大气压微波等离子体射流装置放电特性研究

基于同轴传输线结构设计了两种不同喷嘴结构的大气压微波等离子体射流(MW-APPJ)装置,其工作频率2.45 GHz,工作气体为氩气,分别研究了两种不同喷嘴结构对等离子体放电特性产生的影响。仿真结果表明,MW-APPJ在气体喷嘴处会产生高强度的电场,经过优化结构,实现在频率2.45 GHz下,喷嘴处的场强满足氩气电离的击穿场强阈值要求。同时,利用多物理场耦合仿真软件对装置的气流分布进行了稳态模拟,并通过实验对比分析了两种喷嘴结构下大气压氩等离子体射流的基本特性。实验结果表明,不同的喷嘴结构会影响等离子体装置的反射系数随输入功率的变化规律,但并不影响等离子体射流长度随输入功率的变化规律和反射功率随进气流量的变化规律;同时,在大气压下,稳态微波等离子体射流呈现出类金属性,等离子体中的电子只能在很薄的区域中吸收微波能量,因而造成微波的反射功率较大。     

Hybrid Transmission Line for ECRH in the Helically Symmetric Experiment

The HSX oversized, mode-converting ECRH transmission line has been upgraded to a hybrid system to increase launched microwave power and reduce electrical arcing. Filtering of high-order, spurious modes ensures efficient coupling to a Gaussian beam for optimal electron heating. A Vlasov mode converter and two phase-correcting ellipsoidal mirrors convert the TE₀₂ gyrotron output mode to a symmetric, linearly polarized, microwave beam. A swappable twist reflector plate rotates beam polarization for 2nd-harmonic X-mode or fundamental O-mode ECRH. Long distances are traversed by coupling the beam to a dual-mode (TE₁₁ + TM₁₁), smooth, circular cross-section waveguide. This system has been successfully tested without arcing for 50 ms pulses and over 100 kW of launched power. Analysis of the microwave beam for 50 kW, 2 ms microwave pulses reveals agreement with predicted beam shapes at two beam locations. The new system has also demonstrated increased plasma stored energy for ECRH plasmas with equal launched power.     

Active microwave negative-index metamaterial transmission line with gain

We studied the active metamaterial transmission line at microwave frequency. The active composite right-handed or left-handed transmission line was designed to incorporate a germanium tunnel diode with a negative differential resistance property as the gain device at the unit cell level. Measurements of the fabricated planar transmission line structures with one-, two-, and three-unit cells showed that the addition of the dc pumped tunnel diodes not only provided gain but also maintained the left handedness of the transmission line metamaterial. Simulation results agree well with experimental observation. This work demonstrated that negative index material can be obtained with a net gain when an external source is incorporated.     

Absorption transition of He-Ne laser in Plasma generated by microwave

Plasma luminescence has been measured in the visible range from 200 to 800 nm. The effect of collisions with sputtered copper ionic species at different argon gas pressures on the emission light intensity has been studied. The behaviour of well resolved lines at 210 and 657 nm as a function of gas pressure and microwave radiation power is measured. The transmission of He-Ne laser line (632.8 nm) through the induced plasma shows dependence on the microwave radiation power. There are observed transitions for the absorption of laser intensity for the filling gas pressures 0 and 5.3 torr at the radiation power of 175 W.     

Design of the Upgraded TJ-II Quasi-optical Transmission Line

TJ-II plasma start-up and heating are made by electron cyclotron resonance waves at the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency. Two quasi-optical transmission lines transmit the microwave power of the gyrotrons to the vacuum vessel. The first line launches the microwave power under fixed injection geometry, i.e. there is no possibility to change the launching angle and the wave polarization. The second line has a moveable mirror installed inside the TJ-II vessel. To get high absorption efficiency and a narrow energy deposition profile the internal mirror focuses the wave beam at plasma center.To get more flexibility in the experiments on heating and current drive the first transmission line needs to be upgraded. The design is presented in this paper. The new launching antenna includes an internal mirror to focus the beam and to change the injection angle. Both launchers are then symmetrical. A polarizer consisting of two corrugated mirrors is used to get any wave polarization. Two mirrors with an array of coupling holes and calorimetric measurements of the energy absorbed in the barrier window allow the estimation of the microwave power launched into the TJ-II.     

多腔耦合微波表面波PECVD法沉积 DLC薄膜研究

报道了利用多腔耦合微波表面波等离子体增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)的方法制备类金刚石(DLC)薄膜。通过发射光谱(OES)测量,对Ar等离子体中的各种放电参数以及全部四个腔室内放电的均匀性作出评估。采用表面轮廓仪测量了薄膜的厚度;薄膜的表面形貌、组成结构通过原子力显微镜(AFM)、激光拉曼光谱和X射线衍射光谱(XPS)进行了表征。在12.5μm厚度的有机薄膜聚酯(PET)表面沉积一定厚度DLC后,通过测量水蒸气透过率(WVTR)对DLC薄膜的阻隔性能进行了研究。结果表明,这种多腔耦合微波表面波等离子体装置,不仅能够实现四个腔室同时相对均匀的放电,也能够实现单个腔室的轴向均匀放电。制备的DLC薄膜结构致密、成分均匀,可以使PET薄膜阻隔性能提高约20倍。     

Transmission line model for extraction of transmission characteristics in photonic crystal waveguides with stubs: optical filter design

A simple and efficient transmission line model is proposed here to study how the transmission characteristics of photonic crystal waveguides are tailored by introduction of stubs patterned in the photonic crystal lattice. It is shown that band-pass and band-stop optical filters can be easily designed and optimized when stubs of appropriate length are brought in. Since the lengths of the designed stubs are not necessarily integer multiples of the photonic crystal lattice constant, a geometric shift in a portion of the photonic crystal structure is shown to be essential. The proposed model is verified by using a rigorous numerical method. An excellent agreement is observed between the numerical results and the transmission characteristics as extracted by the proposed model.     

“四靶串接”类氖锗软X光激光趋向饱和增益的理论研究

介绍了“四靶串接”设计思想,继对接方式之后,又提出了顺接方式来提高X光激光增益,使四靶总长度达到5.6cm。我们研制了程序系列来模拟这一实验,直接给出测点处的X光激光的强度。先用上轮“双靶对接”实验结果检验我们的程序系列,使得23.2nm激光线的结果与实验数据相符合,再用它模拟“四靶串接”实验。在实验之前,对各靶之间距离和角度,以及这些数据对实验结果的敏感程度作了预估,用以指导实验。实验结果证明理论模拟是正确的。23.2nm和23.6nm两条激光线已明显趋于饱和,其小讯号增益长度积GL分别达到18.3和17.6,有效GL分别达到16.4和15.7。X光激光的发散角已减小到3～4mrad,超过美国利弗莫尔实验室(LLNL)已发表的最好结果。     

Analysis of pulsed discharge characteristics of solid-state switch (IGBT) based 16?kHz repetition rate, 100?W average power copper–HBr lasers

We present for the first time a comprehensive analysis (both time resolved and time averaged) of the gas-discharge characteristics of a solid-state switch (IGBT) based on high average power (100?W class), high pulse repetition rate (16?kHz) copper?CHBr laser under various excitation conditions. We evaluate various discharge-plasma parameters such as the electrical inductance, electrical resistance, active laser-head voltage, active electrical power, pre-pulse electron density, and axial gas temperature by numerical processing of the measured laser head voltage?Ccurrent waveforms. For the first time, we evaluate fractional losses at various intermediate stages of the circuit elements as well as effective coupling for the laser excitation process during transfer of energy from the wall plug to the laser-discharge plasma. We conclude that irrespective of the capacitive storage input power (P _in), a constant fraction of ~40% of P _in is coupled into the laser-discharge plasma. With a low to moderate specific input power of 0.4?C0.7?kW/?, the tube produced 70?C110?W average output power at an efficiency of????3.2?C2.8%, respectively. The average laser performances at various P _in are correlated to its time-resolved and average gas-discharge parameters such as the inter-pulse electron density and axial gas temperature.     

Determination of IR radiation attenuation in chalcogenide glass fibres by tunable diode lasers

Lead-salt tunable diode lasers were applied to measure IR attenuation in As₂Se₃ chalcogenide glass fibres. The attenuation constant at 10.5 μm is determined from the slope of the IR transmission through a fibre as a function of its length, and the spectral dependence over the 10–13 μm wavelength region is obtained by tuning the laser IR source.     

Plasma dynamics from laser ablated solid lithium

Emission plasma plume generated by pulsed laser ablation of a lithium solid target by a ruby laser (694 nm, 20 ns, 3 J) was subjected to optical emission spectroscopy: time and space resolved optical emission was characterised as a function of distance from the target surface. Propagation of the plume was studied through ambient background of argon gas. Spectroscopic observations can, in general, be used to analyse plume structure with respect to an appropriate theoretical plasma model. The plume expansion dynamics in this case could be explained through a shock wave propagation model wherein, the experimental observations made were seen to fit well with the theoretical predictions. Spectral information derived from measurement of peak intensity and line width determined the parameters, electron temperature (T _e) and electron number density (n _e), typically used to characterise laser produced plasma plume emission. These measurements were also used to validate the assumptions underlying the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) model, invoked for the high density laser plasma under study. Some interesting results pertaining to the analysis of plume structure and spatio-temporal behaviour of T _e and n _e along the plume length will be presented and discussed.     

孔缝箱体屏蔽效能电磁拓扑分析模型

基于Robinson等效电路法,提出了一种电磁拓扑模型,用于任意平面波入射条件下的孔缝箱体屏蔽效能分析。该模型将孔缝及其所在平面等效为连接自由空间(等效为特性阻抗为Z0的传输线)和剩余箱体(等效为特性阻抗为Zg的短路矩形波导)的二端口网络,并通过等效电路模型计算了该二端口网络的散射矩阵,进而推导出描述孔缝耦合的广义BLT(Baum-Liu-Tesche)方程。设计了4组实验模型用于电磁拓扑理论(EMT)算法、Robinson算法和CST软件的对比分析,仿真结果证明:EMT算法较Robinson算法具有更高的准确率,尤其是在高频域;EMT算法继承了Robinson算法简洁高效的特性,且能直观反映箱体参数、孔逢参数对屏蔽系数的影响,较CST软件实用性更强。     

Submillimeter wave induced resistance oscillations in ultra-high mobility two-dimensional electron systems

Submillimeter wave induced resistance oscillations in two ultra-high mobility GaAs/Al_0.24Ga_0.76As quantum well samples have been investigated by means of a backward wave oscillator and far-infrared laser at ³He temperatures. Subnikov–de Haas oscillation, submillimeter wave induced resistance oscillation, and magnetoplasmon resonance occur simultaneously in this frequency regime. The primary radiation induced resistance minimum shifts toward cyclotron resonance with increasing radiation frequency. The positions of these minima agree well with those of the magnetoplasmon resonance. The higher-order harmonics of the resistance oscillation remain around the multiples of the cyclotron resonance frequency. An in situ transmission measurement exhibits an asymmetric broadening of the cyclotron resonance, appearing as a combination of the cyclotron resonance and the magnetoplasmon resonance, but no features directly linked to the microwave induced resistance oscillation can be seen.     

PW级Ｚ箍缩驱动源指数传输线的电路模拟

 采用PSPICE软件,以PW级Z箍缩驱动源指数传输线为例,模拟分析了用有限多段分段阶跃变阻抗传输线序列模拟连续指数变阻抗传输线时,直角波、半周期正弦、全周期正弦平方等入射脉冲的电压和功率传输效率与分段数以及脉冲参数的关系,并计算了水电阻率对功率传输效率的影响。模拟结果表明：直角波波头的电压和功率传输效率随分段数增大而迅速趋近于理想传输线变压器的值;但对于非直角波入射脉冲而言,分段数并非越多越好,而是存在一个与传输线电长度和输入脉冲波前时间相应的最佳值;随着水电阻率下降,功率传输效率加速降低。     

高功率微波弯曲矩形波导设计

 利用模式耦合理论,在理论推导出弯曲矩形波导TE01模和高阶模之间耦合系数显式表达的基础上,对弯曲矩形波导进行了实例研究。HFSS软件数值仿真结果表明：设计的矩形波导TE01-TE02模式转换器在9.5 GHz转换效率达到99.9%,转换效率大于90%的工作带宽为8.60～10.48 GHz;设计的弯曲矩形波导传输线,可有效传输TE01模,不激励起高阶模式。HFSS数值仿真结果验证了所设计的传输线工作带宽和功率容量均能够满足使用要求。     

High-Speed Coplanar Waveguide Based Submount for 40 Gbit/s Electroabsorption Modulator

A high-speed submount has been designed and fabricated for 40 Gb/s electroabsorption (EA) modulators. The submount contains a coplanar waveguide (CPW) for microwave signal feeding and a Ta₂N thin-film resistor for impedance matching. The CPW transmission line is designed to ensure low microwave loss and reflection, and Ti/Cu/Ni/Au metal is adopted for electrode fabrication to guarantee good contact with the Ta₂N thin-film. The typical reflection coefficient of fabricated submount is estimated to be lower than−21 dB up to 40 GHz. As a demonstration, a high-speed EA modulator was chip-level packaged using the high-speed submount, and the measured small-signal modulation bandwidth was over 40 GHz.     

A compact TEA CO2 laser for field-based spectrochemical analysis of geological samples

A compact capacitor-transfer TEA CO₂ laser of 180 mJ output energy and 50 ns pulse duration in half width was designed and constructed for field use. This laser is suitable for laser microprobe spectrochemical analysis on geological and mining samples. Experiments show that the use of helium as a surrounding gas suppresses the continuous emission spectrum of the plasma, thus increasing the S/N ratio. Using glass as standard samples, the minimum detectable concentrations are estimated with Zn neutral line and F ionic line to be 60 ppm and 500 ppm, respectively.     

Running coupling: does the coupling between dark energy and dark matter change sign during the cosmological evolution?

In this paper we put forward a running coupling scenario for describing the interaction between dark energy and dark matter. The dark sector interaction in our scenario is free of the assumption that the interaction term Q is proportional to the Hubble expansion rate and the energy densities of dark sectors. We only use a time-variable coupling b(a) (with a the scale factor of the universe) to characterize the interaction Q. We propose a parametrization form for the running coupling b(a)=b ₀ a+b _e (1−a) in which the early-time coupling is given by a constant b _e , while today the coupling is given by another constant, b ₀. For investigating the feature of the running coupling, we employ three dark energy models, namely, the cosmological constant model (w=−1), the constant w model (w=w ₀), and the time-dependent w model (w(a)=w ₀+w ₁(1−a)). We constrain the models with the current observational data, including the type Ia supernova, the baryon acoustic oscillation, the cosmic microwave background, the Hubble expansion rate, and the X-ray gas mass fraction data. The fitting results indicate that a time-varying vacuum scenario is favored, in which the coupling b(z) crosses the noninteracting line (b=0) during the cosmological evolution and the sign changes from negative to positive. The crossing of the noninteracting line happens at around z=0.2–0.3, and the crossing behavior is favored at about 1σ confidence level. Our work implies that we should pay more attention to the time-varying vacuum model and seriously consider the phenomenological construction of a sign-changeable or oscillatory interaction between dark sectors.     

光子晶体高功率微波模式转换器设计

研究了传输线中非截面排列金属光子晶体电磁特性,并利用其作为移相器提出了一种紧凑型TEM—TE11模式转换器的设计方法.利用电磁软件cst microwave studio优化设计了一套L波段TEM—TE11模式转换器,在中心频率1.58 GHz上转换效率为98%.在1.56—1.625 GHz频率范围内,模式转换器转换效率大于90%,对应带宽4.1%.模式转换器功率容量为GW级,适用于高功率微波源系统.结合磁绝缘线振荡器开展了粒子模拟研究工作,发现模式转换器性能与设计结果相符,并且其引入不影响高功率微波器件的正常工作.