Au/Ag核一壳结构复合纳米粒子形成机制的研究

在已制备好的Au纳米粒子表面，通过化学还原的方法沉积生长Ag包覆层，通过 控制Au, Ag的比列，制备了粒度均匀且粒径可控的Au/Ag核-壳结构纳米粒子。利用 UV-vis吸收光谱和透射电子显微镜（TEM）对SAu, Ag摩尔比为1：10的复合纳米粒 子的光学性质和形态进行随时监测，直接观察了核-壳结构纳米粒子的生长过程： 一部分Ag+在Au核表面还原生长，溶液中其余Ag+还原形成银的纳米团簇向粒子表面 的继续沉积生长，壳层增厚。     

Au/Ag核一壳结构复合纳米粒子形成机制的研究

在已制备好的Au纳米粒子表面,通过化学还原的方法沉积生长Ag包覆层,通过 控制Au, Ag的比列,制备了粒度均匀且粒径可控的Au/Ag核-壳结构纳米粒子。利用 UV-vis吸收光谱和透射电子显微镜（TEM）对SAu, Ag摩尔比为1：10的复合纳米粒 子的光学性质和形态进行随时监测,直接观察了核-壳结构纳米粒子的生长过程： 一部分Ag+在Au核表面还原生长,溶液中其余Ag+还原形成银的纳米团簇向粒子表面 的继续沉积生长,壳层增厚。     

聚合物对还原法合成Pt纳米粒子过程的影响

用H_2还原K_2PtCl_4溶液的方法在常温下合成了Pt纳米粒子，考察了poly(N- isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPA), poly(N-vinylacetamide)(PNVA)和poly (vinylalcohol)(PVA)等三种可溶于水的聚合物对Pt纳米粒子大小和溶胶稳定性的 影响。TEM和溶胶中加入KCl电解质溶液后溶胶稳定性测定结果表明，以PNIPA为稳 定剂可获得粒径最小的Pt粒子，且溶胶最为稳定。较高的PNIPA/Pt~(2+)摩尔比对 合成小颗粒的Pt纳米粒子有利，而聚合物的分子量对粒子影响不大。Pt晶粒在H_2 气氛下生长过程较为缓慢，停止通入还原气体H_26h后，晶粒生长才基本完成，但 溶胶在6个月后仍保持良好的稳定性。     

制备均一形貌的长二氧化钛纳米管

在温和的水热条件下，用碱溶液处理不同粒径的锐钛矿相和金红石相二氧化钛 纳米粉体，得到了不同形貌的二氧化钛纳米管，并用TEM，XRD，FT-Raman和BET等 对其进行了表征。金红石相的超细纳米晶有利于形成均一形貌的纳米管，用粒径仅 为7.2 nm的金红石相纳米粉体为前驱体得到了长度为500 nm的长二氧化钛纳米管。 用纳米晶反应活性对晶粒尺寸的依赖性及晶相稳定性解释了长纳米管的形成机理。     

纳米Bi~2O~3微粒的固相合成及其电化学性能的研究

用室温和低温固相反应法,采用两种反应途径合成了纳米Bi~2O~3微粒,并用XRD,TEM,CV及恒流充放实验对其性能进行了研究。     

制备均一形貌的长二氧化钛纳米管

在温和的水热条件下,用碱溶液处理不同粒径的锐钛矿相和金红石相二氧化钛 纳米粉体,得到了不同形貌的二氧化钛纳米管,并用TEM,XRD,FT-Raman和BET等 对其进行了表征。金红石相的超细纳米晶有利于形成均一形貌的纳米管,用粒径仅 为7.2 nm的金红石相纳米粉体为前驱体得到了长度为500 nm的长二氧化钛纳米管。 用纳米晶反应活性对晶粒尺寸的依赖性及晶相稳定性解释了长纳米管的形成机理。     

硫化亚锡有序纳米孔道阵列薄膜的制备与表征

以阳极氧化铝为模板,采用两步复型技术首次制备了一种SnS有序纳米孔道阵列薄膜。SEM和TEM测试结果显示此SnS有序多孔薄膜具有几乎均一的、紧密堆积的、直形的纳米孔道阵列结构,孔道直径约200mm,长度约1μm。EDS,XPS和XRD分析结果表明此SnS有序多孔薄膜的SnS骨架具有正交SnS的晶体结构,薄膜中锡与硫的原子比接近化学计量比1:1。     

一种在固体基底上制备高度取向氧化锌纳米棒的新方法

采用廉价、低温的方法，在修饰过ZnO纳米粒子膜的ITO基底上成功制备出具有 高长径比、高度取向的ZnO纳米棒阵列，用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)，X射线衍射(XRD) ，高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)以及拉曼光谱对制备出的ZnO纳米棒的结构和形貌 进行了表征，测试结果表明，ZnO纳米棒是单晶，属于六方晶系，与基底直，上仍 沿(001)晶面择优生长的特征，并且ZnO纳米棒基本上无氧空位的存在，统计结果显 示，水热反应2h后90%以上的ZnO纳米棒直径为120～190nm，长度为4μm     

微波辐射合成钌／碳纳米复合材料及其在电化学超级电容器的应用

以RuCl_3的乙二醇溶液作为产驱体，利用微波辐射技术合成了Ru/C(19.1 wt%) 纳米复合材料。TEM观察表明这些纳米粒子具有均匀的尺寸，其平均粒径为3.2 nm ，并均匀地分散在纳米碳的表面。Ru/C纳米复合在电化学氧化后可以作为电化学超 级电容器的电极材料，循环伏安实验表明其比电容为144 F/g，而未负载纳米钌的 XC-72碳的比电容为31 F/g。     

微波反应合成纳米Ba1-xZnxTi1-ySnyO3介电材料及其结构、性能研究

采用微波反应技术,合成了一系列Ba1-xZnxTi1-ySnyO3固溶体纳米粉末（0≤ x≤0.3,0≤y≤0.5),XRD物相分析和d间距一组成图证明,产品为立方晶系的完全 互溶取代固溶体,结果符合Vegard定律。TEM形貌观察,粒子为均匀球形,平均粒 径40nm。通过制陶实验,分别测定了该系列固溶体的室温介电常数、介电损失以及 介电常数随温度的变化,结果发现,采用化学方法在BaTiO3中掺入适量锌和锡,由 于掺杂离子均匀进入母体晶格,引起tc降低,室温介电常数达12000以上,介电损 耗仅为0.007。纳米粉体的烧结温度为1150℃,比传统微米级粉体的烧结温度降低 200－250℃。     

Controllable growth of conical and cylindrical TiO2-carbon core-shell nanofiber arrays and morphologically dependent electrochemical properties

Quasi‐aligned cylindrical and conical core–shell nanofibers consisting of carbon shells and TiO₂ nanowire cores are produced in situ on Ti foils without using a foreign metallic catalyst and template. A cylindrical nanofiber has a TiO₂ nanowire core 30–50 nm in diameter and a 5–10 nm‐thick cylindrical carbon shell, while in the conical nanostructure the TiO₂ nanowire core has a diameter of 20–40 nm and the thickness of the carbon shell varies from about 200 nm at the bottom to about 5 nm at the tip. Electrochemical analysis reveals well‐defined redox peaks of the [Fe(CN)₆]^3?/4? redox couple and heterogeneous charge‐transfer rate constants of 0.010 and 0.062 cm s^?1 for the cylindrical and conical nanofibers, respectively. The coverage of exposed edge planes on the cylindrical and conical carbon shells is estimated to be 2.5 and 15.5 % respectively. The more abundant exposed edge planes on the conical nanofiber decrease the overpotential and increase the voltammetric resolution during electrochemical detection of uric acid and ascorbic acid. Our results suggest that the density of edge‐plane sites estimated from Raman scattering is not necessarily equal to the density of exposed edge‐plane sites, and only carbon electrodes with a large density of exposed edge planes or free graphene sheet ends exhibit better electrochemical performance.     

Abrasively immobilised multiwalled carbon nanotube agglomerates: a novel electrode material approach for the analytical sensing of pH.

We demonstrate for the first time that agglomerates of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can be formed in which the binder in the agglomerate is itself a redox-active molecular solid. Two separate agglomerates were formed by dissolving 9,10-phenanthraquinone (PAQ) or 1,2-napthaquinone (NQ) in acetone together with MWCNTs and adding an excess of aqueous solution to cause precipitation of agglomerates, approximately 10 microns in dimension, which consist of bundles of nanotubes running into and throughout the amorphous molecular solid that binds the agglomerate together. The nature of this structure, when immobilised on a substrate electrode and in contact with aqueous electrolyte solutions, gives rise to many three-phase boundaries, electrolyte|agglomerate|conductor, which is advantageous to the solid-state analytical electrochemistry of such a material as it imparts a larger electroactive surface area than other modified carbon electrodes. The two agglomerates each gave a voltammetrically measurable response to changes in pH; when abrasively immobilised on a basal plane pyrolitic graphite electrode a plot of peak potential against pH produced a linear response for both MWCNT-PAQ and MWCNT-NQ agglomerates over the pH range pH 1-12 and over the temperature range 20-70 degrees C.     

新疆煤基碳纳米管的调控制备

以新疆产煤为碳源,采用直流电弧放电法制备了不同管径的碳纳米管。利用场发射扫描电子显微镜、高倍透射电子显微镜、激光显微共聚焦拉曼光谱仪等对产物进行了表征。研究结果表明:在新疆大黄山、黑山和库车煤田的产煤中,库车产煤是用直流电弧放电法制备碳纳米管的最优碳源。以此为原料,镍粉和硫化亚铁混合物为催化剂,Ar气氛下可得到直径约为500 nm的竹节状碳纳米管,其缺陷密度比相同条件下N2和He气氛所得碳纳米管的缺陷密度小,并探讨了Ar气氛下煤基竹节状碳纳米管的生长机理。     

新疆煤基碳纳米管的调控制备

以新疆产煤为碳源, 采用直流电弧放电法制备了不同管径的碳纳米管。利用场发射扫描电子显微镜、高倍透射电子显微镜、激光显微共聚焦拉曼光谱仪等对产物进行了表征。研究结果表明:在新疆大黄山、黑山和库车煤田的产煤中, 库车产煤是用直流电弧放电法制备碳纳米管的最优碳源。以此为原料, 镍粉和硫化亚铁混合物为催化剂, Ar气氛下可得到直径约为500 nm的竹节状碳纳米管, 其缺陷密度比相同条件下N₂和Ar气氛所得碳纳米管的缺陷密度小, 并探讨了Ar气氛下煤基竹节状碳纳米管的生长机理。     

高氮含量氮化碳微粉的制备

利用常压脉冲电弧等离子体在氮气氛下裂解二氰二胺有机晶体制备含C-N键的碳氮前驱物，然后将该前驱物置于微波氮等离子体中处理，研究了具有高氮含量氮化碳微粉的合成。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析了样品的形貌、成分和结构。研究结果表明：在电弧等离子体的作用下二氰二胺分子发生断键，得到碳氮直接相连的分子碎片吸附在微晶二氰二胺上。样品经脉冲电弧等离子体多次处理，其中的二氰二胺有机晶体结构被破坏，主要产物为含sp³C-N单键的非晶态碳氮化合物。非晶态的碳氮化合物在微波氮等离子体的作用下重组结晶，XPS分析表明样品表面主要由非晶碳和含有大量sp³C-N单键的高氮含量的碳氮结构组成，XRD分析表明碳氮微粉中有β-C₃N₄晶体相的存在。     

General Formation of Macro-/Mesoporous Nanoshells from Interfacial Assembly of Irregular Mesostructured Nanounits

Mesoporous core–shell nanostructures with controllable ultra-large open channels in their nanoshells are of great interest. However, soft template-directed cooperative assembly to mesoporous nanoshells with highly accessible pores larger than 30 nm, or even above 50 nm into macroporous range, remains a significant challenge. Herein we report a general approach for precisely tailored coating of hierarchically macro-/mesoporous polymer and carbon shells, possessing highly accessible radial channels with extremely wide pore size distribution from ca. 10 nm to ca. 200 nm, on diverse functional materials. This strategy creates opportunities to tailor the interfacial assembly of irregular mesostructured nanounits on core materials and generate various core–shell nanomaterials with controllable pore architectures. The obtained Fe,N-doped macro-/mesoporous carbon nanoshells show enhanced electrochemical performance for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline condition.     

New framework nanostructures of carbon atoms in <Emphasis Type="Italic">sp</Emphasis><Superscript>2</Superscript> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">sp</Emphasis><Superscript>3</Superscript> hybridized states

A new family of framework nanostructures including carbon atoms in _sp ² and sp ³ hybridized states is reported. Structure optimization was fulfilled using MM+ molecular mechanics and Hückel semiempirical methods. The energy characteristics of the structures have been evaluated. Comparative analysis of the stability of the title nanostructures has been performed in relation to their geometry and relative contents of sp ²/sp ³ atoms.