颗粒膜厚度对表面传导电子发射的影响

制备了不同厚度下的C-Ti颗粒膜用作表面传导电子发射的阴极发射薄膜,研究了不同颗粒膜厚度对电子发射特性的影响。将所制备阴极器件加载不同电压幅值下的等幅三角波,对器件进行电形成,结果表明:颗粒膜厚度为69 nm的器件开启电压为32 V,在33 V时具有最大发射效率;颗粒膜厚度为855 nm的器件开启电压为15 V, 在23 V时发射效率最高;颗粒膜厚度为69 nm的器件所形成的电压范围和电子发射效率都明显高于颗粒膜厚度为855 nm的器件。     

强流脉冲电子束诱发温度场及表面熔坑的形成

在强流脉冲电子束表面改性实验的基础上，通过数值计算方法对铝和钢的温度场和熔化过程 进行模拟，给出了最先熔化的位置、形成熔孔的最大深度以及表面层下熔化的最大深度. 通 过铝和钢的熔化潜热温度补偿的数值模拟结果和实验结果的对比，揭示了亚表层率先升温及 熔化从而通过表层向外喷发的熔坑的形成机制. 关键词： 强流脉冲电子束 热传导 数值模拟 熔孔     

高能原电子能量与金属的有效真二次电子发射系数的关系

提出有效真二次电子发射系数的概念,并从理论上论述了高能原电子的能量与金属的有效真二次电子发射系数的关系,然后用实验数据证明了该理论的正确性,最后对结果进行了讨论。得到了如下结论：不同入射能量的高能原电子轰击同一个金属发射体时, 它们的有效真二次电子发射系数与高能原电子入射能量之积近似为一个常量,有效真二次电子发射系数与高能原电子入射能量成反比。     

高能原电子能量与金属的有效真二次电子发射系数的关系

 提出有效真二次电子发射系数的概念,并从理论上论述了高能原电子的能量与金属的有效真二次电子发射系数的关系，然后用实验数据证明了该理论的正确性，最后对结果进行了讨论。得到了如下结论：不同入射能量的高能原电子轰击同一个金属发射体时， 它们的有效真二次电子发射系数与高能原电子入射能量之积近似为一个常量，有效真二次电子发射系数与高能原电子入射能量成反比。     

ITER屏蔽包层第一壁人工缺陷模块热传导计算与分析

设计了3个外形一致的模块,其中两个在铍铜界面处预制有不同尺寸、形状和位置的缺陷,另一个是无缺陷的完整模块。通过有限元计算方法,分析了预制缺陷对温度分布的影响。通过无缺陷的完整模块的传热分析,评估有效的缺陷位置区域,计算了不同尺寸、形状、位置的缺陷的温度分布;根据对热传导基本公式中的各个量分别进行研究,并通过比较各种因素,得到了缺陷影响铍和铜合金界面温度的主要因素。     

Thermal analysis of electron gun for travelling wave tubes

Thermal analysis of a pierce type electron gun using the FEM software ANSYS and its experimental validation are presented in this paper. Thermal analysis of the electron gun structure has been carried out to find out the effect of heater power on steady state temperature and warm-up time. The thermal drain of the supporting structure has also been analyzed for different materials. These results were experimentally verified in an electron gun. The experimental results closely match the ANSYS results.     

Calculation of the surface energy of fcc-metals with the empirical electron surface model

The empirical electron surface model (EESM) based on the empirical electron theory and the dangling bond analysis method has been used to establish a database of surface energy for low-index surfaces of fcc-metals such as Al, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au, and Pb. A brief introduction of EESM will be presented in this paper. The calculated results are in agreement with experimental and other theoretical values. Comparison of the experimental results and calculation values shows that the average relative error is less than 10% and these values show a strong anisotropy. As we predicted, the surface energy of the close-packed plane (1 1 1) is the lowest one of all index surfaces. For low-index planes, the order of the surface energies is γ_(1 1 1) < γ_(1 0 0) < γ_(1 1 0) < γ_(2 1 0). It is also found that the dangling bond electron density and the spatial distribution of covalent bonds have a great influence on surface energy of various index surfaces.     

Curvature effects on surface electron states in ballistic nanostructures

The curvature effect on the electronic states of a deformed cylindrical conducting surface of variable diameter is theoretically investigated. The quantum confinement of electrons normal to the curved surface results in an effective potential energy that affects the electronic structures of the system at low-energies. This suggests the possibility that ballistic transport of electrons in low-dimensional nanostructures can be controlled by inducing a local geometric deformation.     

Annealing and surface conduction on Hydrogen peroxide treated bulk melt-grown,single crystal ZnO

We report on the studies carried out on hydrogen peroxide treated melt-grown, bulk single crystal ZnO samples. Results show the existence of two shallow donors in the as-received ZnO samples with energy levels (37.8±0.3) meV that has been suggested as Zn_i related and possibly H-complex related and (54.5±0.9) meV, which has been assigned to an Al-related donor. Annealing studies performed on the hydrogen peroxide treated samples reveal the existence of a conductive channel in the samples in which new energy levels have been observed, Zn vacancies, related to the Group I elements, X_Zn. The surface donor volume concentration of the conductive channel was calculated from a theory developed by Look (2007) [1]. Results indicate an increase in the surface volume concentration with increasing annealing temperature from 60×10¹⁷ cm⁻³ at 200 °C to 4.37×10¹⁸ cm^-3 at 800 °C.     

Studies on the electron structure reconstruction in intense shock waves

Abstract

Shock-wave studies have made it possible to obtain data on the compressibility of more than 200 materials at standard conditions, in solid, liquid and gaseous states, including about 50 It has been found that the functions of atomic volumes of elementary substances versus the atomic number have a periodic forms. This periodicity is related with the electron shell structure of atoms. A flattening of curves versus a pressure increase and growth of compressibility of substances with large atomic volumes are observed. This phenomenon is related with the reconstruction of the electron structure: the atoms are drawing together under compression and the energy exchange is increasing. It leads to broadening and overlapping of electron energy levels. The pressure range up to several megabars has been studied in detail under laboratory conditions. At these pressures electron structure changes of substances having an inverse population may take place. Transitions of outer A-electrons into vacant d-levels are the most prevailing ones under compression. Closed internal configurations characterized by an essentially lower compressibility appear. The treatment of shock-wave experiments results has shown the inflections of shock adiabats at pressures of some hundred kilobars in some cases', which was related with the completion of above-mentioned transitions. There are contradictions in this interpretation of experimental results. So most of metals of the fourth group are characterized by the most closely packed atom structures and therefore it is impossible to explain a sharp reduction of the compressibility with respect to transition to the close-packed phases; we have failed to find the hypothesis-predicted bend on the shock-wave adiabat of pottasium. Furthermore most of inflections have not been confirmed by later experimental researches3. According to Ref. 3 the inflections of three materials are expressed considerably weaker and not at the same values of particle velocity as compared with Ref. 1. In the procedure of the treatment of experimental results' there is an inconsistency which is typical for many early researches. In our opinion this inconsistency has led to an appearance of the shock adiabat inflections for some substances. We shall explain the above said in detail now.     

飞秒激光等离子体中电子热传导现象的数值模拟

采用相对论电磁粒子模拟程序研究了飞秒激光等离子体相互作用中产生的电流密度、电场和自生磁场的发展演化过程。介绍了电子的非局域热输运的基本特性以及激光加热过程中温度烧蚀前沿稠密等离子体子区的预热效应、临界面附近的限流效应,以及冕区的反扩散与限流效应,得到了经典Spitzer-Harm理论描述的电子热传导随自生磁场的演化情形。数值模拟表明：在线性强激光作用下,由于电子初始时刻的无规则热运动,在等离子体上激发电磁不稳定性,而不稳定性激发的强电磁场使电子束在非常短的距离内沉积能量,同时对在激光有质动力推开电子时形成的超热电子能量输运产生抑制作用。     

飞秒激光等离子体中电子热传导现象的数值模拟

采用相对论电磁粒子模拟程序研究了飞秒激光等离子体相互作用中产生的电流密度、电场和自生磁场的发展演化过程。介绍了电子的非局域热输运的基本特性以及激光加热过程中温度烧蚀前沿稠密等离子体子区的预热效应、临界面附近的限流效应,以及冕区的反扩散与限流效应,得到了经典Spitzer-Harm理论描述的电子热传导随自生磁场的演化情形。数值模拟表明:在线性强激光作用下,由于电子初始时刻的无规则热运动,在等离子体上激发电磁不稳定性,而不稳定性激发的强电磁场使电子束在非常短的距离内沉积能量,同时对在激光有质动力推开电子时形成的超热电子能量输运产生抑制作用。     

脉冲激光对类金刚石（DLC）薄膜的热冲击效应研究

强激光辐照红外热像系统时，可造成系统的干扰和破坏，激光的波长不同，对系统的破坏效果也不同.为了保护红外系统窗口以及提高窗口的透过率，红外窗口广泛沉淀类金刚石（DLC）薄膜.当入射的激光波长位于红外系统响应波段外时，激光对系统的破坏首先是激光对DLC薄膜的破坏.以波长为1.06μm的激光为例，研究了脉冲激光对DLC薄膜的损伤机理，建立了DLC薄膜的热冲击效应模型，并通过求解热传导和应力平衡方程，得出了薄膜的温度场和应力场分布.理论分析表明，热应力破坏在脉冲强激光对DLC膜的损伤机理中占主导地位.当 辐照能量密度为E₀=100mJ·cm^-2时，在薄膜表面距光斑中心约 40μm区域内的压应 力明显超出其断裂强度，将造成膜层的剥离、脱落.理论分析与实验结果基本相符，表明建 立热冲击效应模型的正确性. 关键词： 激光辐照 类金刚石（DLC）薄膜 热冲击效应     

Focused electron beam induced deposition as a tool to create electron vortices

Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a microscopic technique that allows geometrically controlled material deposition with very high spatial resolution. This technique was used to create a spiral aperture capable of generating electron vortex beams in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The vortex was then fully characterized using different TEM techniques, estimating the average orbital angular momentum to be ∼0.8ℏ per electron with almost 60% of the beam ending up in the ℓ = 1 state.     

Calculation of the surface energy of hcp-metals with the empirical electron theory

A brief introduction of the surface model based on the empirical electron theory (EET) and the dangling bond analysis method (DBAM) is presented in this paper. The anisotropy of spatial distribution of covalent bonds of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) metals such as Be, Mg, Sc, Ti, Co, Zn, Y, Zr, Tc, Cd, Hf, and Re, has been analyzed. And under the first-order approximation, the calculated surface energy values for low index surfaces of these hcp-metals are in agreement with experimental and other theoretical values. Correlated analysis showed that the anisotropy of surface energy of hcp-metals was related with the ratio of lattice constants (c/a). The calculation method for the research of surface energy provides a good basis for models of surface science phenomena, and the model may be extended to the surface energy estimation of more metals, alloys, ceramics, and so on, since abundant information about the valence electronic structure (VES) is generated from EET.     

Thermal stability of nanocrystalline layers fabricated by surface nanocrystallization

A nanocrystalline layer with ultrafine grains (about 30-40 nm) on the surface of 7050 aluminum alloy was fabricated by a new technique called High Pressure Shot Peening (HPSP) which is the combination of common Shot Peening equipment with a pressurizing vessel. Relationship between hot flow and temperature was observed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and the activation energy, calculated by Kisssinger equation, of the as-treated sample increased 26.6 kJ/mol when it is compared with the as-reserved sample. The Bragg peaks of the as-prepared samples, respectively treated with various annealing treatments were characterized by XRD and the microhardness distribution along the depth from the treated surface were measured at the same time, which indicated that the broadening of Bragg peaks decreased with the increasing of anneal temperature; the grain size, calculated by Scherrer-Wilson equation, increased obviously during 180-220 °C, accordingly, the microhardness obviously decreased. According to the results of DSC, XRD and microhardness, it is reasonable to deduce that the temperature range of thermal stability for aluminum alloy nanocrystalline layer is lower than 200 °C.     

Direct observation of surface potential change due to hydrogen termination of CVD diamond surface by metastable-induced electron spectroscopy

Metastable-induced electron spectroscopy (MIES) together with ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) was applied to the analysis of the surface electronic structure of chemical-vapor-deposited diamond films. The films were grown in a microwave plasma, and their surfaces were terminated by hydrogen. The MIES spectrum measured at an as-deposited surface contains peaks due to adsorbates. When this surface was annealed at 400 °C, those peaks were depressed, and the spectrum showed a similar structure to that of UPS. Once the surface was re-hydrogenated, the MIES spectrum rose up at lower energies than the UPS spectrum did for surfaces annealed at lower temperatures. Finally after annealing at 1000 °C, the cutoff energies of MIES and UPS converged at nearly the same values. The result demonstrates that the MIES detects a surface potential which changes locally at the hydrogen-terminated surfaces.     

Conducting polymer based hybrid structure as transparent and flexible field electron emitter

An efficient cathode material with high transparency (93%) based on conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has been developed for the fabrication of highly transparent and flexible field electron emitters (FEE). This kind of material showed superior field emission (FE) performance with very high current density (10^–3A/cm²) at very low electric field. The FE performance of the hybrid materials was dramatically improved compared to either SWCNTs and PEDOT:PSS. Thus the hybrid structures of conducting polymer and SWCNTs might be a good choice for use as a cathode material to enhance the FE performance and for potential application in future portable displays. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

High performance nanostructured ZrO2 based thermal barrier coatings deposited by high efficiency supersonic plasma spraying

In this paper, the nanostructured zirconia (ZrO₂) based thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) deposited by high efficiency supersonic atmospheric plasma spraying (SAPS), were described. The phase composition, microstructure, thermal conductivity and thermal shock resistance of as-sprayed coating were studied. The results revealed that the as-sprayed coating was composed of tetragonal zirconia and consisted of some unmelted nanoparticles (30-50 nm) and nanograins (60-110 nm), and the latter was the main microstructure of the coating. The nanograins and homogeneously distributed micro-cracks of coating resulted in not only low thermal conductivity, but also high thermal cycling lives. Besides, the failure process of coating during thermal cycles was also investigated in the present work.     

超强激光功率密度对等离子体中自生磁场和电子热传导的影响

应用多光子非线性康普顿散射模型、3维粒子模拟模型和数值计算方法,研究了超强激光与等离子体作用中自生磁场产生和电子热传导过程,提出了将非线性康普顿散射光作为改变等离子体自生磁场和电子热传导的新机制,给出了自生磁场最大饱和值和超热电子热传导的修正方程和数值计算结果。研究发现在时间为100~160范围内,自生磁场能量随入射激光功率密度增大而迅速增大,之后处于较高饱和阶段。增大的初始时刻较散射前提前了20,增大阶段的时间延长了30,饱和阶段增幅为40。入射激光功率密度为1019~1020W/cm2时,自生磁场强度最大模拟值为1.47104~3.75104T,单电子能谱峰值出现在3.3MeV和6.6MeV附近,能谱曲线在4~15 MeV和11~14.3MeV范围迅速衰减,在6.7MeV和13.2MeV以上时,超热电子有效温度为2.6MeV和4.5MeV,比无散射的理论值和拟合值均有一定增大。随入射激光强度增大,热流随激光脉冲一起向等离子体内流动的时间缩短,自生磁场限制热流的时间延长。并对所得结果给出了初步物理解释。