The Evaluation of Dielectric Resonators Containing H2O or D2O as RF Coils for High-Field MR Imaging and Spectroscopy

Electromagnetic resonators consisting of low-loss dielectric material and/or metallic boundaries are widely used in microwave technologies. These dielectric resonators usually have high Q factors and well-defined field distributions. Magnetic resonance imaging was shown as a way of visualizing the magnetic field distribution of the resonant modes of these resonators, if the dielectric body contains NMR sensitive nuclei. Dielectric resonators have also been proposed as RF coils for magnetic resonance experiments. The feasibility of this idea in high-field MR is discussed here. Specifically, the dielectric resonances of cylindrical water columns were characterized at 170.7 MHz (4 T¹H Larmor frequency), and evaluated as NMR transmit and receive coils. The dielectric resonance of a cylindrical volume of D₂O was used to image a hand at 170.7 MHz. This study demonstrated that MRI is an effective way of visualizing the magnetic field in dielectric structures such as a water cylinder, and can potentially be generalized to solid-state dielectric devices. The possible applications of dielectric resonators other than simple cylindrical volumes in MRI and MR solution spectroscopy at high field strengths are also discussed.     

Electric fields and surface charge in a thin-film ferroelectric-dielectric switchable structure that were determined with a spectral probe

A new method is proposed to study the macroscopic ac fields in the elements of thin-film ferroelectric-dielectric heterostructures during their electric switching. For this purpose, the local field surrounding dielectric molecules is measured. It is important that the dielectric has a characteristic very narrow molecular absorption band, which is used as an electric-field probe. The heterostructure under study consists of a glass substrate, a transparent electrode, a 170-nm-thick layer of polymer ferroelectric, a 40-nm-thick dielectric layer, and a semitransparent electrode. Both functional layers are grown by the Langmuir-Blodgett method. An ac electric field is applied to the electrodes, and the local field having appeared in the dielectric is measured by the electroabsorption method. With allowance for the Lorentz factor, the local field is easily converted into the macroscopic field in the dielectric layer and, then, in the ferroelectric layer. The classical Sawyer-Tower scheme is used as an additional tool to determine the surface charge to be switched at the dielectric-ferroelectric interface.     

Quantization of electromagnetic field in quadratic continuous nonlinear absorptive dielectrics

This paper reports that in the quantization of electromagnetic field in the dielectrics, the wave equation with regard to the Green function is analytically solved by a direct integral method for a quadratic continuous nonlinear absorptive dielectric medium. The quantization of the electromagnetic field in such a nonlinear absorptive dielectric is carried out for which the material dielectric function is assumed as a separable variable about the frequency and the space coordinate. The vacuum field fluctuations for different spatial continuous variations of dielectric function are numerically calculated, which shows that the present result is self-consistent.     

Electromagnetic momenta and forces in dispersive dielectric media

When the effects of dispersion are included, neither the Abraham nor the Minkowski expression for electromagnetic momentum in a dielectric medium gives the correct recoil momentum for absorbers or emitters of radiation. The total momentum density associated with a field in a dielectric medium has three contributions: (i) the Abraham momentum density of the field, (ii) the momentum density associated with the Abraham force, and (iii) a momentum density arising from the dispersive part of the response of the medium to the field, the latter having a form evidently first derived by Nelson (1991) [8]. All three contributions are required for momentum conservation in the recoil of an absorber or emitter in a dielectric medium. We consider the momentum exchanged and the force on a polarizable particle (e.g., an atom or a small dielectric sphere) in a host dielectric when a pulse of light is incident upon it, including the dispersion of the dielectric medium as well as a dispersive component in the response of the particle to the field. The force can be greatly increased in slow-light dielectric media.     

Analysis of the electric field behavior in the vicinity of a triple junction,using finite elements method computational simulations

The authors studied the electric field behavior in the vicinity of a triple junction, composed by metal, vacuum and dielectric parts, using computational simulations. A bi-dimensional model was constructed using ANSYS MAXWELL to analyze the magnitude of the electric field as a function of the contact angles of the materials. The results showed that a field enhancement or reduction could occur in vacuum for certain contact angles. The influence of the dielectric permittivity was also investigated, and the conclusions showed that the maximum electric field enhancement is proportional to the dielectric permittivity.     

太赫兹波段电磁超材料吸波器折射率传感特性

太赫兹超材料吸波器作为一类重要的超材料功能器件,除了可以实现对入射太赫兹波的完美吸收外,还可以作为折射率传感器实现对周围环境信息变化的捕捉与监测.通常从优化表面金属谐振单元结构和改变介质层材料和形态两个方面出发,改善太赫兹超材料吸波器的传感特性.为深入研究中间介质层对太赫兹超材料吸波器传感特性的影响,本文基于金属开口谐...     

Dielectric relaxation in aqueous solutions and suspensions I. Solutions and suspensions

The dielectric constants and dielectric loss factors of aqueous solutions and suspensions are measured as a function of the specific electrical conductivity, temperature, and electric field frequency. The dispersion of the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss factor in solutions is explained by the formation of a electric double layer at the electrodes and the redistribution of the electric field between the region adjoining the electrodes and the remaining volume of the measuring cell. An equivalent-circuit calculations for suspensions displays acceptable agreement with experiment.     

Effective Anisotropic Dielectric Properties of Crystal Composites

Transformation fieM method （TFM） is developed to estimate the anisotropic dielectric properties of crystal composites having arbitrary shapes and dielectric properties of crystal inclusions, whose principal dielectric axis are different from those of anisotropic crystal matrix. The complicated boundary-value problem caused by inclusion shapes is circumvented by introducing a transformation electric field into the crystal composites regions, and the effective anisotropic dielectric responses are formulated in terms of the transformation field. Furthermore, the numerical results show that the effective anisotropie dielectric responses of crystal composites periodically vary as a function of the rotating angle between the principal dielectric axes of inclusion and matrix crystal materials. It is found that at larger inclusion volume fraction the inclusion shapes induce profound effect on the effective anisotropic dielectric responses.     

Polarity-dependent dielectric torque in nematic liquid crystals

The dielectric dispersion in the uniaxial nematic liquid crystals affects the switching dynamics of the director, as the dielectric torque is determined by not only the present values of the electric field and director but also by their past values. We demonstrate that this "dielectric memory" leads to an unusual contribution to the dielectric torque that is linear in the present field and thus polarity sensitive. This torque can be used to accelerate the "switch-off" phase of director dynamics.     

横磁模下介质表面二次电子倍增的抑制

在介质加载加速器结构(DLA)内, 提出采用刻槽结构结合外加磁场的方法用于在电磁场横磁(TM)模式下抑制介质表面的电子倍增. 通过理论分析和数值模拟, 比较了刻槽结构和纵向磁场对斜面上电子碰撞能量和渡越时间的影响, 得到了在介质表面同时存在法向RF电场及切向RF电场时, 采用刻槽结构并施加一定的纵向磁场强度, 可有效抑制二次电子倍增的发展, 提高介质面的击穿阈值.     

Reflection and transmission of an Airy beam in a dielectric slab

The reflection and transmission of a finite-power Airy beam incident on a dielectric slab are investigated by an analytical method. Based on the plane-wave angular spectrum expansion and Fresnel approximation, the analytical expressions of the reflected field, internal field as well as transmitted field in each region are obtained. Through numerical simulations, the intensity distributions of the incident beam, reflected beam, internal beam as well as transmitted beam are presented at oblique incidence. Besides, we also compare the intensity distributions of the geometrical-optics beam field, the first order beam mode field and the actual beam field, which indicates that the contribution of each order beam mode field to the actual beam field is related to the refractive index of the dielectric slab. Meanwhile, the reflection characteristics of the Airy beams in the special cases of Brewster incidence and total reflection are investigated. Finally, the effects of the optical thickness and refractive index of the dielectric slab on the peak intensity distributions and beam shifts of the reflected and transmitted beams are also discussed in detail. The analytical and numerical results will be useful to analyze the propagation dynamics of Airy beam in the dielectric slab and provide some theoretical supports to the design of optical film.     

Decomposition of the total momentum in a linear dielectric into field and matter components

The long-standing resolution of the Abraham–Minkowski electromagnetic momentum controversy is predicated on a decomposition of the total momentum of a closed continuum electrodynamic system into separate field and matter components. Using a microscopic model of a simple linear dielectric, we derive Lagrangian equations of motion for the electric dipoles and show that the dielectric can be treated as a collection of stationary simple harmonic oscillators that are driven by the electric field and produce a polarization field in response. The macroscopic energy and momentum are defined in terms of the electric, magnetic, and polarization fields that travel through the dielectric together as a pulse of electromagnetic radiation. We conclude that both the macroscopic total energy and the macroscopic total momentum are entirely electromagnetic in nature for a simple linear dielectric in the absence of significant reflections.     

Effect of variation of dielectric constant on the magnetic field modulation of exciplex luminescence

The effect of variation of dielectric constant on the relative magnetic field effect in singlet luminescence has been studied using a typical exciplex system at a saturating field. The study indicates strong specificity in the perturbation of the magnetic field effect by alcoholic solvents. In contrast to alcohols where relative singlet magnetic field effect is of the order of 2% only, the magnetic field effect in non-alcoholic medium reaches as high as 9%. Moreover, dielectric constant variation in alcohols yields curves which are distinctly different from those in non-alcoholic media. It turns out that this dependence of magnetic field effect on dielectric constant is similar in all non-alcoholic solvent mixtures. An analytical study based on Hong and Noolandi’s solution of Smoluchowski equation has been made. Derived expressions can interpret experimental curves reasonably well.     

电偶极子位于均匀介质球中时球外电场的研究

采用分离变量法求解了电偶极子位于均匀介质球中时复连通域的拉普拉斯方程和泊松方程,求出了球内外两种不同介质的电势分布和球面上的极化电荷分布;通过求解二阶非线性微分方程得到了球外的电场线函数;利用计算软件Math-ematica 5.0,作出了相应的相互正交的等势线簇图形和电场线簇图形,并且进行了必要的讨论.     

Spatial dependence of the local field enhancement in dielectric shell coated silver nanospheres

The dependence of the local field factor around dielectric shell coated silver nanospheres was investigated by theoretical calculation as a function of the spatial distance. The local field factors in the dielectric shell are sensitive to the distance from particle center and shell thickness. When the shell dielectric constant is greater than that of surrounding medium, the maximum of local field factor at inner surface of the shell red shift and increases nonlinearly with increasing the shell thickness. On the contrary, when shell dielectric constant is less than that of surrounding medium, increasing the shell thickness leads the maximum of local field factor at inner surface blue shifts and decreases nonlinearly. However, with increasing the shell thickness, the maximum of local field factor at exterior surface of the shell always decrease nonlinearly. Furthermore, with increasing shell thickness, all these variations get gentle approach to a constant value when the shell thickness is two times of the core radius. When the core and shell diameter have fixed values, the local field factors in dielectric shell decrease with increasing the distance from particle center, but the peak position is not sensitive to the distance.     

Dielectric properties of KDP-type ferroelectric crystals in the presence of external electric field

Considering external electric field as well as third- and fourth-order phonon anharmonic interaction terms in the pseudospin-lattice coupled mode (PLCM) model Hamiltonian for KDP-type ferroelectrics, expressions for field-dependent shift, width, renormalized soft mode frequency, Curie temperature, dielectric constant and dielectric loss are evaluated. For the calculation, method of statistical double-time temperature-dependent Green’s function has been used. By fitting model values of physical quantities, temperature and electric field dependences of soft mode frequency, dielectric constant and loss have been calculated which compare well with experimental results of Baumgartner [8] and Choi and Lockwood [9]. Both dielectric constant and loss decrease with electric field.     

Simultaneous effects of dielectric mismatch and electric field on the electronic properties in Si nanodots

By using the finite element method within the effective mass approximation, the effects of both dielectric confinement and electric field on the shallow-donor binding energy and polarizability in spherical Si quantum dots are investigated. It is found that: (i) the ground state binding energy is significantly increased by the dielectric mismatch at the dot interface, (ii) in the freestanding nanodot the competition between the electric field, polarization charges induced at interfaces and impurity position determines the symmetry of the electron probability distribution; (iii) the donor polarizability decreases with electric field strength and this effect is more pronounced for large dielectric mismatches. Therefore, the electronic properties of the nanocrystals could be tuned by proper tailoring of the surrounding medium dielectric constant as well as by varying the electric field. The normalized binding energy of an on-center hydrogenic donor is also been estimated and the results are in good agreement with the previous reported values.     

Nonlinear dielectric properties of amorphous Bi1.8Pb0.3Sr2Ca2Cu3−x KxOz (x = 0.2–0.3)

The dielectric constant of amorphous Bi_1.8Pb_0.3Sr₂Ca₂Cu_3?x K_xO_x (x = 0.2–0.3) is measured as a function of the static electric field strength. It is found that, as the field strength increases, the dielectric constant decreases following a quadratic law. This behavior of the dielectric constant in a static electric field indicates nonlinear dielectric properties, which can be described within the thermodynamic theory of ferroelectricity.     

无箔二极管径向绝缘的数值模拟研究

 介绍绝缘子表面闪络的物理机制，对四种径向绝缘结构模型，用PIC数值模拟方法计算绝缘子表面的电场分布，比较它们三结合点以及沿绝缘子表面的合成电场大小，加导引磁场，考虑电子束发射、模拟电子回流对绝缘子表面闪络的影响，由此提出优化结构，对实际工程设计绝缘子有重要意义。     

高功率微波作用下介质窗表面电子运动2维仿真

建立了真空中高功率微波作用下介质窗表面电子运动2维仿真模型,充分考虑了微波电磁场及介质表面静电场等影响因素。通过对不同电子出射初始角度和微波场参数(电场幅值、频率及电子出射时电场相位)对电子运动状态影响的仿真分析,得到了二次电子倍增过程中电子在复合场下的运动轨迹、电子重新返回介质表面的撞击能量及返回时间等状态参数,获得了电子运动状态参数随电子出射角度和微波场参数的变化规律。研究发现:电子出射角度对其运动状态有显著影响,电子存在运动轨迹最大的某一出射角度,该角度下电子拥有最大的撞击能量;微波电场幅值的增加将使电子撞击能量增加,返回时间减小,微波电场相位的变化使电子的撞击能量和返回时间呈周期振荡,这从本质上解释了电子数量在二次电子倍增过程中以微波频率两倍周期振荡的原因;随着微波频率的增加电子将由简单的类抛物线运动转变为复杂的振荡运动。