黄芩素A环的结构修饰

以传统中药黄芩的主要活性成分黄芩苷及其乙酰化产物6,7-二乙酰氧基黄芩素为原料,通过碘代、硝化及硝基还原胺化反应在A环的C-8上引入碘原子、硝基及胺基,并对黄芩素A环上的3个酚羟基进行了选择性二甲醚化及全甲醚化,制备了A环修饰的6种黄芩素衍生物,表征了它们的结构,讨论了合成方法的特点。     

黄芩及其制剂中黄芩素和黄芩甙的

用毛细管区带电泳 -电化学检测法测定了黄芩及其制剂中黄芩素和黄芩甙的含量。研究了电极电位、电解液酸度和浓度、电泳电压及进样时间等对电泳的影响 ,得到了较为优化的测定条件。以直径为300μm的碳圆盘电极为检测电极 ,电极电位为0.90V(vsSCE) ,在100mmol/L硼酸盐缓冲液(pH9.0)中 ,上述两组分在8min内完全分离。黄芩素和黄芩甙浓度与电泳峰电流分别在5.0×10 -7～1.0×10 -3mol/L和1.0×10 -6～1.0×10 -3mol/L范围内呈良好线性 ,检出限分别为2.24×10 -7mol/L和5.48×10 -7mol/L。7次测定分别含5.0×10 -4mol/L黄芩素和黄芩甙试样溶液 ,峰高的相对标准偏差分别为3.53%和4.03%。     

乙酸乙烯酯氢甲酰化串联反应高选择性合成乙酰氧基丙酮的研究

研究了一种通过乙酸乙烯酯的氢甲酰化反应以及苯甲酸钾促进异构化制取α-乙酰氧基丙酮的反应。通过实验确定了以HRh(CO)(TPP)_3/TPP为催化剂,配体和铑的比例为10,合成气压力为3.0 MPa(H_2/CO=1/1),底物与催化剂的比例(S/C)为1000,DMSO为溶剂,苯甲酸钾为添加剂,在110℃反应2 h,乙酰氧基丙酮的收率可达100%。     

应用黄芩素测定食品中的痕量铝

黄芩素在一定的电位范围内具有明显的电化学信号,Al3+的加入对于黄芩素的电信号具有显著的抑制作用,且氧化峰电流的降低值ΔI p与Al3+浓度呈良好的线性关系,基于此建立了方波伏安法测定Al3+的新方法。通过对支持电解质、黄芩素的浓度、加入顺序等条件进行优化,发现在2.0×10-8~5.0×10-7mol/L和5.0×10-7~8.0×10-6mol/L范围内,ΔI p与Al3+浓度成正比,检出限为2.2×10-8mol/L;并对油条中的Al3+进行了检测。同时,利用循环伏安法、紫外光谱法等初步探讨了黄芩素与Al3+的作用机理,研究发现黄芩素在玻碳电极上发生了2电子2质子的电化学转移行为,且其电极氧化过程受到吸附作用控制;加入Al3+后,二者生成了一种新型络合物,导致黄芩素的电化学活性显著降低。     

分散固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定保健品片剂中5种黄芩素类化合物

基于分散固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术（DSPE-HPLC-MS/MS）,建立了同时测定保健品片剂中野黄芩素、4'-羟基汉黄芩素、去甲汉黄芩素、黄芩素和汉黄芩素的分析方法。以10 mL丙酮提取保健品片剂中的目标成分,75 mg C₁₈吸附剂进行净化。通过优化提取溶剂、吸附剂的种类和用量,达到了提取和净化的目的。结果表明,5种目标物在各自的线性范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数（r）均大于0.99,检出限为0.5~40 μg/kg,定量限为2.0~120 μg/kg。使用3种保健品片剂基质进行定量限的1倍、5倍、10倍3个添加水平的加标回收试验,5个目标物的平均回收率为83.1%~106.5%,精密度为0.97%~4.52%。该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、重现性好,适用于保健品片剂中黄芩素类化合物的同时测定。     

DART-Orbitrap质谱法对黄芩药材的快速分析

将实时直接分析(DART)离子源与高分辨率质谱Orbitrap联用,建立了一种对黄芩药材进行快速定性定量分析的方法。定性分析时,对其中的化学成分进行标准品比对和二级质谱确证,同时参考相应文献进行确认。定量分析时,采用Full MS-SIM及Targeted-MS2扫描方式采集信号,Targeted-MS2扫描方式下分别对黄芩素和汉黄芩素的母离子和子离子的提取离子流图积分,通过峰面积计算含量。在黄芩药材中检出黄芩素、汉黄芩素、韧黄芩素Ⅱ、二羟基-二甲氧基黄酮、5,7,2',5'-四羟基-8,6'-二甲氧基黄酮和SkullcapflavonⅡ的[M+H]+峰。定量分析结果显示,黄芩素(m/z 271.06→123.01)的线性范围为49.7~447.3 ng,相关系数(r2)为0.995,平均加标回收率为87.0%;汉黄芩素(m/z 285.07→270.05)的线性范围为50.0~350ng,r2为0.995,平均加标回收率为66.0%。该方法可用于黄芩药材的快速定性检测和定量分析。     

反相流动注射化学发光法测定黄芩苷

在碱性介质中,K3Fe(CN)6氧化鲁米诺产生化学发光,黄芩苷对该体系化学发光具有强烈的抑制作用。利用该化学发光的抑制体系,结合反相流动注射技术,建立了测定黄酮类药物黄芩苷含量的新方法。在优化的条件下,黄芩苷浓度在1.0×10-8～1.0×10-7和3.0×10-7～4.0×10-6mol/L范围内与化学发光抑制强度ΔI呈良好的线性关系,检出限为1.0×10-9mol/L,对3.0×10-7mol/L的黄芩苷进行平行测定10次,得相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.7%。该方法可应用于银黄口服液中黄芩提取物(黄芩苷计)的含量测定。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定黄芩提取物中4种黄酮类成分

黄芩提取物样品中加入水,经甲醇超声提取2次,离心后,合并上清液,用水定容至50.0mL,过0.22μm微孔滤膜,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定滤液中黄芩素、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、野黄芩苷等4种黄酮类成分的含量。以ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3色谱柱为固定相,以不同体积比的0.01%(质量分数)氨水和乙腈的混合液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,串联质谱分析中采用电喷雾离子源负离子模式(ESI-)和多反应监测模式。4种黄酮类成分的质量浓度在5.0～500.0μg·L~(-1)内与其对应的质谱响应值呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为0.3～1.5μg·kg~(-1),测定下限(10S/N)为1.0～5.0μg·kg~(-1)。以空白黄芩提取物样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率为91.1%～99.1%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.0%～4.1%。     

手性二胺修饰的Ru-TPP/γ-Al2O3催化苄叉丙酮不对称加氢反应

在温和条件下制备了三苯基膦(TPP)作保护剂的负载钌催化剂Ru-TPP/γ-Al2O3,以(1S,2S)-1,2-二苯基乙二胺,(S)-1,1-二(对甲氧苯基)-2-异丙基乙二胺,(8S,9S)-9-氨基(9-脱氧)二氢辛可尼定和(1S,2S)-环己二胺为手性修饰剂,考察了Ru-TPP/γ-Al2O3在苄叉丙酮不对称加氢反应中的催化性能.结果表明,以(1S,2S)-1,2-二苯基乙二胺作为修饰剂时,催化剂具有较高的活性和选择性.在有K2CO3存在的异丙醇和水的混合溶液中,在氢气压力4MPa,40℃和8h的条件下,苄叉丙酮的转化率达到了99%,对羰基加氢的选择性大于98%,不饱和醇的光学纯度ee值为47%.     

苷类研究ⅩⅩⅥ: 苯丙素苷Eutigoside A的合成研究

首次报道了苯丙素苷类化合物EutigosideA,即1-O-[2-(4-羟基苯基)乙基]-6-O-(E)-香豆酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖的全合成。从四乙酰溴代葡萄糖出发,经过成苷、脱乙酰基两步反应,制备了2-对烯丙氧基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(3),采用酰氯法在低温下将对乙酰氧基肉桂酰基引入化合物3的葡萄糖6位,再经过脱烯丙基、脱乙酰基两步,便顺利地合成了天然苯丙素苷EutigosideA。以化合物3为原料,经过对葡萄糖4,6位亚苄基化、2,3位乙酰化、4,6位脱亚苄基、选择性6位乙酰化及4位引入对乙酰氧基肉桂酰基等五步反应,得到了保护的苯丙素苷(OsmanthusideA(10);但在NH~3/MeOH条件下脱乙酰基时,化合物10中的香豆酰基从葡萄糖的4位迁移至6位,最终又得到了EutigosideA。     

Studies on pyran,its analogs,and related compounds

The bromination of 6,7-dibenzyloxy-4-methylcoumarin has given 6,7-dibenzyloxy-3-bromo-4-methylcoumarin and this has been converted by the Perkin reaction into 5, 6-dibenzyloxy-3-methylbenzofuran and its 2-carboxy derivative. 5, 6-Dihydroxy-3-methylbenzofuran-2-carboxylic acid has been synthesized by the catalytic debenzylation of the latter compound.     

Studies on pyran,its analogs,and related compounds

The bromination of 6,7-dibenzyloxy-4-methylcoumarin has given 6,7-dibenzyloxy-3-bromo-4-methylcoumarin and this has been converted by the Perkin reaction into 5, 6-dibenzyloxy-3-methylbenzofuran and its 2-carboxy derivative. 5, 6-Dihydroxy-3-methylbenzofuran-2-carboxylic acid has been synthesized by the catalytic debenzylation of the latter compound.For part XXV, see [12].     

Syntheses and Fluorescent Properties of 6‐Methoxy‐2‐oxoquinoline‐3,4‐dicarbonitriles and 6,7‐Dimethoxy‐2‐oxoquinoline‐3,4‐dicarbonitriles

4‐Chlorocarbostyrils 3 , 12 , 17 , 24 , 26 with methoxy substituents in 6, 7, or 6,7‐position react with potassium cyanide in a p‐toluenesulfinate mediated reaction either to the highly fluorescent and stable 2‐oxoquinoline‐3,4‐dicarbonitriles 6 , 27 , 29 , 30 or at slightly lower temperatures to 4‐monocarbonitriles 5 , 13 , 18 . 4‐Chlorocarbostyril 3 and lithium p‐toluenesulfinate gave pure 4‐toluenesulfonylquinolone 4 , which reacted with potassium cyanide either to monocarbonitrile 5 or dicarbonitrile 6 , depending on the reaction conditions. 4‐Trifluoromethylquinolones 9 and 19 were prepared for fluorescence comparison from the appropriate methoxyaniline and 4,4,4‐trifluoroacetoacetate. The fluorescence properties such as emission wavelengths and quantum yields of 6‐methoxyderivatives 4 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 13 were studied and compared with those of 7‐methoxy derivatives 18 , 19 and 6,7‐dimethoxyderivatives 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 . 6,7‐Dimethoxy derivatives show best results, showing long‐waved fluorescence spectra up to 520 nm and acceptable quantum yields up to 0.46 for 3,4‐dicyano derivative 27 excited at 440 nm in acetonitrile.     

Synthesis of thiopyrano[2,3-d] pyrimidines and thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines

The reaction of 4-chloro-5-cyano-2-methylthiopyrimidine (I) with ethyl mercaptosuccinate (II) in refluxing ethanol containing sodium carbonate has afforded diethyl 3-amino-2-(methyl-thio)-7H-thiopyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6,7-dicarboxylate (IV). Displacement of the methylthio group in IV with hydrazine gave the corresponding hydrazino derivative which underwent Schiff base formation with benzaldehyde or 2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde. Treatment of IV in refluxing acetic anhydride afforded the corresponding diacetylated amino derivative. Partial saponification of IV with sodium hydroxide gave 5-amino-2-(methylthio)-7H-thiopyrano-[2,3-d]pyrimidine 6,7-dicarboxylic acid 6 ethyl ester (VIII). The reaction of 4-amino-6-chloro-5-cyano-2-phenylpyrirnidine (XI) with II resulted in the formation of ethyl 4-amino-6-(ethoxy-carbonyl)-5,6-dihydro-5-amino-2-phenylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-acetate (XIII) which when subjected to hydrolysis gave ethyl 4,5-diamino-2-phenylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-acetate isolated as the hydrochloride (XIV). Diazotization of IV with sodium nitrite in acetic acid unexpectedly afforded diethyl 5-(acetyloxy)-6,7-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-(methylthio)-5H-thio-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6,7-diearboxylate (XV). Several structural ambiguities were resolved by ir and pmr spectra.     

Studies on the fluorophore forming reactions of various catecholamines and tetrahydroisoquinolines with glyoxylic acid.

Strongly fluorescent 2-carboxymethyl-3,4-dihydro-7-hydroxyisoquinolin-6-ones are formed in high yields when catecholamines are reacted with glyoxylic acid. Formation of the fluorophores has been found to take place in two steps; i. e. via virtually non-fluorescent tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carboxylic acids, which react to give the fluorophores in a subsequent, rapid reaction with glyoxylic acid. The rates of reaction (pseudo first-order) with glyoxylic acid for 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carboxylic acid, and 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3- carboxylic acid show that introduction of a carboxyl group at either C-1 or C-3 in a tetrahydroisoquinoline highly facilitates the reaction with glyoxylic acid. This behaviour is discussed in terms of a mechanism involving both intramolecular acid catalysis by the C-1 or C-3-carboxyl groups during dehydration of the carbinolamine intermediate, and facilitation of the prototropic shifts of the resulting Schiff's base by decarboxylation.     

One-Pot synthesis of N-heterocyclic compounds from cyclopropenethione derivatives

The one-pot reaction of 2-tert-butylthio-3-phenylcyclopropenethione (1a) and its 3-(2-thienyl) derivative (1b) with lithium pyrrolidinide at -70 degrees C, followed by methylation with methyl iodide, gives 6-methylthio-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine (2a) and its 5-(2-thienyl) derivative (2b), respectively. The reaction of 2-tert-butylthio-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclopropenethione (1c) with phenyllithium gives also 2a in a high yield under similar conditions, and the reactions of 1a with N-lithium salts of 3-pyrroline, hexamethyleneimine, indoline, and carbazole, piperidine-potassium tert-butoxide mixture, and phenyllithium give 6-methylthio-5-phenyl-3H-pyrrolizine (3), 2-methylthio-3-phenyl-6,7, 8,9-tetrahydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]azepine (5), 6-tert-butylthio-5-methylthio-4-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,2, 1-ij]quinoline (6), 4-tert-butylthio-5-methylthio-6-phenyl-4H-pyrido[3,2,1-jk]carbazole (7), 2-methylthio-3-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroindolizine (4), and 1-tert-butylthio-2-methylthio-3-phenylindene (9), respectively. The structures of 2a and 3 were determined by X-ray analyses of their tricarbonylchromium complexes.     

Syntheses,crystallographic/computational characterizations,and reactions of the first 10-vertex arachno- and nido-phosphamonocarbaboranes

A synthetic sequence involving the initial reaction of a substituted phosphorus dihalide (RPCl(2), R = CH(3), C(6)H(5)) with the arachno-CB(8)H(13)(-) (1-) monoanion followed by an in situ dehydrohalogenation reaction initiated by Proton Sponge, resulted in phosphorus cage insertion to yield the first 10-vertex arachno- and nido-phosphamonocarbaboranes, exo-6-R-arachno-6,7-PCB(8)H(12) (2a, 2b) and PSH(+)6-R-nido-6,9-PCB(8)H(9)(-) (PSH+3a-, PSH+3b-) (R = C(6)H(5) (a), CH(3) (b)). Alternatively, 2a and 2b were synthesized in high yield as the sole product of the reaction of the arachno-4-CB(8)H(12)(2-) (1(2-)) dianion with RPCl(2). Crystallographic determinations of PSH+3a- and PSH+3b- in conjunction with DFT/GIAO computational studies of the anions have confirmed the expected nido cage framework based on an octadecahedron missing the six-coordinate vertex. DFT/GIAO computational studies have also shown that while the gross cage geometries of the exo-6-R-arachno-6,7-PCB(8)H(12) compounds 2a and 2b resemble the known isoelectronic arachno-6,9-SCB(8)H(12), the phosphorus and carbon atoms are in thermodynamically unfavorable adjacent positions on the six-membered puckered face. They also each have an endo-hydrogen at the P6-position arising from proton transfer to the basic phosphorus during the cage-insertion reaction. Possible stepwise reaction pathways that can account for the formation of both the arachno and nido products are discussed. Deprotonation of 2a and 2b resulted in the formation of their corresponding conjugate monoanions, 6-R-arachno-6,7-PCB(8)H(11)(-) (2a-, 2b-), in which the proton that had been attached to the P6 atom was removed. Reactions of 2a- with O(2), S(8), BH(3).THF, or Br(2) further demonstrated the basicity of the P6-phosphorus yielding the new arachno-substituted compounds, endo-6-O-exo-6-(C(6)H(5))-arachno-6,7-PCB(8)H(11)(-) (4a-), endo-6-S-exo-6-(C(6)H(5))-arachno-6,7-PCB(8)H(11)(-) (5a-), endo-6-BH(3)-exo-6-(C(6)H(5))-arachno-6,7-PCB(8)H(11)(-) (6a-), and endo-6-Br-exo-6-(C(6)H(5))-arachno-6,7-PCB(8)H(11) (7a), respectively, in which the O, S, BH(3), and Br substituents are bound to the phosphorus at the endo position.     

Synthesis of thiopyrano[4″,3″:4′,5′]pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]furo[3,2-d]pyrimidines

<正>Reactions of the 6-hydroxy-thiopyrano[3,4-c]pyridine-5-carbonitrile derivative 1 withα-halo-carbonyl compounds gave the ortho-substituted intermediates 2a-c which were converted into furo[2,3-b]thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyridines 3a-c by fusion of a furan moiety under basic conditions.Further cyclization of 3a-c led to a fusion of a pyrimidine ring,yielding the tetracyclic products 6,7 and 8.In addition,condensation of 6 with various aromatic aldehydes afforded the corresponding imines 9a,b.Mannich reaction of 7 gave products 10a,b.     

Reaction of lumichrome or 2-thiolumichrome with alkylamines

The reaction of lumichrome ( 2 ) with alkyl (or allyl)amines such as n-butylamine, n-hexylamine and allylamine gave 2,3-disubstituted 6,7-dimethylquinoxalines 4a-d, 5a-d, 6a-d, 7a-d and 8a-d . Similar reaction of 2-thiolumichrome ( 3 ) with alkyl (or allyl)amines gave 2,3-disubstituted 6,7-dimethylquinoxalines 6a-c, 9a-c and 10a-c , 2-alkyl (or allyl)amino-6,7-dimethyl-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridine-4-ones 11a-c and 2,4-dialkyl (or allyl)amino-6,7-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridines 12a-c .