交替三线性分解算法结合高效液相色谱法同时测定水杨酸与龙胆酸

利用交替三线性分解算法(ATLD)与高效液相色谱法相结合,在色谱保留时间为0.662 8~0.949 5min(间隔1/150 min)、紫外吸收波长为268~332 nm(间隔2 nm)且在未知干扰物2,3-二羟基苯甲酸存在下,同时测定了水溶液中光谱及色谱严重重叠的水杨酸(SA)和龙胆酸(GA)的含量,回收率分别为(102.2±6.7)%,(102.1±4.1)%,分辨结果与实际结果一致。研究结果表明:该方法定量快速准确、实验操作步骤简单,说明ATLD算法收敛快速稳定,对复杂体系中组分数估计不敏感,能有效解决色谱中的二阶校正问题。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法中Kalman滤波法解析重叠谱线的研究

考察了Kalman滤波技术校正ICP-AES中谱线重叠干扰的潜力。以新息序列的平均平方和为评价函数优化扫描光谱的峰位, 消除扫描过程中可能产生的波长定位误差, 从而保证滤波结果的准确性, 并使实际检出限显著改善。在中等分辨率光谱仪和扫描步长为1.5pm的条件下, 滤波器能有效地分辨峰间距只有4.8pm且峰形基本相同的重叠线对。对峰间距为9.8pm的重叠线时, 当线背比低至0.05左右时仍能获得满意结果。连续背景用理论描述, 因而样品溶液和纯组分溶液的光谱扫描无需扣除溶剂空白。     

Kalman滤波技术校正电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱分析中严重重叠的谱线干扰

针对ICP-AES中严重重叠谱线干扰的校正, 研究了若干因素对Kalman滤波器性能的影响。减小扫描步长可以增强Kalman滤波法解析重叠谱线的能力。当重叠线轮廓基本相同且扫描窗口内干扰元素只有一条谱线时, Kalman滤波法能分辨的重叠线对的最小峰间距为扫描步长的2～3倍。扫描窗口内较多的干扰元素谱线和重叠线对轮廓的显著差异有利于Kalman滤波器正确识别分析信号和干扰信号, 可以利用这两个因素有效地分辨峰间距很小甚至完全重叠的谱线。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法中Kalman滤波法解析重叠谱线的研究

考察了Kalman滤波技术校正ICP-AES中谱线重叠干扰的潜力.以新息序列的平均平方和为评价函数优化扫描光谱的峰位,消除扫描过程中可能产生的波长定位误差,从而保证滤波结果的准确性,并使实际检出限显著改善.在中等分辨率光谱仪和扫描步长为1.5pm的条件下,滤波器能有效地分辨峰间距只有4.8pm且峰形基本相同的重叠线对.对峰间距为9.8pm的重叠线对,当线背比低至0.05左右时仍能获得满意结果.连续背景用理论描述,因而样品溶液和纯组分溶液的光谱扫描无需扣除溶剂空白.     

Kalman滤波技术校正电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱分析中严重重叠的谱线干扰

针对ICP-AES中严重重叠谱线干扰的校正,研究了若干因素对Kalman滤波器性能的影响.减小扫描步长可以增强Kalman滤波法解析重叠谱线的能力.当重叠线对轮廓基本相同且扫描窗口内干扰元素只有一条谱线时,Kalman滤波法能分辨的重叠线对的最小峰间距为扫描步长的2～3倍.扫描窗口内较多的干扰元素谱线和重叠线对轮廓的显著差异有利于Kalman滤波器正确识别分析信号和干扰信号,可以利用这两个因素有效地分辨峰间距很小甚至完全重叠的谱线.     

利用高分辨X射线衍射技术计算铝镓氮外延膜的晶格参数

利用高分辨X射线衍射（HRXRD）技术对在蓝宝石衬底上用金属有机化学气相沉积（MOCVD）方法生长的Al组分含量为0.63的AlGaN外延膜进行晶格参数的精确计算.通过对Al0.63Ga0.37N的对称晶面和非对称晶面进行ω/2θ扫描,以及对零点误差和晶面间距的修正,能够计算得到六方晶系Al0.63Ga0.37N外延膜的水平晶格常数a和垂直晶格常数c分别为0.31301 nm和0.50596 nm.通过对各种影响因素的分析和校正,可以得出二者的测量偏差分别为0.00001 nm和0.00002 nm.     

ICP－AES分析中用Kalman滤波法校正光谱干扰时波长定位误差对结果的影响及消除

本工作以Ｋａｌｍａｎ滤波技术为光谱干扰校正方法，选择典型的光谱干扰为例，系统研究了波长定位误差影响滤波结果准确性的规律性，提出了改善波长定位精度的途径。对于谱线重叠干扰的校正，波长定位精度一般应优于０．１ｐｍ；利用新息序列零均白噪音特性建立指示函数优化扫描光谱峰位，大大提高了波长定位精度，保证了滤波结果的准确性。     

X射线荧光光谱分析中谱线重叠校正系数的测量

应用整套标准样品法和基本参数(FP)法计算谱线重叠校正系数(K)效果较好。应用整套标准样品法需选用与被测样品具有相同基体和近似组成的标准样品;由于共存组分的谱线重叠的干扰常导致校正曲线产生较大的负截距,需通过多次迭代计算消除截距而使曲线通过原点,因为只有这样得到的K和M才是真值。实践中常有一些例子不能用整套标准样品法计算K值,例如钢中测定低含量铬时受到钒的重叠干扰问题。在此实例中除了钒对铬的谱线重叠干扰之外,还有仪器通道材料的干扰,此时,必须先用瑞利散射校正法消除此干扰后,选用铁基的标准样品,用FP法计算K值,可消除钒对铬的谱线重叠干扰。     

ICP—AES分析中用Kalman滤波法校正光谱干扰时波长定位误差对结果的…

本工作以Ｋａｌｍａｎ滤波技术为光谱干扰校正方法，选择典型的光谱干扰为例，系统研究了波长定位误差影响滤波结果准确性的规律性，提出了改善波长定位精度的途径。对于谱线重叠干扰的校正，波长定位精度一般应优于０．１ｐｍ；利用新息序列零均白噪音特性建立指示函数优化扫描光谱峰位，大大提高了波长定位精度，保证了滤波结果的准确性。     

聚芳醚酮在溶液中的分子构象与分子极化

经从头计算,得到4,4'-二氟苯酮二面角为44°,MES₃二面角为51°;用UV光谱法研究了单分散齐聚物在H₂SO₄中的分子构象与极化,结果表明:H₂SO₄使碳基质子化是产生极化的主要因素之一,由此产生的新吸收峰在λ=400nm左右;极化作用产生的平面构象经重叠后在λ=500nm左右产生另一新的吸收峰.由质子化模型并考虑组态相互作用的计算结果与文献一致.证明了聚芳醚酮高聚物在H₂SO₄中,于400nm左右处产生的峰(UV)为羰基极化的结果,指明在H₂SO₄中测其分子量时应按羰基含量校正.     

Analytical characteristics of near-infrared nonmetal atomic emission from a helium microwave-induced plasma

Relative emission intensities for several atomic lines of C, N, O, F, S, Cl and Br between 700 and 1200 nm in an atmospheric-pressure helium microwave-induced plasma are reported. For each element the most intense near-infrared lines are compared to the most intense u.v.-visible lines in terms of signal-to-background ratios and spectral interferences. The relative-intensity data are used to calculate excitation temperatures for each element.     

Determination of tungsten by plasma emission spectrometry

The emission spectrum of tungsten in an inductively coupled Ar/Ar-plasma (ICP) was investigated and relative intensities of 17 lines listed. Among the lines tested, W I 400.875 nm and W 207.911 nm are recommended for steel analysis. Several others suffer from severe spectral interferences. The line W 400.875 nm is very sensitive, but interfered with by titanium and very high iron concentrations. The line W 207.911 nm requires careful determination of adjacent background, but can be used even with low-resolution instruments. The influence of RF power, nebulizing conditions, burner height, and acid concentration was tested and found to be small enough for simple control in routine work. Steels and other alloys containing 0.02-80% W were analysed.     

Improvements in repetitive scanning techniques for reducing spectral interferences in flame emission spectrometry

This paper describes several improvements in the use of the repetitive optical scanning (wavelength modulation) technique applied to the correction for spectral interferences due to line, band, and continuum radiation in flame emission spectrometry (FES). A simple and easily constructed mechanical device for performing the repetitive scan is described, and the procedures for optimizing experimental conditions are discussed. A new technique for the correction for spectral line interferences is introduced. Repetitive scanning FES is used for the analysis of several trace elements in NBS SRM-1633 (fly ash), and the precision and accuracy of results are compared to analysis by normal flame emission techniques.     

High-resolution spectra of selected rare earth elements and spectral interferences studied by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)

The rare earth elements (REEs) play very important roles in industrial manufacturing, technology development and biological processes. Due to their complex emission spectra, trace levels of REEs are difficult to analyze by conventional ICP-AES techniques. The present study investigates possible spectral interferences of matrices (rare earth oxides of Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and Dy) on the analytical lines (± 0.1 nm) of a target REE. Detailed and well-resolved spectra for selected REEs are presented, and procedures used to rectify the problem of spectral interferences caused by REE matrices are discussed. A computer-assisted system (CAS) for spectral recognition has been developed and used to assist in the study of matrix interference. To determine directly trace rare earth elements in REE matrices without sample pre-separation, the application potential is demonstrated with a one meter sequential instrument retrofitted with a 3600 grooves/mm grating.     

Atomic emission spectrometry with an induction-coupled high-frequency plasma source: The determination of iodine,mercury, arsenic and selenium

The application of an inductively coupled high-frequency plasma source to the determination of iodine, mercury, arsenic and selenium by atomic emission spectrometry at wavelengths less than 200 nm is described. Optimal conditions have been established, and the spectral interference effects at different atomic lines for each element have been investigated. With the type of instrumentation employed, the determination of iodine at 183.04 nm, mercury at 184.96 nm, arsenic at 189.0 nm and selenium at 196.09 nm is recommended to minimize spectral interferences. No chemical or physical interferences resulting from the influence of foreign ions on the solute vaporization process have been noted.     

Molecular emission cavity analysis: Part 24. Determination of germanium,gallium and thallium

Germanium (10–500 ng) is determined by measuring its GeCl emission at 455 nm in a carbon cavity in a hydrogen—nitrogen—air flame. Similarly, gallium gives a violet GaI emission and a bluish white GaBr emission with maximum intensities at 391 and 350 nm. respectively. These emissions can be used for the determination of nanogram amounts of gallium or bromide, and microgram amounts of iodide. Thallium (20–2000 ng) is determined by measuring its atomic emission produced in an oxy-cavity at 377.5 nm. The effects of interferences on germanium, gallium and thallium emissions are described.     

In situ, rapid, and temporally resolved measurements of cellulase adsorption onto lignocellulosic substrates by UV-vis spectrophotometry

This study demonstrated two in situ UV-vis spectrophotometric methods for rapid and temporally resolved measurements of cellulase adsorption onto cellulosic and lignocellulosic substrates during enzymatic hydrolysis. The cellulase protein absorption peak at 280 nm was used for quantification. The spectral interferences from light scattering by small fibers (fines) and particulates and from absorptions by lignin leached from lignocelluloses were corrected using a dual-wavelength technique. Wavelengths of 500 and 255 nm were used as secondary wavelengths for correcting spectral interferences from light scattering and absorption of leached lignin. Spectral interferences can also be eliminated by taking the second derivative of the measured spectra of enzymatic hydrolysate of cellulose or lignocelluloses. The in situ measured cellulase adsorptions in cellulose and lignocellulose suspensions by these two spectrophotometric methods showed general agreement with batch sampling assayed by the Bradford method. The in situ methods not only eliminated tedious batch sampling but also can resolve the kinetics of the initial adsorption process. The measured time-dependent cellulase adsorptions were found to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics.     

The application of butanol as dilution agent for the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometric determination of boron and phosphorus in lubricating oils

An evaluation of butanol-1 as dilution solvent for the determination of boron (B) and phosphorus (P) in lubricating oils by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) has been performed. Standard solutions of boric acid and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) in butanol were employed as calibrants for B and P, respectively. Solutions of phosphoric acid and tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (TEHP) in butanol were also tested as possible P standards. Increased concentrations of oil in the sample in the range of 0 to 20% showed no significant effects on B and P emission intensities indicating that matrix matching is not required for lubricating oils of about 2–15 cPoise. Detection limits in absence of spectral interferences were 0.06 μg B/g oil and 2 μg P/g oil. Overall estimated precision was 2.5% for B concentrations above 4 μg/g oil, and 6.5% for P concentrations above 20 μg/g oil. We evaluated the performance of a high resolution scanning spectrometer for mitigating the effects of overlapping spectral interferences from iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) on B and P emission lines. An interference from Fe 249.782 nm on the primary B line at 249.773 nm is observed for Fe concentrations higher than 100 μg/g oil, but a secondary B line at 249.678 nm is completely resolved from Fe 249.653 nm. In the case of P 213.618 nm, a contribution of the right wing of a Cu line at 213.598 nm generates a signal equivalent to P 18 μg/g oil for Cu 1000 μg/g oil. Received: 25 June 1997 / Revised: 16 September 1997 / Accepted: 7 October 1997     

The application of butanol as dilution agent for the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometric determination of boron and phosphorus in lubricating oils

An evaluation of butanol-1 as dilution solvent for the determination of boron (B) and phosphorus (P) in lubricating oils by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) has been performed. Standard solutions of boric acid and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) in butanol were employed as calibrants for B and P, respectively. Solutions of phosphoric acid and tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (TEHP) in butanol were also tested as possible P standards. Increased concentrations of oil in the sample in the range of 0 to 20% showed no significant effects on B and P emission intensities indicating that matrix matching is not required for lubricating oils of about 2–15 cPoise. Detection limits in absence of spectral interferences were 0.06 μg B/g oil and 2 μg P/g oil. Overall estimated precision was 2.5% for B concentrations above 4 μg/g oil, and 6.5% for P concentrations above 20 μg/g oil. We evaluated the performance of a high resolution scanning spectrometer for mitigating the effects of overlapping spectral interferences from iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) on B and P emission lines. An interference from Fe 249.782 nm on the primary B line at 249.773 nm is observed for Fe concentrations higher than 100 μg/g oil, but a secondary B line at 249.678 nm is completely resolved from Fe 249.653 nm. In the case of P 213.618 nm, a contribution of the right wing of a Cu line at 213.598 nm generates a signal equivalent to P 18 μg/g oil for Cu 1000 μg/g oil. Received: 25 June 1997 / Revised: 16 September 1997 / Accepted: 7 October 1997