Determination of chlormequat in pears by liquid chromotagraphy/mass spectrometry

A straightforward and reliable method was developed for the determination of chlormequat in pears by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Water and methanol were compared as extraction solvents. Because no significant differences in extraction efficiency or repeatability were found, water was chosen as the extraction solvent. The extracts were analyzed without cleanup by either an ion-trap liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer in the single MS mode or a triple-quadrupole instrument in the MS/MS mode, using electrospray ionization. Both instruments were equally suitable for quantitation and confirmation of identity. Recoveries were 76-103%, and reproducibility was < or = 12%. The lowest detection limit (0.007 mg/kg) was obtained with the triple-quadrupole instrument in the MS/MS mode.     

Determination of the plant growth regulator chlormequat in food by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry

A confirmatory method for the determination of trace levels of chlormequat in a variety of different food matrices was developed. It entails a single clean-up step over a solid-phase cation exchange resin and subsequent liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry using a stable isotopically labelled internal standard. Mass spectral acquisition was done in selected reaction monitoring mode, selecting the transitions from both the 35Cl and the 37Cl isotope of chlormequat. Recoveries after extraction and clean-up, determined with radio-labelled chlormequat and averaged over the spiking range (16-65 microg kg(-1)) in four different commodities, were within 88-96%, with a coefficient of variation better than 8%. The method can be applied to pears, pear juice concentrates, fruit purées, and cereal products, with typical limits of detection for chlormequat estimated at 2-5 microg kg(-1). A survey of different food commodities revealed that chlormequat was detectable--albeit at very low levels--in many of the food samples analysed, with the highest concentration recorded in pears purchased in Switzerland and of South African origin (5.5 mg kg(-1)). Measurements were also conducted on two LC-MS instruments and demonstrate the versatility and robustness of the method and its applicability to instruments of different ion source design.     

Residues of chlormequat and mepiquat in grain--results from the Danish National Pesticide Survey

The objective of the present work was to establish information on chlormequat and mepiquat residues in grain for human consumption. Chlormequat (2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethylammonium, CAS RN 7003-89-6) and mepiquat (1,1-dimethylpiperidinium, CAS RN 15302-91-7) are plant growth regulators used to stabilize stalks in cereals. The study was part of the Danish National Pesticide Survey, managed by the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration. Samples were collected in autumn 1997. Residue contents were determined with a newly developed liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for chlormequat analysis. The method was extended to include mepiquat in the present study. Quantitation was done by the internal standards method, using mass chromatograms of the most intense daughter ions of mepiquat (m/z 98), chlormequat (m/z 58), and [13C]-chlormequat (m/z 61, internal standard). For chlormequat, the overall limit of detection (LD) was 6 micrograms/kg and the limit of determination (LOD) was 10 micrograms/kg. For mepiquat, LD was 2 micrograms/kg and LOD was 3 micrograms/kg. Of 77 samples analyzed, 51 contained chlormequat and 11 contained mepiquat. The highest levels of chlormequat were found in samples of oatmeal (3.76 mg/kg) and rye (1.08 mg/kg). In 9 rye grain samples containing chlormequat, 5 also contained mepiquat. However, in all samples analyzed, the residues of chlormequat and mepiquat were below maximum residue limits.     

Optimisation of the quantitative determination of chlormequat by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry

The plant growth regulator chlormequat, an involatile quaternary ammonium salt, has been quantified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS). Restrictions for quantitative MALDI-TOFMS analysis, such as irreproducible crystallisation and unsatisfactory laser stability, have been overcome by the application of two synthesised isotopically labelled standards and the optimisation of the measurement protocol. Data acquisition at constant laser power was compared to data acquisition at approximately constant ion abundance of the relevant ions (analyte and internal standards). Data acquisition at constant ion abundance performed better and enabled a high number of consecutive firings to the same sample deposition area. Furthermore an increased sample-to-sample repeatability and a high reproducibility over several weeks without re-calibration have been attained by this method. Linearity over three orders of magnitude (0.05 to 30 ng/microL chlormequat), with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997, was achieved using [13C3]-chlormequat as internal standard. Limit of detection and limit of determination were determined to be in the low pg/microL range for pure standard solutions. Thin-layer chromatography was applied for the removal of high amounts of choline, which is often present in plant tissue extracts and can adversely affect the ionisation and detection of chlormequat by MALDI-TOFMS. The use of two internal standards ([13C3]- and [2H9]-chlormequat) enabled direct quantification and simultaneous control of the recovery.     

Determination of chlormequat and mepiquat in foods by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry: interlaboratory study

Interlaboratory validation studies have been performed on 2 methods for the determination of chlormequat (CLQ) and mepiquat (MPQ). Both methods used identical extraction procedures and stable isotope internal standardization but differed in the use of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) or LC/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) for the determination, the amount of internal standard used, and the expected limit of detection. After addition of deuterated internal standards, CLQ and MPQ were extracted with methanol-water and determined by LC//MS or LC/MS/MS with positive electrospray ionization. Eight European laboratories participated in the LC/MS method study, analyzing mushroom, pear, wheat flour, and fruit puree with residues of CLQ in the range 0.040-1.19 mg/kg and of MPQ in the range 0.041-0.39 mg/kg. For CLQ, the Horwitz ratio (HoRat) values for individual test materials/levels were in the range 0.85-1.13 with a mean of 1.00, showing good method performance. For MPQ, the Ho values for mushroom, pear (both levels), and wheat flour were in the range 0.83-0.94, again indicating good method performance. For the determination of MPQ in infant food (fruit puree) at 0.041 mg/kg, the Ho was 1.7 when a value of 0 reported by one participant was excluded. In the LC/MS/MS study, in which 11 laboratories participated, a separate sample set was analyzed with residues of CLQ in the range 0.007-1.03 mg/kg and of MPQ in the range 0.008-0.72 mg/kg. Ho values for CLQ were in the range 0.27-1.36 and for MPQ in the range 0.51-2.10, all corresponding to acceptable method performance.     

Simple ion chromatographic method for the determination of chlormequat residues in pears

Current methods for quantitative determination of chlormequat residues in food crops are characterized by rather low recoveries and the need for derivatization (in case of gas chromatography, GC), or by high capital investment (in case of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, LC–MS). We propose a cation-exchange chromatography method for the analysis of chlormequat in pears. The method is based on extraction of the target compound with 40 mM HCl, followed by centrifugation and filtration. The filtrate is directly injected into an ion chromatograph equipped with a commercially available cation-exchange column and a suppressed conductivity detection system. While the limit of detection (LOD) (0.5 mg/kg) may not be small enough to allow dietary analysis, the method meets all validation requirements and is an alternative for the existing GC and LC–MS methods in quality control.     

混合型固相萃取柱净化-气相色谱-质谱法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中的三聚氰酸

建立了一种混合型固相萃取柱净化-气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中三聚氰酸的方法。在84 ℃条件下,用0.5%乙酸水溶液提取样品中的三聚氰酸,离心,滤液经Carb/C18混合型固相萃取柱净化,氮气吹干,硅烷化衍生,GC-MS测定,选择离子监测模式,外标法定量。在0.01～2 mg/L内线性关系良好(r＞0.99),在0.25～2.5 mg/kg的添加水平范围内,平均回收率为80%～103%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为7.7%～14.5%,三聚氰酸的检出限(LOD)为0.10 mg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为0.25 mg/kg。该方法快速、灵敏、准确、专一、耐用,适合婴幼儿配方奶粉中三聚氰酸的确证和定量测定。     

Determination of quaternary ammonium pesticides by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

A method for the direct determination of paraquat, diquat, chlormequat and difenzoquat in water samples, using an on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system was developed. No sample preparation was required and the detection limits were below the European Union maximum residue levels. The chromatographic separation was performed using an XTera MS C8 column. The concentration of the ion pair reagent, the pH and the gradient elution were optimized to give high recoveries and good chromatographic resolution between quats. The detection was carried out using an ion trap as mass analyzer. Parameters such as the magnitude and duration of the resonant excitation voltage and the magnitude of the trapping RF voltage for full scan tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) experiments were studied to establish the optimal experimental conditions. Moreover, the accurate optimization of these parameters allowed MS-MS experiments of low mass ions, below m/z 200, providing unambiguous peak identification. Finally, the reproducibility of the proposed method was shown by good run-to-run and day-to-day precision values and its applicability to the determination of quats in drinking water was evaluated using spiked samples.     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定3种叶菜中矮壮素和丙环唑残留

建立了菜心、芥蓝和小白菜中矮壮素和丙环唑残留的分析方法.以QuEChERS法进行样品前处理,采用含1％ HAc的乙腈溶液提取,无水MgSO4、C18及PSA吸附剂净化,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法测定.对提取溶剂、吸附剂和色谱柱的选择进行了研究探讨.结果表明矮壮素在1～1 000 μg/L、丙环唑在1～500 μg/L浓度范围内均有良好的线性关系.矮壮素和丙环唑的检出限分别为0.1 μg/kg和0.01 μg/kg;在0.010、0.10和0.50 mg/kg 3个添加浓度水平下,菜心、芥蓝和小白菜中矮壮素和丙环唑回收率为75.0％～96.2％;相对标准偏差为0.9％～8.3％;方法定量限为最低添加浓度0.010 mg/kg.该方法快速、简便、准确,满足叶菜中矮壮素和丙环唑残留分析的要求.     

气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱法检测胡萝卜中残留的环氟菌胺

建立了胡萝卜中环氟菌胺残留量的气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱(GC-NCI/MS)检测方法。用乙酸乙酯对胡萝卜中的环氟菌胺进行提取,并经固相萃取(SPE)净化后,由GC-NCI/MS在选择离子监测模式(SIM)下测定。该方法的准确度和精密度较高,在0.005,0.01,0.02,0.04 mg/kg 4个加标水平下,环氟菌胺的平均回收率均处于74.9%～96.4%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于9.7%。在10～1000ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,检出限为0.001 mg/kg,定量限为0.005 mg/kg。该方法选择性好,抗干扰能力强,可作为胡萝卜中环氟菌胺残留检测的确证方法。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定热带水果中杀虫双残留

采用改进的QuEChERS方法,结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（UPLC-MS/MS）,建立了热带水果中杀虫双残留的测定方法。热带水果经含1%（v/v）乙酸的乙腈溶液二次提取,200 mg N-丙基乙二胺（PSA）、100 mg C18、300 mg MgSO₄和500 mg柠檬酸氢二钠净化。采用CAPCELL CORE PC亲水色谱柱进行分离,在负离子多反应监测（MRM）模式下检测,外标法定量。结果表明,杀虫双在0.1~10.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数（r²）为0.9993,检出限和定量限分别为0.015 μg/kg和0.05 μg/kg,加标回收率为81.0%~88.3%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为3.9%~6.2%。该法净化效果好,灵敏度高,适于热带水果中杀虫双残留的快速定性和定量分析。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定食用油中两种非邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂

建立了气相色谱-串联质谱同时测定食用油中对苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯和偏苯三甲酸三（2-乙基己基）酯两种非邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的方法。样品采用乙腈提取,于-20℃冷冻除脂净化,用气相色谱-串联质谱选择反应监测模式测定。两种化合物的检出限为0.03 mg/kg,定量限为0.1 mg/kg,线性范围为0.1~10 mg/kg。3个添加水平（0.1、0.3和1.0 mg/kg）下的回收率为81.04%~108.31%,相对标准偏差为0.70%~9.91%。该方法简便、准确,适用于食用油中对苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯和偏苯三甲酸三（2-乙基己基）酯的检测。     

Optimisation of ion trap parameters for the quantification of chlormequat by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and the application in the analysis of pear extracts

Optimisation of the activation parameters for ion trap mass spectrometric analysis of the chlormequat cation using simplex optimisation enabled the product ion (m/z 58) response to be improved 1000-fold. A comparison of the sensitivity of the optimised ion trap mass spectrometer with that of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) showed that similar limits of detection (LODs) could be achieved. For the MS/MS transition of the (35)Cl precursor to the most abundant product, LODs were 0.8 ng cation mL(-1) (0.004 mg cation kg(-1) pear equivalent) and 1.0 ng cation mL(-1) (0.005 mg cation kg(-1) pear equivalent) on the triple quadrupole and ion trap instrument, respectively.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物源性食品中矮壮素残留

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定动物源性食品中矮壮素残留的分析方法。样品经含1%（v/v）乙酸的乙腈溶液提取、正己烷脱脂、阳离子固相萃取柱（PCX）净化,采用Venusil MP C18（2）色谱柱（150 mm×2.1 mm,3 μm）分离,以乙腈和0.1%（v/v）甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾电离、正离子模式扫描,多反应监测模式（MRM）检测,基质匹配标准曲线内标法定量。结果表明：矮壮素在0.200~500 μg/L范围内呈良好线性,相关系数（r²）均不低于0.9993,方法的定量限为0.500 μg/kg;以猪肉、牛肉、羊肉、鸡肉、鸡蛋、猪肾、牛肝、羊肾、鸡肝、牛奶为基质,矮壮素的平均加标回收率为93.4%~101%,相对标准偏差为2.3%~8.0%。该方法基质干扰小,灵敏度高,准确可靠,适用于动物源性食品中矮壮素残留的定量检测。     

QuEChERS-气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中6种酰胺类除草剂残留

建立了QuEChERS-气相色谱-质谱同时测定土壤中乙草胺(acetochlor)、甲草胺(alachlor)、异丙甲草胺(metolachlor)、吡草胺(metazachlor)、丁草胺(butachlor)和丙草胺(pretilachlor)6种酰胺类除草剂的分析方法。土壤中残留的酰胺类除草剂用10 mL去离子水、10 mL乙腈和4 g NaCl提取,用N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)、C18、石墨化炭黑(GCB)和无水硫酸镁(MgSO4)净化,然后用气相色谱-质谱联用法测定。采用HP-5MS弱极性石英毛细管柱进行气相色谱分离,在电子轰击电离(EI)源模式下以选择离子监测(SIM)扫描模式检测。结果表明,6种酰胺类除草剂在0.01~1.00 mg/L范围内呈良好线性关系,相关系数(r)为0.999 6~1.000 0。在加标水平为0.025、0.10和0.50 mg/kg时,6种酰胺类除草剂的平均回收率为92.0%~108%,相对标准偏差为1.64%~8.25%(n=3)。方法的检出限为0.002~0.006 mg/kg,定量限为0.005~0.02 mg/kg。同常用的气相色谱-电子捕获检测(GC-ECD)法比较,该法可提高抗干扰能力,使6种酰胺类除草剂得到较好分离。方法所使用的有机溶剂种类和用量少,操作简单、快速,具有应用价值。     

王水消解-冷原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中汞

为了寻求一种更加适宜测定土壤中汞含量的测试方法,将检出限低、精密度高的冷原子吸收光谱法与便捷、高效的王水水浴消解土壤处理方式相结合,建立了王水消解-冷原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中汞。通过测定方法的线性相关性、方法检出限、准确度、精密度、加标回收率,并与原子荧光光谱法进行对比实验来评价该方法的有效性。王水消解-冷原子吸收光谱法在汞质量浓度0.0~1.0μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数可以达到0.9999,方法检出限为0.00075 mg/kg,土壤标准样品测试的相对标准偏差为4.0%~10.7%,实际样品加标回收率分别为93%~104%。采用原子荧光光谱法进行对比测试,原子荧光光谱法的方法检出限为0.0025 mg/kg,相对标准偏差为4.8%~13.5%,加标回收率为104%~107%。结果表明,对于王水水浴消解土壤的方法不仅适用于原子荧光光谱法测定汞含量,同样可以应用于冷原子吸收光谱法中。所建立的王水消解-冷原子吸收光谱法具有更低的检出限,更优的准确度和精密度,有利于提高土壤样品测试的工作效率,值得推广。     

王水消解-冷原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中汞

为了寻求一种更加适宜测定土壤中汞含量的测试方法,将检出限低、精密度高的冷原子吸收光谱法与便捷、高效的王水水浴消解土壤处理方式相结合,建立了王水消解-冷原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中汞。通过测定方法的线性相关性、方法检出限、准确度、精密度、加标回收率,并与原子荧光光谱法进行对比实验来评价该方法的有效性。王水消解-冷原子吸收光谱法在汞质量浓度0.0～1.0μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数可以达到0.999 9,方法检出限为0.000 75mg/kg,土壤标准样品测试的相对标准偏差为4.0%～10.7%,实际样品加标回收率分别为93%～104%。采用原子荧光光谱法进行对比测试,原子荧光光谱法的方法检出限为0.002 5 mg/kg,相对标准偏差为4.8%～13.5%,加标回收率为104%～107%。结果表明,对于王水水浴消解土壤的方法不仅适用于原子荧光光谱法测定汞含量,同样可以应用于冷原子吸收光谱法中。所建立的王水消解-冷原子吸收光谱法具有更低的检出限,更优的准确度和精密度,有利于提高土壤样品测试的工作效率,值得推广。     

气相色谱-质谱法检测食品中残留的丙炔氟草胺

建立了多种食品中丙炔氟草胺残留量的气相色谱-质谱检测方法。样品采用乙腈或乙酸乙酯提取,经旋转蒸发去除提取液后,用乙腈-甲苯（体积比为3∶1）溶解残渣,经氨基固相萃取柱净化,净化液由气相色谱-选择离子监测质谱测定,外标法定量。方法的线性范围为0.02～1.0 mg/L,多种食品基质中的平均回收率为79.4%～101%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.242%～7.15%(n=10),检测限均为0.01 mg/kg。该方法灵敏度高,选择性好,可作为多种食品中丙炔氟草胺残留量的常规检测方法。     

Rapid method for determination of chlormequat residues in tomato products by ion-exchange liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

A rapid method has been devised for the direct determination of chlormequat in tomato samples. No clean-up is required, and analysis uses ion-exchange liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry interfaced with electrospray ionization (LC/ESI-MS/MS). A cation-exchange column was used with an aqueous ammonium acetate/acetonitrile mixture as the mobile phase under isocratic conditions. The method was validated in terms of detection limits (LOD), quantitation limits (LOQ), linearity, recovery, precision and accuracy. Good results in the low micro g kg(-1) level were obtained for the LOD and LOQ of chlormequat in tomato samples. Comparison of solvent and matrix-matched calibration curves demonstrated the absence of significant matrix effects and the feasibility of using external calibration. Linearity was established over two orders of magnitude by performing homoscedasticity and Mandel fitting statistical tests. The absence of both constant and proportional systematic errors was verified by evaluating the recovery function, demonstrating good method accuracy. Excellent precision in terms of intra-day repeatability was calculated (RSD% <3.4). Extraction recoveries from tomato products were calculated, by using a labelled internal standard (d(4)-chlormequat), to be in the 93 +/- 5-99 +/- 7% range. The applicability of the method to the determination of chlormequat residues in tomato products was demonstrated.     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱测定果蔬中维生素C

利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q-TOF/MS）快速与高分辨的分析优势,通过系统地考察样品制备、仪器分析中影响维生素C响应灵敏度和稳定性的各主要因素,建立了果蔬中维生素C的定量分析方法。果蔬样品在干冰保护下高速匀浆获得均匀的匀浆液,用0.1%（v/v）甲酸溶液提取后,采用Waters Acquity-UPLC T3色谱柱（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8 μm）分析,柱温为30℃,进样量为5 μL,流动相为0.05%（v/v）甲酸-甲醇溶液（8：2,v/v）,流速为0.25 mL/min。提取的定量离子为[M-H]^-（m/z 175.0238）,定性离子为[M-C₃H₄O₃]^-（m/z 87.0077）,质量允许误差为5×10^-6（5 ppm）。结果表明：维生素C在0.02~5.0 mg/L范围内峰面积与质量浓度呈线性,线性相关系数（R²）为0.9992;检出限及定量限分别为0.008 mg/L（S/N=3）和0.02 mg/L（S/N=10）;在不同添加水平下,维生素C的平均回收率为89.3%~113%,相对标准偏差小于5.40%。在优化的条件下,对32批次的国产和新西兰猕猴桃样品进行检测,国产猕猴桃中维生素C的含量范围为498~1625 mg/kg,新西兰进口猕猴桃中维生素C的含量范围为247~449 mg/kg。该方法操作简便,重复性良好,可用于果蔬中维生素C含量的准确测定。