Optimization of high pressure processing parameters of Indian white prawn (Fenneropenaeus indicus)

The effect of pressure (150, 250 and 350?MPa), ramp rate (200, 400 and 600?MPa/min) and holding time (3, 6 and 9?min) on the quality indices (dependent variable) of Indian white prawn (Fenneropenaeus indicus) was optimized using response surface methodology. Box–Behnken response surface design was used with 15 runs. Second-order response surface model was fitted to the experimental data and the model adequacy was measured by R² value. The linear and quadratic effect of pressure, ramp rate and holding time was significant for tri-methylamine, total volatile base nitrogen and total plate count. Based on the ridge analysis and response surface plots, the optimum combination obtained was 250?MPa pressure, 400?MPa/min ramp rate and 6?min holding time for high pressure (HP) processing of Indian white prawn. Validation of the experiment indicated that the developed model was appropriate to predict quality indices in Indian white prawn processed by HP processing.     

Low-temperature synthesis of nanocrystalline β-dicalcium silicate with high specific surface area

β-Dicalcium silicate (β-Ca₂SiO₄) was synthesized for the first time by a simple solution combustion method using citric acid as fuel. The influence of calcination temperature on the average crystallite size, specific surface area and morphology of the powders were investigated by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and N₂ adsorption measurements (BET). The results showed that the increase of calcination temperature from 650°C to 1100°C resulted in larger crystallite size and lower specific surface area of β-Ca₂SiO₄. The highest specific surface area could reach as high as 26.7 m²/g when the as-burnt powders were calcined at 650°C.     

High specific surface area TEOS-based aerogels with large pore volume prepared at an ambient pressure

The experimental results on the synthesis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)-based silica aerogel with high specific surface area and large pore volume, via ambient pressure drying (APD) route, are reported. The silica aerogels were prepared by the acid-base sol-gel polymerization of TEOS precursor followed by the drying of the alcogels at an ambient pressure. The solvent present in the alcogel (i.e. ethanol) was replaced by a non-polar solvent such as hexane prior to the surface modification step. In order to minimize the drying shrinkage, the surface of the gels was modified using trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) before the APD. The FTIR spectra of the surface modified aerogels showed Si-CH₃ peaks at 2965 and 850 cm⁻¹. The effect of the base catalyst (NH₄OH) addition to the sol, at different time intervals (T), on the physical and textural properties of the resulting aerogels has been investigated. It has been observed that the surface area and the cumulative pore volume of the aerogels enhanced considerably from 819 to 1108 m² g⁻¹ and 2.65 to 4.7 cm³ g⁻¹, respectively with an increase in the T value from 6 to 48 h. Silica aerogels with very low bulk density (0.06 g cm⁻³), extremely high specific surface area (1108 m² g⁻¹) and large cumulative pore volume (4.7 cm³ g⁻¹) could be synthesized by drying the alcogels at the ambient pressure. The aerogels were mesoporous solids with the average pore size ranging from 12 to 17 nm. The results have been discussed by taking into consideration the hydrolysis and condensation reactions during the sol-gel polymerization of the TEOS precursor.     

A method for the study of surface segregation in multicomponent alloys

A simple algorithm for the determination of segregation profiles in multicomponent systems based on a mean field formalism and a quantum approximate method for the energetics is introduced. The method is described and applied to two ternary systems, concentrating on the changes in segregation patterns relative to the corresponding binary cases.     

Optimization of ultrasonic cell grinder extraction of anthocyanins from blueberry using response surface methodology

Ultrasonic cell grinder extraction (UCGE), using water as the solvent, was firstly applied to extract anthocyanins from blueberry. Extraction yield was related with four variables, including ratio of solution to solid, extraction power, buffer time, and extraction time. On the basis of response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal conditions were determined to be the ratio of solution to solid as 25:1 (mL/g), the extraction power as 1500 W, the buffer time as 3.0 s, and the extraction time as 40 min. The experimental yield of anthocyanins using UCGE was 2.89 mg/g higher than that of conventional ultrasound-assisted extraction (CUAE). This study indicated that UCGE was an innovative, efficient, and environment friendly method in ultrasonic extraction fields, and had a potential to effectively extract other bioactive constituents.     

响应面方法的硅刻蚀工艺优化分析（英）

利用响应面分析方法优化了用于压力传感器硅敏感芯体的刻蚀操作条件。主要考虑了温度、KOH浓度和腐蚀时间三个操作参数,将它们的范围分别设定为40~60 ℃,0.4~0.48 mol/L 和 5~12.5 h,并设定各向异性腐蚀速率为响应值。通过建立二次方模型,分析这些参数的单独影响以及多个操作条件之间对腐蚀速率的相互交叠作用。分析结果表明：模型可以精确预测99%的响应值,相比于腐蚀时间,溶液浓度和工作温度对刻蚀速率的影响更为明显。     

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted ultrafiltration process for removing bacterial endotoxin from diammonium glycyrrhizinate using response surface methodology

Ultrasonic-assisted ultrafiltration (UAU) removing bacterial endotoxin from diammonium glycyrrhizinate, was firstly applied to surfactant separation. Separation efficiency was related with four variables, including ultrafiltration molecular weight cut off (MWCO), ultrasonic power, concentration and pH. The SCQ-9200E ultrasonic system was provided for the study with adjustable ultrasonic power 80 W to 800 W, and the ultrasonic frequency was 40 KHz. On the basis of response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal separation conditions were determined to be the ultrafiltration MWCO as 10 kDa, the ultrasonic power as 570 W, diammonium glycyrrhizinate concentration as 150.00 μg/mL and the pH as 4.70. The experimental rejection of bacterial endotoxin was 94.08%, meanwhile the transmittance of diammonium glycyrrhizinate was 93.65%. Based on the ultrasonic power, solution volume, and ultrasonic container size, the experiments with UAU at different power intensities showed that ultrasonic at a power intensity of 57 W/L and the power density of 0.32 W/cm² could solve the separation contradiction between diammonium glycyrrhizinate and bacterial endotoxin. This study indicated that UAU could be an innovation in ultrasonic separation fields, and had a vast range of prospects for making use in pharmaceutical preparation area.     

Process optimization and stability of D-limonene-in-water nanoemulsions prepared by ultrasonic emulsification using response surface methodology

d-limonene in water nanoemulsion was prepared by ultrasonic emulsification using mixed surfactants of sorbitane trioleate and polyoxyethylene (20) oleyl ether. Investigation using response surface methodology revealed that 10% d-limonene nanoemulsions formed at S₀ ratio (d-limonene concentration to mixed surfactant concentration) 0.6-0.7 and applied power 18 W for 120 s had droplet size below 100 nm. The zeta potential of the nanoemulsion was approximately −20 mV at original pH 6.4, closed to zero around pH 4.0, and around −30 mV at pH 12.0. The main destabilization mechanism of the systems is Ostwald ripening. The ripening rate at 25 °C (0.39 m³ s⁻¹ × 10²⁹) was lower than that at 4 °C (1.44 m³ s⁻¹ × 10²⁹), which was in agreement with the Lifshitz-Slezov-Wagner (LSW) theory. Despite of Ostwald ripening, the droplet size of d-limonene nanoemulsion remained stable after 8 weeks of storage.     

Low cost anisotropic etching of monocrystalline Si (1 0 0): Optimization using response surface methodology

Reduced surface reflectance and enhanced light trapping is required by any high efficiency solar cell. Anisotropic etching was done on silicon (1 0 0) by using tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide TMAH, (CH₃)₄NOH, solution at 85 °C. Process variables considered were solution concentration and time proposed by response surface methodology (RSM). An effective surface texture was resulted with reflectance less than 8% without antireflection coating. The antireflection mechanism was also co-related with the etch rate of Si. Optimized values predicted by RSM for time and TMAH concentration were 5 min and 3.50% respectively. The technique and optimization of parameters by using response surface methodology (RSM) could be valuable in the texturization process for high-efficiency Si solar cells.     

Optimization of light transmission efficiency for nano-grating assisted MSM-PDs by varying physical parameters

Metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors (MSM-PDs) are utilized for suitable nano-structured fabrications that can play an important role for the development of future high-speed devices to achieve very high responsivity–bandwidth characteristics. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used to calculate the light absorption enhancement factor of nano-grating assisted MSM-PDs near the design wavelength by changing the detector's geometrical parameters in comparison with a conventional device (i.e., without the nano-gratings). The substrates containing the aperture and the nano-gratings are optimized in thickness to trigger an extraordinary optical transmission. Besides, this paper demonstrates how the coupling condition satisfies the oscillating charge densities evolution to the surface plasmon polaritons under illumination of a polarized light and the existence of a band gap in the dispersion curve of surface plasmons propagating on periodically corrugated surfaces. The simulated results confirm that the light absorption enhancement factor of nano-grating assisted MSM-PDs is ∼12-times better than the conventional type of MSM-PDs.     

Acoustic analysis of damping structure with response surface method

Analysis of vibro-acoustic systems is challenged by their highly non-linear and complex properties, especially for the damping structure. So, an approximate response surface method (RSM) method is utilized to analysis the effect of design parameters on the sound radiation from a vibrating panel. A simple case study was illustrated to demonstrate the capabilities of the developed procedure. In details, sound radiated from vibrating panel with a point force excitation has been analyzed by numerical method. The structure-born noise problem is approximated by a series of second-degree polynomials. Three analysis objectives are considered, namely, mean quadratic velocity, sound radiation power and system loss factor. In this way, the trend of sound radiation varying with design parameters can be obtained conveniently and effectively.     

响应面法优化超声辅助提取-原子荧光法快速测定茶叶痕量汞

研究了一种使用超声波辅助提取(UAE)-原子荧光法测定茶叶痕量汞的快速方法.采用Plackett-Burman设计从6个影响汞提取率的因素中筛选出3个显著因素—超声时间St,超声温度T和HNO3:H2O2(1:1,δ)体积A2,并采用中心组合设计和响应面法优化参数.结果表明,最优提取条件为,浸泡时间6 min,St 8...     

Optimization of electroacoustic absorbers by means of designed experiments

In multivariate systems, when it comes to identifying actual operating conditions ranges, or optimal settings, the use of constrained optimization is often required. Among the different tools for the engineer to perform such optimization, designed experiments offer accurate performances. In this paper, the optimization process of “electroacoustic absorbers” is investigated by means of response surface methodology. A multivariate linear model is established by a series of designed experiments in order to analyze the modification of electroacoustic absorber performances due to the variation of several constitutive parameters (such as the moving mass of the loudspeaker, the enclosure volume, the filling density of mineral fiber within the enclosure, and the electrical load value to which the loudspeaker is connected), that influence their whole absorbing mechanisms. A simple case study is then provided to illustrate the capabilities of the developed optimization procedure, from which general conclusions on such design methodology, as well as on electroacoustic absorbers sensitivity, are drawn.     

Improved adsorption performance of nanostructured composite by ultrasonic wave: Optimization through response surface methodology,isotherm and kinetic studies

In this work, ultrasound-assisted adsorption of an anionic dye, sunset yellow (SY) and cationic dyes, malachite green (MG), methylene blue (MB) and their ternary dye solutions onto Cu@ Mn-ZnS-NPs-AC from water aqueous was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) using the central composite design (CCD). The adsorbent was characterized using Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and EDX mapping images. The effects of various parameters such as pH, sonication time, adsorbent mass and initial concentrations of SY, MG and MB were examined. A total 33 experiments were conducted to establish a quadratic model. Cu@ Mn-ZnS-NPs-AC has the maximum adsorption efficiency (>99.5%) when the pH, sonication time, adsorbent mass and initial concentrations of SY, MG and MB were optimally set as 6.0, 5 min, 0.02 g, 9, 12 and 12 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Sonication time has a statistically significant effect on the selected responses. Langmuir isotherm model was found to be best fitted to adsorption and adsorption capacities were 67.5 mg g⁻¹ for SY, 74.6 mg g⁻¹ for MG and 72.9 mg g⁻¹ for MB. Four kinetic models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Weber–Morris intraparticle diffusion rate and Elovich) were tested to correlate the experimental data and the sorption was fitted well with the pseudo-second order kinetic model.     

Optimization of ultrasound extraction of functional compound from makiang seed by response surface methodology and antimicrobial activity of optimized extract with its application in orange juice

An ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized for the extraction of bioactive compound (total phenolic compound and total flavonoid content) with antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assays) using response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design (BBD). The effect of extraction temperature (X₁: 30–70 °C), extraction time (X₂: 25–45 min) and amplitude (X₃: 30–50%) were determined. In addition, antimicrobial activity and application of optimized makiang seed extract (MSE) were also evaluated. Results showed that the optimum condition of UAE were X₁: 51.82 °C, X₂: 31.87 min and X₃: 40.51%. It was also found that gallic acid was the major phenolic compound of optimized MSE and its minimum inhibitiory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was between 1.56 - 6.25 and 25–100 mg/mL respectively. The addition of MSE could enhance the stability of orange juice and shelf life extension was also obtained. This research finding suggests the beneficial opportunities for ultrasound-assisted extraction for the production of bioactive compound from makiang seed with antioxidant activity leading to an application in medicinal and functional food industry.     

Tunable surface wettability of ZnO nanorods prepared by two-step method

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods were deposited on silicon substrate by two-step method. The crystal structure, surface morphology and water contact angle (WCA) were measured by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and water contact angle apparatus. It is demonstrated that the WCA of the as-grown ZnO nanorods varies between 136° and 43° and the contact angle reduction rate of ZnO nanorods changes rapidly with increasing growth time. The variation of contact angle in the as-grown samples and contact angle reduction rate has been attributed to the combined effects of the proportion of nonpolar planes in the outermost surface, the area fraction of vapor on the surface and the increase of surface energy of ZnO nanorods.     

Spectroscopic, energetic and metallographic investigations of the laser lap welding of AISI 304 using the response surface methodology

Spectroscopic signals originated by the laser-induced plasma optical emission have been simultaneously investigated together with energetic and metallographic analyses of CO₂ laser welded stainless steel lap joint, using the Response Surface Methodology. This statistical approach allowed us to study the influence of the laser beam power and the laser welding speed on the following response parameters: plasma plume electron temperature, joint penetration depth and melted area. A clear correlation has been found between all the investigated response parameters. The results have been shown to be consistent with quantitative considerations on the energy supplied to the workpiece as far as the laser power and travel speed were varied. The regression model obtained in this way could be a valuable starting point to develop a closed loop control of the weld penetration depth and the melted area in the investigated process window.     

超高比表面积碳气凝胶常压干燥制备与结构分析

以间苯二酚(R)-甲醛(F)为原料,加入表面活性剂P123以增强材料的骨架强度的方法,采用常压干燥技术制备了RF碳气凝胶,并进行了二氧化碳活化以调节其孔结构。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试表明,常压干燥的碳气凝胶结构中具有更大的纳米颗粒,骨架结构变粗,活化使碳气凝胶骨架结构更加致密;红外吸收光谱(FTIR)表明,表面活性剂P123中的醚键与RF苯环中的羟基存在强的相互作用,碳化后P123特征峰消失;热重曲线(TG和DTG)分析说明P123在440 ℃左右分解完全,不会对碳气凝胶的成分产生影响,并能起到良好的造孔作用;氮气吸附表明常压干燥制备的碳气凝胶比表面积约为570 m2/g,活化之后的比表面积高达3 500 m2/g左右。     

超高比表面积碳气凝胶常压干燥制备与结构分析

以间苯二酚(R)-甲醛(F)为原料,加入表面活性剂P123以增强材料的骨架强度的方法,采用常压干燥技术制备了RF碳气凝胶,并进行了二氧化碳活化以调节其孔结构。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试表明,常压干燥的碳气凝胶结构中具有更大的纳米颗粒,骨架结构变粗,活化使碳气凝胶骨架结构更加致密;红外吸收光谱(FTIR)表明,表面活性剂P123中的醚键与RF苯环中的羟基存在强的相互作用,碳化后P123特征峰消失;热重曲线(TG和DTG)分析说明P123在440 ℃左右分解完全,不会对碳气凝胶的成分产生影响,并能起到良好的造孔作用;氮气吸附表明常压干燥制备的碳气凝胶比表面积约为570 m2/g,活化之后的比表面积高达3 500 m2/g左右。     

Application of ZnO nanorods loaded on activated carbon for ultrasonic assisted dyes removal: Experimental design and derivative spectrophotometry method

A method based on application of ZnO nanorods loaded on activated carbon (ZnO-NRs-AC) for adsorption of Bromocresol Green (BCG) and Eosin Y (EY) accelerated by ultrasound was described. The present material was synthesized under ultrasound assisted wet-chemical method and subsequently was characterized by FE-SEM, TEM, BET and XRD analysis. The extent of contribution of conventional variables like pH (2.0–10.0), BCG concentration (4–20 mg L⁻¹), EY concentration (3–23 mg L⁻¹), adsorbent dosage (0.01–0.03 g), sonication time (1–5 min) and centrifuge time (2–6 min) as main and interaction part were investigated by central composite design under response surface methodology. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was adapted to experimental data and guide the best operational conditions mass by set at 6.0, 9 mg L⁻¹, 10 mg L⁻¹, 0.02 g, 4 and 4 min for pH, BCG concentration, EY concentration, adsorbent dosage, sonication and centrifuge time, respectively. At these specified conditions dye adsorption efficiency was higher than 99.5%. The suitability and well prediction of optimum point was tested by conducting five experiments and respective results revel that RSD% was lower than 3% and high quality of fitting was confirmed by t-test. The experimental data were best fitted in Langmuir isotherm equation and the removal followed pseudo second order kinetics. The experimentally obtained maximum adsorption capacities were estimated as 57.80 and 61.73 mg g⁻¹ of ZnO-NRs-AC for BCG and EY respectively from binary dye solutions. The mechanism of removal was explained by boundary layer diffusion via intraparticle diffusion.