     

Strong Cesàro summability of double Fourier integrals

We prove the following theorem. Assume f ∈ L ^∞(R ²) with bounded support. If f is continuous at some point (x ₁,x ₂) ∈ R ², then the double Fourier integral of f is strongly q-Cesàro summable at (x ₁,x ₂) to the function value f(x ₁,x ₂) for every 0 < q < ∞. Furthermore, if f is continuous on some open subset of R ², then the strong q-Cesàro summability of the double Fourier integral of f is locally uniform on . Research partially supported by the Australian Research Council and the Hungarian National Foundation for Scientific Research under Grant T 046 192.     

Halley and Newton are one step apart

One of the central problems of scientific computation is the efficient numerical solution of the system of n equations in n unknowns F (x) = 0 where F: Rⁿ → Rⁿ is sufficiently smooth. While Newton's method is usually used for solving such systems, third order methods will in general use fewer iterations than a second order method to reach the same accuracy. However, the number of arithmetic operations per iteration is higher for third order methods than second order methods. In this note we will consider the case where F = ∇f, where f is three times continuously differentiable. We will show that for a large class of sparse problems the ratio of the number of arithmetic operations of a third order method and Newton's method is constant per iteration. It is shown that when the structure of the tensor is induced by a general sparse structured Hessian matrix which gives no fill-ins when we use a direct method to solve a system of linear equations. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

On Extending Peano Derivatives

Let E be a closed set with inf E = a and sup E = b, and k be a positive integer. Let f : E Rbe such that the k-th Peano derivative of f relative to E, f _(k) (x, E), exists. It is proved under certain condition on the function f, that an extension F : [a, b] Rof f exists such that the ordinary derivative of F of order k, F ^<k> (x) exists on [a, b] and is continuous on [a, b], and f _<> (x, E) = F ^<i> (x) on E, for i = 1, 2, &, k.     

On the sampling theorem for wavelet subspaces

In [13], Walter extended the classical Shannon sampling theorem to some wavelet subspaces. For any closed subspace V₀/L² (R), we present a necessary and sufficient condition under which there is a sampling expansion for everyf V₀-Several examples are given.     

Hardy inequalities for weighted Dirac operator

An inequality of Hardy type is established for quadratic forms involving Dirac operator and a weight r ^−b for functions in \mathbbRⁿ{\mathbb{R}^n}. The exact Hardy constant c _b  = c _b (n) is found and generalized minimizers are given. The constant c _b vanishes on a countable set of b, which extends the known case n = 2, b = 0 which corresponds to the trivial Hardy inequality in \mathbbR²{\mathbb{R}^2}. Analogous inequalities are proved in the case c _b  = 0 under constraints and, with error terms, for a bounded domain.     

Two Extensions to Finsler's Recurring Theorem

Finsler's theorem asserts the equivalence of (i) and (ii) for pairs of real quadratic forms f and g on R ⁿ : (i) f( ξ ) >0 for all ξ≠ 0 with g( ξ ) =0; (ii) f-λ g>0 for some λ∈ R. We prove two extensions: 1. We admit a vector-valued quadratic form g: R ⁿ → R ^k , for which we show that (i) implies that f-λ . . . g>0 on an ( n-k+1 ) -dimensional subspace Y R ⁿ for some λ∈ R ^k . 2. In the nonstrict version of Finsler's theorem for indefinite g we replace R ⁿ by a real vector space X . Accepted 22 February 1998     

Long time existence for a slightly perturbed vortex sheet

Consider a flat two-dimensional vortex sheet perturbed initially by a small analytic disturbance. By a formal perturbation analysis, Moore derived an approximate differential equation for the evolution of the vortex sheet. We present a simplified derivation of Moore's approximate equation and analyze errors in the approximation. The result is used to prove existence of smooth solutions for long time. If the initial perturbation is of size ? and is analytic in a strip |??m γ| < ρ, existence of a smooth solution of Birkhoff's equation is shown for time t < k2p, if ? is sufficiently small, with κ → 1 as ? → 0. For the particular case of sinusoidal data of wave length π and amplitude e, Moore's analysis and independent numerical results show singularity development at time t^c = |log ?| + O(log|log ?|. Our results prove existence for t < κ|log ?|, if ? is sufficiently small, with k κ → 1 as ? → 0. Thus our existence results are nearly optimal.     

On the Positive Definiteness of Certain Functions

For a coinmutative senugoup (S, +, *) with involution and a function f : S → [0, ∞), the set S(f) of those p ≥ 0 such that f^P is a positive definite function on S is a closed subsemigroup of [0, ∞) containing 0. For S = (IR, +, x* = -x) it may happen that S(f) = { kd : k ∈ N₀ } for some d > 0, and it may happen that S(f) = {0} ? [d, ∞) for some d > O. If α > 2 and if S = (?, +, n* = -n) and f(n) = e^?[n]α or S = (IN₀, +, n* = n) and f(n) = e^nα, then S(f) ∪ (0, c) = ? and [d, ∞) ? S(f) for some d ≥; c > 0. Although (with c maximal and d minimal) we have not been able to show c = d in all cases, this equality does hold if S = ? and α ≥ 3.4. In the last section we give sinipler proofs of previously known results concerning the positive definiteness of x → e^?||x||α on normed spaces.     

Limit theorems for the minimum interpoint distance between any pair of i.i.d. random points in R d

The limit theorem for the minimum interpoint distance between any pair of i.i.d. random points in R ^d with common density fL ² was studied by a method which makes use of the convergence of point processes. Some one-dimensional examples with fL ² (including the cases Beta and Gamma distributions) were also considered.     

A note on a global invertibility of mappings on Rn

We provide sufficient conditions for a mapping f : Rⁿ → Rⁿ to be a global di?eomorphism in case f need not be continuously di?erentiable. Instead it is assumed to be strictly (Hadamard-like) and Fréchet di?erentiable. We use classical local invertibility conditions together with the non-smooth critical point theory.