Gas-chromatographic determination of pesticide residues after clean-up by gel-permeation chromatography and mini-silica gel-column chromatography

A new extraction and partition step was introduced into the well established multi-residue method of Specht and Tillkes (DFG method S 19) replacing dichloromethane by ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (1+1). In addition, more simple working conditions were obtained. Results of fortification experiments with organochlorine, organophosphorus and organonitrogen pesticides showed good agreement with those obtained by the formerly published method.     

Gas-chromatographic determination of pesticide residues after clean-up by gel-permeation chromatography and mini-silica gel-column chromatography

A new extraction and partition step was introduced into the well established multi-residue method of Specht and Tillkes (DFG method S 19) replacing dichloromethane by ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (1+1). In addition, more simple working conditions were obtained. Results of fortification experiments with organochlorine, organophosphorus and organonitrogen pesticides showed good agreement with those obtained by the formerly published method.     

Gas-chromatographic determination of pesticide residues after clean-up by gel-permeation chromatography and mini-silica gel-column chromatography

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode für die gaschromatographische Bestimmung von 11 herbiciden Phenoxyalkancarbonsäuren sowie deren Ester und Konjugate in Pflanzenmaterial beschrieben. Nach alkalischer Hydrolyse werden die Säuren aus dem angesäuerten Hydrolysat durch Aceton/Wasser/Dichlormethan-Verteilung extrahiert. Der Extrakt wird über Gel-Chromatographie an Bio Beads S-X3 und eine Säure/Base-Ausschüttelung gereinigt. Die Säuren werden mit Methanol/Schwefelsäure verestert. Die gaschromatographische Bestimmung erfolgt massenfragmentographisch als Methylester. 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, Dichlorprop, Diclofop-methyl, Fenoprop und 2,4,5-T können gas-chromatographisch auch mit dem Elektroneneinfangdetektor bestimmt werden, wenn die Methylesterlösungen an einer Mini-Kieselgel-Säule nachgereinigt werden.

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Gas-chromatographic determination of pesticide residues after clean-up by gel-permeation chromatography and mini-silica gel-column chromatography4. Communication. gas-chromatographic determination of 11 herbicidal phenoxyalkyl acids and their esters

Summary A method is described for the gas-chromatographic determination of 11 herbicidal phenoxyalkyl acids, their esters and conjugates in plant material. The method includes alkaline hydrolysis, extraction of the acids by aceton/water/dichloromethane partition, gel permeation Chromatography, acid/base distribution, methylation with methanol/sulphuric acid and detection by gas-chromatography/mass fragmentography. 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, dichlorprop, diclofop methyl, fenoprop and 2,4,5-T can likewise be detected by electron-capture gas-chromatography after additional clean-up of the methyl ester solutions by minisilica gel-column Chromatography.

1. Mitt.: Organochlor-Pflanzenbehandlungsmittel in Tabak und Tabakerzeugnissen. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 10, 73–79 (1979). 2. Mitt.: Bestimmung der Fungizide Bitertanol, Fluotrimazol, Fuberidazol, Imazalil, Rabenzazole, Triadimefon und Triadimenol in Pflanzen und Boden. Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer 33, 61–85 (1980). 3. Mitt.: Methode zur Aufarbeitung von Lebensmitteln und Futtermitteln pflanzlicher und tierischer Herkunft für die Multirückstandsbestimmung lipoid- und wasserlöslicher Pflanzenbehandlungsmittel. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 301, 300–307 (1980)     

Molecular weight determination of vinylidene chloride copolymers by gel-permeation chromatography and viscometry

This is the first report on the characterization of several pairs of random copolymers of vinylidene chloride by gel-permeation chromatography in conjunction with viscometry. Such copolymers have not previously Received much attention, so we first determined the individual viscosity–molecular weight relationship. The K–a values were compared with known values for the parent homopolymers. We then derived calibration curves (different for each composition) and the calculation of the average molecular weight. These results are compared to those obtained by direct methods, without fractionation, and to kinetic observations. This method avoids misinterpretation of viscosity data and elution volume. Chromatograms may indicate heterogeneity of the compounds as related to polymerization conditions.     

Ultra-sensitive spectrophotometric determination of nickel after complexation and membrane filtration

We report on a simple, sensitive and selective method for the spectrophotometric determination of Ni²⁺ in water samples. The analyte ions were collected on a membrane filter in the form of their red complex with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN), and the absorption spectra of the colored membrane filters were acquired. Effects of pH value, sample volume, and amount of PAN were examined in order to optimize sensitivity. The interference by common other ions was eliminated using appropriate masking agents. The absorbance is linearly related to the concentration of Ni²⁺ in the ranges from 0.3 to 1.5 μg L^?1, and from 2 to 10 μg L^?1, respectively, the correlation coefficients (R²) being 0.9871 and 0.9954. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limit is 0.1 μg L^?1. The recoveries in case of spiked samples are between 95.0% and 101.5%, and the relative standard deviations range from 2.8% to 4.1%.

纳米金标记-膜过滤分光光度法检测免疫球蛋白G

采用10 nm的纳米金标记羊抗人免疫球蛋白G获得免疫球蛋白G(IgG)的探针(AuIgG)。在pH 6.8的NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4磷酸盐缓冲溶液及聚乙二醇6000、KCl溶液存在下,IgG与AuIgG探针发生免疫反应,用0.15μm滤膜过滤反应生成的免疫复合物溶液,滤液在524 nm处有一最大吸收峰。其降低值ΔA524 nm随着IgG浓度的增加线性增加,据此建立了一种测定IgG的分光光度法。在最佳实验条件下,免疫球蛋白G浓度在0.025~0.375μg/mL范围内与ΔA呈良好的线性关系,其线性回归方程为ΔA=0.783ρ+0.0232,相关系数为0.9927,检出限(3σ)为0.0082μg/mL。该法用于分析人血清中免疫球蛋白G,结果与免疫透射比浊法结果一致,相对标准偏差在2.0%~5.6%之间。     

Use of gel-permeation chromatography in the determination of the composition of two-polymer mixtures

The possibility of evaluating with acceptable accuracy the composition of a two-polymer mixture which is well separated by GPC, was studied by using mixtures of high molecular weight polybutadiene (M?_w = 4.5 × 10⁵) and low molecular weight polyiso-butylene (M?_n in the range of 10³). It was concluded that a satisfactory evaluation of the composition of a polymer mixture can be achieved, provided that the variations of the refractive index with the molecular weight are taken into account for the low molecular weight polymer (the polyisobutylene).     

Analysis of resoles by gel-permeation chromatography

Resoles, the complex, heat-sensitive product mixture from the alkali-catalyzed reactions of phenol with formaldehyde were investigated by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC). The low molecular weight species of these resins which consisted of mono-and dinuclear methylol phenols were resolved into multiple peaks. Model compounds were used to identify the peaks of the specific methylol phenols or methylene etherbridged diphenols. Differences in the refractive index of individual species restricted the quantitative analysis of low molecular weight components in the resole. The effects of sodium and barium hydroxides and hexamethylene-tetramine as catalysts, reaction temperature, and time on the total composition of a resole are demonstrated with the gel-permeation chromatographic spectrum and with the aid of NMR. Formation of a “secondary” resole by methylolation of the bisphenol of formaldehyde was also monitored by GPC.     

Examination of dye-protein interaction by gel-permeation chromatography

The interaction of Cibacron blue F3G-A with two therapeutic proteins, recombinant human growth hormone and recombinant human interferon-alpha2b, has been examined by applying gel-permeation chromatography in combination with the absorption difference spectroscopy. The complexes of these proteins with Cibacron blue F3G-A have been isolated, and their absorbance spectra have been registered. The influence of Cibacron blue F3G-A on the oligomeric state of proteins has been investigated. It was found that Cibacron blue F3G-A promotes the generation of interferon-alpha2b dimers at pH 5.0.     

Application of high-performance gel-permeation chromatography clean-up in the determination of hexaflumuron residues in soil

A high-performance gel-permeation chromatography (HPGPC) column (7.5 mm I.D.), packed with a divinylbenzene cross-linked polystyrene gel (10 μm particles and 5 nm pore size) was used to produce a simple, one-stage clean-up procedure for determination of the insecticide hexaflumuron in three typical agricultural soils.

Conventionally, hexaflumuron extracts are purified by a series of time-consuming liquid-liquid partitions and solid-phase purification prior to high-performance liquid chromatography. HPGPC allows isolation of hexaflumuron from soil matrices with improved sensitivity in a shorter analysis time.

The use of HPGPC methodology has been validated over the range 0.01–1.0 mg/kg with recoveries in the range 73–119% (mean 98%). HPGPC gave excellent separation of hexaflumuron from other extracted materials with significant reduction in clean-up time and solvent consumption. This methodology has been successfully applied to samples derived from field trials.     

A basis for the determination of branching in polymers by use of gel-permeation chromatography

The technique for determining branching in polymers by using a combination of GPC and intrinsic viscosity data has been extended beyond current methods. Equations used in these analyses are presented. The derivations are based upon the assumption that branching is present only when there is a measurable reduction in the intrinsic viscosity. Techniques for calculating the functionality of the star branch point in starbranched polymers are given. Three random-branching parameters are calculated from a knowledge of the average branching density, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \bar \lambda $\end{document}: (a) the lowest molecular weight branched polymer that can be measured, M?^*; (b) the average molecular weight between branch points, M?_bp; (c) the weight percentage of polymer that is branched. The applicability of this technique is demonstrated by using an analysis of published data on characterized fractions of a randomly branched polystyrene.     

Fluorescence immunological determination of immunoglobulin G in human serum by high-performance liquid gel-permeation chromatography

Summary A high-performance liquid gel-permeation chromatographic method is described for the determination of human serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) by separating the fluorescent immuno complex from the free fluorescence-labeled antibody. Fluorescence-labeled antibody used in this study was fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled Fab fragment goat anti-human IgG (anti-IgG Fab). Immuno complexes and antibody of different molecular sizes can be separated. FITC-labeled anti-IgG Fab was added to the serum and the mixture is passed through the column. An immuno complex separates as well-delineated peak in the column void volume, and was measured by the fluorescence of the column eluate (Ex=490nm, Em=520nm). The total analysis time for a serum sample was approximately 15min. The minimum detection limit was 25 mg/dl. The relative standard deviation was below 2% (peak area). The results of the HPL-GPC analysis correlate well with those obtained by laser nephelometric assay (r=0.992).     

Molecular weight determinations by gel-permeation chromatography and viscometry

The hydrodynamic volume concept can be used effectively with gel-permeation chromatographic (GPC) and viscosity data to estimate the molecular weight of a variety of polymers. Agreement is within ±5–10% of the absolute values and thus is satisfactory for many purposes. An iterative computer technique and a method developed by Funt and Hornof for analyzing GPC–viscosity data were found to be equivalent with respect to estimating the molecular weights for the five cases studied. The latter is easily employed but restricted to the case where the sample of interest and the GPC calibration standards have approximately equal Mark-Houwink parameters. Since GPC measurements are commonly performed in thermodynamically good solvents, the general applicability of the method is not impaired. Using the unperturbed dimensions of the polymer chain to estimate the molecular weight of a variety of polymers was not as satisfactory as the above techniques. This approach generally gave biased molecular weight values (consistently low or consistently high). Agreement with the absolute values ranged from 10 to 30%. We therefore believe that either of the techniques based on the hydrodynamic volume concept can be used more effectively to estimate the molecular weight of a series of polymers than the treatment based on the unperturbed dimension.     

Steric exclusion and lateral diffusion in gel-permeation chromatography

The peak separation in gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) is attributed to the contributions of the steric exclusion and the lateral diffusion processes. The advantage of using the distribution coefficient K_GPC of the solute molecule in interpreting the GPC separation mechanism is assessed. The physical significance of K_GPC and its relation to measurable GPC parameters are examined in detail. A simple mixing experiment for determining the exclusion effect is described. The results of this experiment, as well as those of the flow rate study, show that the exclusion effect plays the primary role in GPC peak separation. For a column packed with Bio-Rad porous glass of 200 Å designation, the diffusion effect does not contribute significantly to peak separation. However, for the case of a Waters Associates column packed with polystyrene gel of 10⁴ Å designation, both the exclusion and the diffusion effects are shown to be important. A diffusion theory which includes the concept of a restricted diffusion coefficient is proposed to interpret the diffusion effect observed in the polystyrene gel column. The results of the theoretical calculation are found to agree with the observed flow rate dependence of the calibration curve.     

Characterization of diallyl phthalate prepolymers by gel-permeation chromatography

The polydispersity of diallyl phthalate prepolymers was determined by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC). The measurements were carried out in tetrahydrofuran and chloroform on Mexel 2000, Poragel, and Styragel polystyrene gels. The influence of the polymerization conditions, initiator, and type of transfer agent on the molecular weight distribution of the prepolymers is shown. Other correlations of interest, such as molecular weight distribution of Dapon 35 and Dapon 201, are also presented.     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of pectic substances by gel-permeation chromatography

Summary A rapid liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of pectinolytic activity of enzymes produced by Aspergillus Niger and Rhizopus species is reported.Compared with more conventional methods, HPLC is more reliable and has a much improved maximum sensitivity. The limit of quantitation of galacturonic acid is 0.1g.