Optimization of plasma parameters for high rate deposition of titanium nitride films as protective coating on bell-metal by reactive sputtering in cylindrical magnetron device

Nano-structured titanium nitride (TiN) thin film coating is deposited by reactive sputtering in cylindrical magnetron device in argon and nitrogen gas mixtures at low temperature. This method of deposition using DC cylindrical magnetron configuration provides high uniform yield of film coating over large substrate area of different shapes desirous for various technological applications. The influence of nitrogen gas on the properties of TiN thin film as suitable surface protective coating on bell-metal has been studied. Structural morphological study of the deposited thin film carried out by employing X-ray diffraction exhibits a strong (2 0 0) lattice texture corresponding to TiN in single phase. The surface morphology of the film coating is studied using scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope techniques. The optimized condition for the deposition of good quality TiN film coating is found to be at Ar:N₂ gas partial pressure ratio of 1:1. This coating of TiN serves a dual purpose of providing an anti-corrosive and hard protective layer over the bell-metal surface which is used for various commercial applications. The TiN film's radiant golden colour at proper deposition condition makes it a very suitable candidate for decorative applications.     

铝和铝-锂合金的爆炸烧结试验研究

 本文研究了纯铝粉和快速凝固铝-锂合金粉的爆炸烧结工艺，测量了烧结体的密度，观察了烧结体内的微观组织和断口形貌。试验用粉末材料为水雾化铝粉、氮气雾化铝粉和氩气雾化铝-锂合金粉。试验时把粉末材料装在包套内，粉状炸药装在包套外的纸筒内，炸药从一端起爆。根据文中给出的爆炸烧结工艺参数的设计原则，通过系统地试验，已获得Φ17×70 mm的铝-锂棒材和Φ100×100 mm的纯铝棒材，相对密度超过98%，无中心孔（马赫孔）。微观组织和断口形貌观察结果表明：颗粒之间已达到焊接结合，结合区是由超细微晶组成，颗粒内部仍保持原始粉末的急冷组织。试验结果还表明：包套最终运动速度、包套内径、粉末材料强度、粉末材料表面氧化膜的厚度都是影响爆炸烧结质量的重要因素。     

基于DMD微光刻的导光板模板的制作方法

提出了一种基于数字微反射镜(DMD)微光刻的导光模板的制作方法.导光板的网点单元图形由DMD输入,经过缩微光学成像系统缩微后,在光刻胶干板上逐单元网点曝光,再经过显影、微电铸得到导光板模板,在PC薄板材上用微纳米压印制成导光板,厚度仅为0.381 mm.采用自行研制的SVGwriting-DMD激光直写系统,图形的最小分辨率为2 μm,DMD微光刻法无需掩膜版,可实现不同形状、大小、微结构的单元网点图形及网点的排布,便于大幅面的导光板模板的制作.     

Simulation of 3D inclined/rotated UV lithography and its application to microneedles

A 3D model is set up to simulate the exposure process of inclined/rotated UV lithography for negative SU-8 resists. The formation of inclined resist pillars and microstructures with truncated cone shapes is simulated based on a 3D exposure model in combination with a post exposure bake model for chemically amplified resists and the Mack development model. As one of the interesting applications employing this promising lithography technique for MEMS fabrication, a solid microneedle for drug delivery is simulated.     

Highly effective three-dimensional large-scale microfabrication using a continuous scanning method

Effective scanning is an important issue in two-photon induced stereolithography (TPS) for the reduction of the processing time required to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) nano/microstructures. In large-scale TPS based on a stage-scanning system, the large processing time due to the intrinsic slow response in the stage scanning system is a major obstacle to its use as a practical nanofabrication process. To overcome this drawback, we propose a continuous scanning method (CSM) for a stage-scanning system. In CSM, a pattern is generated with continuous movement of the stage during laser beam exposure. A stable fabrication window (SFW), which enables uniform motion of the stage without errors considering the stage characteristics, was obtained from fundamental experiments. Within the condition of a SFW, 2D and 3D microstructures having nanoscale details were fabricated with a whole scale range of several hundred micrometers using CSM.     

Large area metal dot matrices made by diffraction mask projection laser ablation

A route towards large area metal dot templates is presented. The templates are generated by diffraction mask projection laser ablation of thin metal films. The well ordered nanodot‐matrices are fast and easy to fabricate and show a high homogeneity over a large area. The metal nanodots are bound to the substrate, making them suitable for subsequent 3D nanostructure synthesis such as glancing angle deposition and nanowire growth mechanisms. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

In situ observations of compressive behaviour of aluminium foams by local tomography using high-resolution X-rays

We have investigated the compressive behaviour of closed-cell aluminium foams using a high-resolution X-ray CT. The microstructures of cell walls or Plateau borders in the foams were visualized in 3D using the local tomography technique which is a high-resolution CT method to reconstruct a region of interest within a large sample. The shapes and the 3D distribution of micropores, particles, and regions of solute segregation in the foams are evaluated, comparing the cell walls with the Plateau borders. Under compressive loads, the damage behaviour of such microstructures has been observed using an in situ test rig. It is found that the microcracks were mainly initiated from the cell walls and the micropores with large diameters were also damaged. The crack initiation sites are classified from the results. In addition, a method for non-destructive characterization of elastic and plastic deformation in the foams, which is called a 3D microstructure gauge (MG) method, is presented. Thousands of micropores as markers on each load were automatically matched by the information of those volumes and surface areas. The local strain mapping by the MG indicates that the edges of the micropores with large diameters have large strain under compression and this is consistent with the crack analyses.     

Coolant Wetting Simulation on Simplified Stator Coil Model by the Phase-Field Lattice Boltzmann Method

Stator coils of automobiles in operation generate heat and are cooled by coolant poured from above. The flow characteristic of the coolant depends on the coil structure, flow condition, solid–fluid interaction, and fluid property, which has not been clarified due to its complexities. Since straight coils are aligned and layered with an angle at the coolant-touchdown region, the coil structure is simplified to a horizontal square rod array referring to an actual coil size. To obtain the flow and wetting characteristics, two-phase fluid flow simulations are conducted by using the phase-field lattice Boltzmann method. First, the flow onto the single-layered rod array is discussed. The wetting area is affected both by the rod gap and the wettability, which is normalized by the gap and the averaged boundary layer thickness. Then, the flow onto the multi-layered rod arrays is investigated with different rod gaps. The top layer wetting becomes longitudinal due to the reduction of the flow advection by the second layer. The wetting area jumps up at the second layer and increases proportionally to the below layers. These become remarkable at the narrow rod gap case, and finally, the dimensionless wetting area is discussed at each layer.     

In-line ultrasonic monitoring of semi-solid magnesium die casting process

Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation measurements in AZ91D magnesium (Mg) alloy with dendritic, rosette and globular microstructures were performed at elevated temperatures using a non-contact laser-ultrasonic technique. It was found that the ultrasonic velocity in the globular microstructure and the ultrasonic attenuation in the dendritic microstructure are the highest among the three microstructures. An ultrasonic clad steel buffer rod sensor embedded in the die has been used to monitor the semi-solid die casting process in-line for the AZ91D Mg alloy. This probe monitored the completion of the die filling, the release of the pressure, the opening of the die, part detachment, solidification of the part, the averaged temperature of the die and the part.     

Diode pumping of a solid-state laser rod by a two-dimensional CPC-elliptical cavity with intervening optics

The pump radiation from a large area two-dimensional diode stack is concentrated into a cylindrical intervening optics by a first-stage 2D-CPC concentrator. The compressed radiation from the intervening optics is then efficiently coupled into a laser rod by a second-stage 2D-elliptical pump cavity. Depending on the width of the pump source, optimized rod mounting position is found through a non-sequential ray-tracing analysis. By comparing with the performance of a 2D-CPC-CPC cavity, significant improvements in both absorption efficiency and absorption distribution are achieved by a 2D-CPC-EL cavity. This asymmetric pumping scheme constitutes also an effective alternative to conventional symmetric pumping approaches.     

伸出式侵彻体攻角侵彻靶板的数值模拟研究

 利用LS-DYNA3D软件,对有攻角条件下伸出式侵彻体侵彻单层靶板及等厚度双层间隔靶板进行了数值模拟研究,从靶后动能和靶板破坏程度的角度对比了伸出体与同质量、同外径的基准杆侵彻单/双层靶板的能力。得出了侵彻体动能随时间变化的规律,分析了侵彻过程中攻角、速度及靶板分层3个重要因素对侵彻体侵彻能力的影响。结果表明：当攻角小或速度大时,伸出式侵彻体相对基准杆有较明显的优势;当双层靶板的间隔与基准杆长度相等时,靶板的分层对伸出体的侵彻性能几乎无影响,而对基准杆有较大影响,说明伸出体侵彻多层间隔防护结构的能力明显优于基准杆。     

Diffraction of a two-shock configuration by a concave cylindrical surface

Diffraction of a two-shock configuration by a concave cylindrical surface with a continuously varying angle of diffraction in a perfect (inviscid and non-heat-conducting) gas is numerically investigated. Peculiarities of flow formation in the perturbed region due to a large initial angle of diffraction are revealed. The reasons for the appearance of the reverse flow over the cylindrical surface, which causes a vortex, are found. The influence of the vortex on the behavior of the loose end of the TU layer (slipstream) is studied. It is shown that the structure of the loose end of the TU layer is determined by vortex-related mixing in the gas. The nonstationary interaction of the diffracting shock wave and a sublayer shock with a concave cylindrical wall and the symmetry plane, which is accompanied by a change in the type of reflection, is examined. Published in Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoĭ Fiziki, 2007, Vol. 77, No. 10, pp. 24–33. The article was translated by the authors.     

FDTD analysis of 2D triangular-lattice photonic crystals with arbitrary-shape inclusions based on unit cell transformation

A finite-difference time-domain method based on Yee’s orthogonal cell is utilized to calculate the band structures of 2D triangular-lattice-based photonic crystals through a simple modification to properly shifting the boundaries of the original unit cell. A strategy is proposed for transforming the triangular unit cell into an orthogonal one, which can be used to calculate the band structures of 2D PhCs with various shapes of inclusions, such as triangular, quadrangular, and hexagonal shapes, to overcome the shortage of plane-wave expansion method for circular one. The band structures of 2D triangular-lattice-based PhCs with hexagonal air-holes are calculated and discussed for different values of its radius and rotation angle. The obtained results provide an insight to manipulate the band structures of PhCs.     

A one-dimensional continuous model for carbon nanotubes

The two-dimensional (2D) continuous elastic energy model for isotropic tubes is reduced to a one-dimensional (1D) curvature elastic energy model strictly. This 1D model is in accordance with the Kirchhoff elastic rod theory. Neglecting the in-plane strain energy in this model, it is suitable to investigate the nature features of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with large deformations and can also reduce to the string model in [Z.C. Ou-Yang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4055 (1997)] when the deformation is small enough. For straight chiral shapes, this general model indicates that the difference of the chiral angle between two equilibrium states is about π/6, which is consistent with the lattice model. It also reveals that the helical shape has lower energy for per atom than the straight shape has in the same condition. By solving the corresponding equilibrium shape equations, the helical tube solution is in good agreement with the experimental result, and super helical shapes are obtained and we hope they can be found in future experiments.     

Direct single-layered fabrication of 3D concavo–convex patterns in nano-stereolithography

A nano-surfacing process (NSP) is proposed to directly fabricate three-dimensional (3D) concavo–convex-shaped microstructures such as micro-lens arrays using two-photon polymerization (TPP), a promising technique for fabricating arbitrary 3D highly functional micro-devices. In TPP, commonly utilized methods for fabricating complex 3D microstructures to date are based on a layer-by-layer accumulating technique employing two-dimensional sliced data derived from 3D computer-aided design data. As such, this approach requires much time and effort for precise fabrication. In this work, a novel single-layer exposure method is proposed in order to improve the fabricating efficiency for 3D concavo–convex-shaped microstructures. In the NSP, 3D microstructures are divided into 13 sub-regions horizontally with consideration of the heights. Those sub-regions are then expressed as 13 characteristic colors, after which a multi-voxel matrix (MVM) is composed with the characteristic colors. Voxels with various heights and diameters are generated to construct 3D structures using a MVM scanning method. Some 3D concavo–convex-shaped microstructures were fabricated to estimate the usefulness of the NSP, and the results show that it readily enables the fabrication of single-layered 3D microstructures. PACS 85.40.Hp; 81.16.Nd; 42.82.Cr     

飞秒激光湿法刻蚀微纳制造

飞秒激光微加工作为一种新型微纳制造技术,在复杂三维构型制作方面具有其独特的优势,但激光加工效率问题严重制约了飞秒激光微加工技术走向实际工程应用,提出一种飞秒激光湿法刻蚀微纳制造方法,以提高飞秒激光微加工的效率为突破口,通过调控激光与物质相互作用获得材料的目标靶向改性,进而结合化学湿法刻蚀实现硬质材料上的高效和高精度三维微加工,采用这一方法制作出的微透镜尺寸为80 m,球冠高6.7 m,表面粗糙度小于10 nm。利用这种方法,实现了不同结构与特性的高质量微透镜阵列的超精密制备,在石英内部也实现了螺旋微通道的复杂三维结构,螺旋通道直径为20 m,长径比超过100。     

Influence of edge propagation on downward flame spread over three-dimensional PMMA samples

This systematic experimental study measures the effect of flame propagation along vertical edges on the overall downward spread of flames using Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA). Samples with a wide range of regular cross-sections – from triangular through octagonal – as well as irregular ones, have been used to test a large variation of internal angles. A MATLAB-based tool was used to calculate instantaneous spread rate for central and edge flames. The edge flame is shown to significantly enhance the spread rate, as much as five times, in respect to samples with no edges. This amplification is shown to depend primarily on the internal angle at the edge (the smaller the angle, the faster the flame) and fuel thickness, and not on other factors such as aspect ratio or cross-sectional area. Using a phenomenological argument, the edge propagation rate is correlated to the spread rate over an equivalent cylindrical fuel (the limiting shape with infinite edges) with an effective radius obtained from the geometry of the edges and the diffusion length scale of the solid phase. A formula for flame spread over cylindrical fuel from the literature is used to link the new results to existing models. Both thick and thin limits are shown to encompass the wide range of three-dimensional spread rate data within the effective radius (the independent variable), which can be determined from the known parameters. Based on these results, different types of cross-sectional areas can be sorted in the order of their inherent fire safety characteristics.     

基于润湿阶跃的水下大尺度气膜封存方法

超疏水表面水下减阻效果通常与其微结构上封存气膜的厚度和面积正相关,且气膜尺寸越大封存越困难.构造亲疏水相间表面,能在壁面形成润湿阶跃,产生约束固-气-液三相接触线移动的束缚力.通过监测切向水流作用下,润湿阶跃为54.8?,84.7?,103.6?和144.0?的亲疏水相间表面上不同面积和厚度气膜的形态发现,厘米尺度气膜可被长时间稳定封存,且气膜破坏的临界流速随润湿阶跃和气膜厚度的增加而升高,随气膜迎流宽度增加而降低.同时,该方法封存的气膜上能产生显著滑移量,尺寸0.6 cm×0.5 cm×0.15 cm的气膜上即可产生约占主流速度25%的稳定滑移速度.期待该气膜封存方法能进一步提升超疏水表面水下减阻技术性能.     

考虑铺层角的复合材料圆柱壳自由振动三维弹性准确解

为了获得任意角度铺层的多层复合材料圆柱壳的自由振动准确解,在三维弹性理论的基础上,结合分层理论和状态空间法,建立横向位移和应力的传递矩阵,轴向和环向位移采用双螺旋模式的位移函数,对任意角度铺层复合材料圆柱壳简支边界条件下的自由振动进行了理论推导,得到了自由振动方程的精确形式。与文献理论解和有限元计算结果对比,结果表明,关注频率在2倍的环频率以下时,薄壳的固有频率计算精度能控制在1%以内,厚壳的固有频率计算精度能控制在2%以内。对于厚壳的计算可将壳体沿厚度方向划分为多层来处理,这样能有效提高计算精度。计算分析了铺层角对壳体固有频率的影响,环向模态数较低时,固有频率随着铺层角的增加呈抛物线变化趋势;环向模态数较高时,固有频率随着铺层角的增大单调递增。该理论方法同样适用于均质各向同性壳和正交各向异性圆柱壳。