用红外光谱法定量测定滑石粉中的石棉含量

本文提出了用红外光谱法定量测定滑石粉中的石棉含量,并通过模拟样品试验认为,该法操作简单快速,结果直观可靠,适用于测定滑石粉中的石棉含量。     

粉状化妆品及原料中石棉测定方法发布

针对媒体对婴幼儿爽身粉中含有禁用物质石棉的报道和我国目前尚无化妆品及其原料中石棉测定方法的现状,国家食品药品监督管理局组织有关专家对含滑石粉的粉状化妆品及其原料中石棉测定方法进行了论证,并于日前印发了《粉状化妆品及其原料中石棉测定方法》(暂定),要求各省(区、市)卫生、食品药品监管部门(药品监督管理局)参照执行。粉状化妆品及原料中石棉测定方法发布@高     

基于GB/T 23263-2009鉴定含滑石粉的化妆品中的石棉

<正>石棉是天然纤维状硅酸盐类矿物的总称^[1],基本成分是水合硅酸镁(3MgO·3SiO₂·2H₂O),其纤维对人体危害很大,长期吸入会引起石棉肺、肺癌等疾病,我国《化妆品安全技术规范》(2015年版)已将石棉列为禁用物质^[2]。滑石粉是一种含水镁硅酸盐矿物,被广泛应用于化妆品(如爽身粉、眼影、粉底液等)及个人护理产品中。滑石粉化学结构稳定,但其原料中常伴有石棉杂质,可能影响人体健康。因此,有效准确地检测化妆品中的石棉,对于提高化妆品的品质     

X-射线衍射内标法定量滑石粉中的温石棉

对比α-氧化铝、氧化镁、硅粉三者的结晶属性,选择晶相良好且与温石棉特征峰无重叠的单质硅为内标物,建立温石棉衍射吸收标准曲线,该曲线在温石棉含量0%～9.3%具有较好的回归性。使用曲线分析已知温石棉含量的分析样品,测得温石棉含量为1.70%,与理论值(温石棉添加量:1.68%)的相对误差RE为0.99%。分析该方法检出限与定量限分别为0.10%和0.30%。与以金属基底建立曲线的石棉定量方法相比,内标法有较好灵敏度和准确度,是一种准确可靠的石棉定量方法。     

化学实验中使用石棉网的潜在危害分析

使用扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪和X射线衍射仪对石棉网中的石棉组分进行定性、定量分析,可知石棉网中温石棉质量分数在30%以上。石棉网在外力作用下释放出纳米尺寸的细小纤维到空气中,被人体吸入可在体内累积。为避免对师生健康造成伤害,在我国尚未出台禁止石棉网使用的情况下,各学校、科研院所应尽早普及石棉危害知识,尽量避免石棉网的使用,加强对石棉网使用的管控,建立使用安全规范。     

傅里叶变换-红外光谱法快速测定面粉中滑石粉

提出了应用衰减全反射(ATR)傅里叶变换-红外光谱(FT-IRS)法快速检测面粉中混入的滑石粉,测定中采用中红外检测器。根据滑石粉的标准红外光谱图并为避免面粉的吸收干扰,选择滑石粉在3 674.96 cm-1及668.16 cm-1两处的特征吸收峰作为判定面粉中是否含有滑石粉的依据,并且其吸收强度随滑石粉含量的增加而增加。由于面粉中滑石粉质量分数低于0.5%和0.2%时,分别在上述两吸收峰波长处已不呈现吸收,方法中将1%(质量分数)作为滑石粉的检出限。此外,根据吸收峰的吸收强度可估算出滑石粉的含量。方法中选用的主要仪器工作条件为:①扫描范围为4 000～650 cm-1;②分辨率为8 cm-1;③扫描信号累加次数为32;④衰减全反射压力常数为100。     

使用SEM/EDS快速鉴别建筑材料和保温材料制品中的石棉

建立了一种使用扫描电镜和能谱联用鉴别建筑材料、保温材料等制品中石棉的方法。先用扫描电镜对比了六种石棉标准品的形貌特征,再对照标准品的能谱结果,证明可以通过钙、镁、硅三种元素的含量鉴别石棉种类。用该方法对待测样品中纤维物质进行分析,结果显示纤维中含有钙、镁、硅三种主要元素,其摩尔比与阳起石和透闪石的化学组成吻合,由此判断样品中含有这两种石棉。     

滑石粉和PLA-g-MAH对聚乳酸结晶性能和熔体强度的改善

采用混沌混炼单螺杆挤出机,制备马来酸酐接枝聚乳酸(PLA-g-MAH),进而制备PLA/滑石粉(5%,10%和20%,质量分数)和PLA/滑石粉(20%)/PLA-g-MAH(5%和10%)复合材料.复合材料样品中滑石粉的分散状态良好,滑石粉含量高达20%时未发生团聚.20%滑石粉和10%PLA-g-MAH使复合材料中PLA的α晶含量明显增加,结晶度提高至31.6%.在175℃下,PLA样品的熔体强度仅为3.6 mN,20%滑石粉明显提高了PLA的熔体强度(11.6 mN),这是由于分散较均匀的片状滑石粉对PLA熔体起增强效应并可提高PLA结晶速率,对PLA结晶有促进效应.与PLA样品对比,PLA/滑石粉(20%)/PLA-g-MAH(5%)复合材料的杨氏模量和冲击强度分别提高了51.7%和16.9%.     

石棉尾矿酸浸渣作为一种吸附剂去除水溶液中的Co(II)

本文采用XRD, FT-IR, SEM 和 BET等手段分别对石棉尾矿,石棉尾矿酸浸渣,以及煅烧的石棉尾矿酸浸渣进行表征。利用煅烧的石棉尾矿酸浸渣对Co(II)进行吸附研究。研究了吸附剂浓度、吸附时间、pH值和温度对Co(II)在磁性伊利石上吸附的影响,并采用Lagrange准二级动力学方程、Langmuir等温线方程、Freundlich等温线方程和D-R等温线方程对实验数据进行拟合。结果表明: pH值、离子强度和温度对Co(II)在煅烧的石棉尾矿酸浸渣上的吸附影响较大;Co(II)在煅烧的石棉尾矿酸浸渣上的吸附符合Lagrange准二级动力学方程;热力学符合Langmuir等温线方程,并且高温利于吸附。利用石棉尾矿作为吸附材料,是一个“以废治废”的工程。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法同时测定滑石粉中的硅及其他元素的含量

正滑石粉的主要成分是含水硅酸镁,具有润滑、抗粘、助流、耐高温等优良特性~([1]),在食品~([2])、医药~([3])、汽车~([4])、造纸~([5])等方面应用广泛,滑石粉中各组分的含量对其理化性能以及人的身体健康有着重大的影响~([6])。因此,研究滑石粉中无机元素检测方法具有重要意义。目前滑石粉中无机元素分析方法有化学分析     

Thermal decomposition of different types of asbestos

Given the known carcinogenic effects, asbestos minerals are considered as general health hazard. Therefore, the elimination of asbestos materials from the environment is necessary. Asbestos minerals should be entirely transformed to a non-hazardous material. One of these methods is destructing the fibers structure of asbestos minerals by thermal treatment. Asbestos minerals are naturally occurring hydrous silicates, so that they decompose to release water by heating at high temperatures which may lead to changes in crystal structure and the formation of new phases without the dangerous properties. In this article, thermal behavior of asbestos minerals is investigated to observe the disappearance of this hazardous structure and to characterize products obtained by this way. Ten samples of asbestos minerals (six chrysotile samples from different locations, two samples of crocidolite, one amosite, and one tremolite) from different locations were tested. Mineralogical and morphological data (X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy) were obtained before and after differential thermal analysis.     

Thermal decomposition of asbestos-containing materials

Asbestos is the common name applied to a group of natural, fibrous silicate minerals, which were once one of the most popular raw materials to be used in building materials. Asbestos was mainly used for the production of assortment asbestos–cement products. Today it is generally known that asbestos belongs to the group of hazardous materials and shows carcinogenic activity. In Poland, asbestos-containing materials are stored in special landfills. This is not the final solution to the asbestos problem because the fibrous structure of asbestos is still maintained. Therefore, methods based on recycling must be found which will be able to destroy asbestos’ dangerous fibrous structure. One of these methods may be thermal decomposition, where chemically combined water is released from the asbestos materials during heating. This leads to changes in the crystal structure and to the formation of new mineral phases. The aim of the preliminary research presented in this study was to determine the thermal behaviour as well as the structural and phase transformations of asbestos–cement materials during heating to high temperature. In the present study, three different types of asbestos-containing materials from Poland were examined. Differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry with evolved gas analysis, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the thermal decomposition of asbestos–cement samples. It was found that there were no significant differences between the type of asbestos–cement samples used—their thermal decomposition takes place in a similar way.     

The effect of fiber coating on the tensile properties of ionomer-based composites

Asbestos fibers, of the chrysotile variety, were coated with a thin polyamide film by an in situ polycondensation technique. Ionomer-based composites were prepared containing the so-modified asbestos fibers in a random in-plane orientation; results of testing the tensile properties of these asbestos/polyamide/ionomer composites are presented. Parameters investigated comprise the asbestos content in the composite and the polyamide content deposited on asbestos. A significant improvement in the tensile performance was established, especially at the intermediate polyamide content of 3.4 phr. The behavior is discussed in terms of possible interactions between the phases present in the composite material.     

Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung von Asbestkörperchen und Asbestfasern in der Lunge eines Mesotheliom-Patienten

Zusammenfassung Die im Lungengewebe eines Mesotheliompatienten gefundenen Asbestkörperchen und Asbest-Fasern wurden mit dem Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Die Körperchen wurden als normale Asbestkörperchen erkannt, deren Kern aus Hornblendeasbest-Fasern be-stand. Die zusätzlich beobachteten, nicht umwachsenen Asbestnadeln hatten überwiegend die Struktur von Chrysotilasbest.

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Investigation of asbestos bodies and asbestos fibers found in the lungs of a mesothelioma patient by electron microscopy

Summary Asbestos bodies and asbestos fibers were found in the lungs of a mesothelioma patient and analysed by electron microscopy. The bodies were normal asbestos bodies with amphibole-asbestos fibers as kernels. The free asbestos fibers, present in the lungs, mainly were chrysotile-asbestos.

     

Asbeste

Asbestos minerals are naturally occurring fibrous silicates. From the structural chemistry point of view they belong to two different classes: The group of serpentines, to which the primarily used chrysotil (white asbestos) belongs, consists of curled up layer silicates. On the other hand in the amphiboles (for example blue asbestos (crocidolite)), which belong to the band silicates, the fibrous form is pre-formed in their silicon-oxygen partial structure. The characteristic properties of asbestos (its fibrous form, thermal and chemical inertness, good electric and thermal insulation, spinability…) led to extensive application of the mineral fibers in nearly all fields of engineering and everyday life. Because of the health effects of asbestos dust – fibrogene and cancerogene diseases – the application of asbestos containing products will cease with the end of this century. The search for substitute materials (especially fibers) is currently an area of interest in material sciences.     

Signals in asbestos related diseases in human breath - preliminary results

Several diseases occur due to asbestos exposure. Until today, asbestos predicted mortality and morbidity will increase because of the long latency period. Actually, the methods to investigate asbestos related disease are mostly invasive. Therefore, the aim of the present paper was to investigate, whether signals in human breath could be correlated to Asbestos related lung diseases using a multi-capillary column (MCC) connected to an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) as non-invasive method. Here, the breath samples of 10 mL of 25 patients suffering from asbestos related diseases. This group includes patients with asbestos related pleural thickening with and without pulmonary fibrosis. Twelve healthy persons constitute the control group and the breath samples are compared with those of the BK4103 patients. In total 83 peaks are found in the IMS-Chromatogram. A discrimination was possible with p-values <0.001 for two peaks (99.9 %), <0.01 (99 %) for 5 peaks and <0.05 (95 %) for 17 peaks. The most discrimination peaks alpha pinene and 4-ethyltoluol were identified among some others with lower p-values. The corresponding Box-and-Whisker-Plots comparing both groups are presented. In addition, a decision tree including all peaks was created that shows a differentiation with alpha pinene between BK4103 (pleural plaques group) and the control group. In addition, the sensitivity was calculated to 96 %, specificity was 50 %, positive and negative predictive values were 80 % and 86 %. Ion mobility spectrometry was introduced as non-invasive method to separate both groups Asbestos related and healthy. Naturally, the findings need further confirmation on larger population groups, but encourage further investigations, too.     

扫描电镜-能谱法测定生活饮用水中石棉

建立了扫描电镜-能谱法(SEM-EDS)测定生活饮用水中石棉(≥10μm)的方法,使用场发射扫描电镜可对宽度大于0.050~0.124μm的石棉纤维进行定性和计数。若生活饮用水中存在以藻类为主的有机质干扰,使用紫外-过硫酸钾消解可消除相应干扰。配置低、中、高3个浓度的石棉悬浊液模拟水样交由国内不同地区的6家实验室进行方法学验证,结果表明,方法实验室内RSD为10%~37%,实验室间RSD为10%~39%,蓝藻干扰消除实验回收率平均值为98.1%,RSD为11%。方法检出限为5.0×10^4~11.6×10^4个/L,低于GB 5749限量规定的700×10^4个/L。     

Determination of arsenic,scandium, chromium,cobalt and nickel in asbestos by neutron activation analysis

Arsenic, scandium, chromium, cobalt and nickel were determined by neutron activation analysis in various Chrysolite-Asbestos from Canada, Russia, Italy in an asbestos plate, and in dry, as well as in wet manufactured asbestos. Following concentration values were found: for As 0.01–5.5 ppm, for Sc 5.4–14.80 ppm, for Cr 79.5–918.8 ppm, for Co 10.8–80.9 ppm, for Ni 148–1786 ppm. Statistically significant differences /t=0.05/ in contents of As, Sc, Cr, Co and Ni were detected in the different samples of asbestos. The concentration of As and Cr in Italian asbestos were considerably higher than in Canadian chrysolite.     

Analytical characterization of cell–asbestos fiber interactions in lung pathogenesis

Asbestos is a fiber causing lung diseases such as asbestosis and mesothelioma. Although the process involving these diseases remains to be elucidated for developing drugs and treatments, direct consequences of fiber exposure in humans have been clearly demonstrated. These diseases are first characterized by histological heterogeneity and combine chronic inflammation with fibrosis and cellular alterations. As a consequence, asbestosis is usually diagnosed at advanced stages of the disease and treatments are usually inefficient to cure the patients. Here, we review the links established between asbestos fiber chemistry and morphology with the occurrence of associated lung diseases. Cytological and histological aspects of diseases are described with respect to current analytical capabilities, notably for microscopy techniques.     

Combined use of X-ray photoelectron and Mössbauer spectroscopic techniques in the analytical characterization of iron oxidation state in amphibole asbestos

Asbestos fibers are an important cause of serious health problems and respiratory diseases. The presence, structural coordination, and oxidation state of iron at the fiber surface are potentially important for the biological effects of asbestos because iron can catalyze the Haber–Weiss reaction, generating the reactive oxygen species ?OH. Literature results indicate that the surface concentration of Fe(III) may play an important role in fiber-related radical formation. Amphibole asbestos were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Mössbauer spectroscopy, with the aim of determining the surface vs. bulk Fe(III)/Fe_tot ratios. A standard reference asbestos (Union Internationale Contre le Cancer crocidolite from South Africa) and three fibrous tremolite samples (from Italy and USA) were investigated. In addition to the Mössbauer spectroscopy study of bulk Fe(III)/Fe_tot ratios, much work was dedicated to the interpretation of the XPS Fe2p signal and to the quantification of surface Fe(III)/Fe_tot ratios. Results confirmed the importance of surface properties because this showed that fiber surfaces are always more oxidized than the bulk and that Fe(III) is present as oxide and oxyhydroxide species. Notably, the highest difference of surface/bulk Fe oxidation was found for San Mango tremolite—the sample that in preliminary cytotoxicity tests (MTT assay) had revealed a cell mortality delayed with respect to the other samples.