非线性化学反应动力学*

本文从实验和理论的角度综述非线性化学反应动力学。介绍了若干非线性化学反应动力学现象如时钟反应、反馈、混合振荡、化学混沌及反应扩散图案等; 对时空序列、功率谱、Lyapunov 指数、吸引子及其维数、Poincare 截面及分叉理论等常用于分析非线性动力学特征的手段作了介绍; 探讨了对非线性化学反应的实验装置、测试方法、机理和模型研究的方法; 简要回顾了非线性化学反应动力学的发展历史, 并展望了其发展趋势。     

Nonequilibrium Flow and the Kinetics of Chemical Reactions in the Char Zone

Abstract

In the temperature range of 500–2500°F, nonequilibrium flow analysis predicted only a small change in pyrolysis gas composition as the gases flow through the char zone. Essentially all of the reactions took place in the temperature range of 2000–2500°F. Comparing nonequilibrium flow with the two limiting cases, the energy absorbed in the char zone for frozen flow was two-thirds that of nonequilibrium flow, and equilibrium flow was about four times that of nonequilibrium flow at the 2500°F level.     

化学反应的高精度从头算势能面

势能面是化学反应动力学研究的基础。近年来随着理论方法的发展与计算技术的进步,不但含三、四个原子反应体系的电子基态势能面的构建精度进一步提高,一些反应体系的多电子态耦合势能面的构建和含六个原子以上反应体系的高维从头算势能面的构建也取得了重要进展。本文结合若干典型体系势能面的构建工作,主要介绍了高精度电子基态势能面,包括Renner-Teller、旋轨耦合等非绝热效应的耦合势能面以及高维势能面方面的研究进展。     

Chemical Reactions and Kinetics of the Carbon Monoxide Coupling in the Presence of

The chemical reactions and kinetics of the catalytic coupling reaction of carbon monoxide to diethyl oxalate were studied in the presence of hydrogen over a supported palladium catalyst in the gaseous phase at the typical coupling reaction conditions. The experiments were performed in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor. The results indicated that hydrogen only reacts with ethyl nitrite to form ethanol, and kinetic studies revealed that the rate-determining step is the surface reaction of adsorbed hydrogen and the ethoxy radical (EtO-). A kinetic model is proposed and a comparison of the observed and calculated conversions showed that the rate expressions are of rather high confidence.     

Chemical Reactions and Kinetics of the Carbon Monoxide Coupling in the Presence of Hydrogen

The chemical reactions and kinetics of the catalytic coupling reaction of carbon monoxide to diethyl oxalate were studied in the presence of hydrogen over a supported palladium catalyst in the gaseous phase at the typical coupling reaction conditions. The experiments were performed in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor. The results indicated that hydrogen only reacts with ethyl nitrite to form ethanol, and kinetic studies revealed that the rate-determining step is the surface reaction of adsorbed hydrogen and the ethoxy radical (EtO-). A kinetic model is proposed and a comparison of the observed and calculated conversions showed that the rate expressions are of rather high confidence.     

Conservation Laws for Chemical Reactions with Arbitrary Kinetics in a Partially Stirred Reactor

Russian Journal of General Chemistry - One of the difficulties encountered in solving direct and inverse chemical kinetics problems is the complexity of studying multidimensional systems of...     

植物焦炭氧化中的平行反应及其动力学解析

通过建立多组分平行反应模型和开展非线性动力学解析, 理论上探索植物焦炭氧化中的平行反应以及其对焦炭氧化反应活性影响的机制. 运用高温管式炉并通入高纯氮气制备植物焦炭, 热处理温度分别设定为450、520和800 ℃. 运用同步热分析仪开展空气气氛中植物焦炭线性升温氧化实验, 并通过对热重和质量损失速率实验数据进行拟合以获取焦炭氧化动力学参数值. 解析结果证实, 对于低中热处理温度(450和520 ℃)制得的焦炭, 其质量损失速率及对应的热流率曲线的变化特征主要是由残留木质素、无定形碳及粗脂肪和粗蛋白等其它反应物质的平行氧化反应叠加而成; 当热处理温度达到800 ℃时, 焦炭中活性物质基本为无定形碳, 氧化则可简化为无定形碳的单步反应. 残留木质素氧化反应的活化能最低, 范围为86～147 kJ·mol^-1, 相应的温度作用区间为300～480 ℃; 无定形碳的活化能为174～208 kJ·mol^-1, 反应温度在370～520 ℃之间; 其它物质的反应活化能为214～225 kJ·mol^-1, 温度作用区间在420～510 ℃之间. 焦炭的氧化活性主要由残留木质素含量决定. 随着热处理温度升高, 残留木质素含量降低, 同时另两个反应组分的氧化活化能均有所增大, 导致焦炭的氧化反应活性下降.     

Solution of the Inverse Problem by Stationary Data for Chemical Reactions with Nonideal Kinetics

Kinetics and Catalysis - A method for solving the inverse problem of chemical kinetics based on stationary data for chemical reactions proceeding according to nonideal kinetic laws in an isothermal...     

Non-isothermal Kinetics of Consecutive Reactions

Theoretical consideration has been made of the non-isothermal kinetics of consecutive reactions based on the superposition principle. In the model the first reaction product reacts to form the final product and the two reactions proceed independently. The amount of the first reaction product and the production rate of the final product have been obtained as a function of time for isothermal cases and as a function of the reduced times for non-isothermal cases. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Solution of the Inverse Problem Based on Non-Stationary Data for Chemical Reactions with Nonideal Kinetics

Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry - A technique has been developed for determining the stage rate constants of chemical reactions proceeding in an isothermal gradientless reactor according to...     

Chemical Reactions of Spirooxiranes

The review covers the reactivity of spirooxiranes. The characteristic distinction of chemical behavior of this type epoxides from that of epoxycycloalkanes is discussed. In the spirooxiranes unlike epoxycycloalkanes the oxirane and alicyclic fragments are joined by one and not by two common atoms. The spirooxiranes are characterized by enhanced reactivity in the neutral and alkaline media, and also by versatile isomerizations and rearrangements in the presence of acidic catalysts. The relation between the chemical properties of spirooxiranes and the features of their electronic structure was considered. The main reactions of spirooxiranes with reductants, reactants with nucleophilic centers on oxygen, sulfur, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and with hydrogen halides are analyzed. The isomerization of spirooxiranes into carbonyl compounds and allyl alcohols is discussed. The possibility was considered of formation of the other cyclic systems proceeding from spirooxiranes.     

封闭异氰酸酯几种反应的动力学

封闭异氰酸酯广泛地应用于各种单组分涂料、粉末涂料和胶粘剂中。近年来,随着人们对水性聚氨酯的重视和开发,封闭异氰酸酯的重视和使用程度进一步加大。本文对封闭异氰酸酯的相关反应的动力学进行了综述,对两种不同的反应机理及其动力学的影响因素作了介绍。     

Kinetics of the Volume and Surface Reactions in the Phase-Transfer Catalytic Aminolysis of 4-Nitrophenyl Acetate

It was shown that a distribution-type kinetic model can be used to describe the mechanism of the phase-transfer catalytic aminolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate with potassium glycinate in chlorobenzene with 18-crown-6 as catalyst. A quantitative assessment was made of the contributions from the reactions in the volume and at the interface in the solid/liquid system.     

Nonexponential statistics of fluorescence photobleaching

In this paper, I consider theoretical models of the decay via photobleaching of a sample of surface-immobilized fluorescent molecules excited by a spatially varying laser intensity profile. I show that, with mild restrictions on the photobleaching mechanism, the fluorescence decay measured in a nonuniform excitation profile is always nonexponential. Under the same conditions, the fluorescence decay can always be approximated by a discrete sum of exponentials. A particular example is given in which a homogeneous population of fluorophores with a single (intensity-dependent) photobleaching lifetime, when illuminated by a Gaussian laser, exhibits power law fluorescence decay at long times. These results indicate that the observation of multiple exponentials in single molecule or ensemble photobleaching lifetime measurements can arise solely as an artifact of a spatially varying laser profile and is not necessarily indicative of heterogeneity in molecular internal states, conformation, or local environment.     

分子团簇内的化学反应

本文综述了分子团簇内化学反应研究的进展, 介绍了发生在团簇内部的电子或电荷转移、质子转移、Penning 电离、激发原子与分子的反应及双分子反应等各类反应的研究现状。     

Introducing tox-Profiles of Chemical Reactions

In this Essay, we present a critical analysis of two common practices in modern chemistry—that is, of using speculations about the “greenness” and “nontoxicity” of developed synthesis procedures and of a priori labelling various compounds derived from natural sources as being environmentally safe. We note that every organic molecule that contains functional groups should be biologically active. Thus, analysis of the particular greenness and the potential environmental impact of a given chemical process should account for the biological activity of all its components in a measureable (rather than empirical) way. We highlight the necessity of clarifying discussions on biological activity and toxicity and propose possible ways of introducing tox-Profiles as a reliable overview of the overall toxicity of chemical reactions.     

Kinetics of Ozone-Olefin Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

The kinetics of the reactions of ozone with 12 substituted olefins in aqueous solutions at 293 K are studied by the stopped-flow method. Second-order rate constants are determined for these reactions. The dependence of the reactivity of olefins in H₂O on their structure can be described by the Taft equation.     

Note Concerning the Concepts of Reaction Numbers,Independent Reactions and Resistant Groups in Chemical Thermodynamics and Kinetics

A linear algebraic characterization for sets of independent reactions, independent reaction numbers, conservation laws and resistant groups for both equilibrium and kinetic systems is suggested. Basing on the ranks of two stochiometric matrices N and M, these concepts are discussed and formulas given for setting up of independent sets of equilibrium and kinetic equations. The difference in the definition of independent reaction numbers for these two types of systems is pointed out. A brief consideration is devoted to the transformations of equilibrium and kinetic equations induced by transformation from one set of linearly independent reactions to another. Finally the conservation laws are formulated as chemical invariants within the N, M framework.