A cylindrical lens for a high power transmitting array in a sector scanning sonar

The design of a plano-convex cylindrical acoustic lens, which is used in conjunction with a plane array of PZT-4 elements to provide a high power, wide beam sonar projector is outlined. Test results are detailed and compared to those computed from simple theoretical considerations.     

面向5G多波束应用的紧凑宽带Rotman透镜设计

提出了一种基于等光程差原理设计的紧凑宽带Rotman透镜波束赋形网络,用于5G毫米波通信的天线阵列多波束实现。首先,详细介绍了Rotman透镜的基本原理;然后,利用二等分功分器替代传统的单端口馈电模式,产生高定向波束,降低相邻端口处的能量损失以及透镜内部能量的散射;最后利用切比雪夫多枝节匹配变换器,优化原有的锥形阵列输出端口,在保证宽频带的条件下,缩短原有匹配端口尺寸,使得透镜整体尺寸减少20%,实现了Rotman透镜的紧凑性。改进模型的实测结果表明,该透镜工作频带为16.5～33.8 GHz,其中在17.2～32 GHz,S₁₁优于15 dB,扫描角度为±30°。该透镜结构简单紧凑,能够有效地为相邻阵元提供稳定的相位差信号,很好地实现5G毫米波阵列多波束的目标。     

基于低相干光的阵列透镜束匀滑技术研究

基于激光加载的材料状态方程的实验研究对靶面光强分布的均匀性及稳定性提出了极高的要求,靶面光强的上述两大特性在很大程度上决定了实验结果的精度和可重复性.本文针对传统窄带高相干激光装置在激光加载材料状态方程实验中表现出的靶面光强均匀性和光强分布稳定性两方面可能存在的问题,提出了基于宽带低相干激光,利用消衍射阵列透镜联合诱导非相干技术的束匀滑方案,并重点分析了波前相位畸变对靶面不均匀性及稳定性的影响.模拟结果表明,该方法明显降低了靶面不均匀性,提高了对波前相位畸变的包容度,获得了均匀、稳定的光强分布.统计分析显示,焦斑强度分布极差和不均匀性与波前相位畸变均方根梯度相关性较强.因此,可以根据统计结果以及实验对焦斑强度分布的要求,给出波前相位畸变的容差范围,对状态方程实验中激光驱动器参数的设计与优化具有指导意义.     

Acoustooptic Bragg diffraction without overemodulation with a phased-array transducer

Acoustooptic Bragg diffraction without overemodulation (i.e., with the extended high-efficiency region on the diffraction efficiency dependence vs. sound amplitude) is studied theoretically and experimentally. It is found that this effect appears in the case of a symmetrically nonuniform acoustic field and is due to the equality of additional opposite phase shifts of light beams passing through symmetric regions of the acoustic field. The situation is considered when an acoustic field is excited by a three-section phased-array transducer. The conditions are determined, in which reverse optical power transfer from the diffracted beam to transmitted beam (overemodulation) in the case of a high (close to 100%) diffraction efficiency is considerably suppressed. In the case of a phased array, the effect weakly depends on the frequency of sound and the size of transducer sections, which makes it possible to observe it in a wide range of acoustooptic interaction parameters.     

Ultrasonic phased array controller for hyperthermia applications

Multiple and mechanically scanned ultrasound transducer systems have demonstrated the efficacy of using ultrasound to produce deep localized hyperthermia. The use of ultrasonic phased arrays has been proposed as an alternative to these systems. A phased array offers a more flexible approach to heating tumours in that the size, shape, and position of its focal region can be altered during the course of treatment in order to achieve the desired temperature distribution. This added flexibility comes at the cost of increased complexity of the hardware necessary to drive the transducer because each element requires its own amplifer with both phase and amplitude control. In order for phased arrays with large numbers of elements to be feasible for hyperthermia applications, the complexity of this circuitry must be minimized. This paper describes a circuit design which simplifies the electronics required to control a phased array transducer system for hyperthermia applications. The design is capable of controlling virtually any type of phased array transducer operating at frequencies less than 2 MHz. The system performance was verified through beam profile measurements using a 48-element tapered phased array transducer.     

带楔块二维面阵列超声相控阵声场特性分析

开展了带楔块二维面阵脉冲超声相控阵辐射声场特性的研究。将安装在一定角度斜楔块上二维面阵相控阵换能器声场问题简化为液固界面情况进行讨论。以单阵元在液固平界面条件下的辐射声场为基础,推导了聚焦偏转法则,给出了带楔块二维面阵超声相控阵声场计算方法。以检测材料为钢板,安装在倾斜角为36°有机玻璃楔块上的频率为5 MHz、8×8二维面阵相控阵的辐射声场计算为例,分析了在不同偏转角和不同聚焦深度下检测材料中的辐射声场特性。计算结果表明该方法可有效的分析带楔块二维面阵超声相控阵声场特性并用于指导二维超声面阵角束探头的设计。      

A spiral wave front beacon for underwater navigation: transducer prototypes and testing

Transducers for acoustic beacons which can produce outgoing signals with wave fronts whose horizontal cross sections are circular or spiral are studied experimentally. A remote hydrophone is used to determine its aspect relative to the transducers by comparing the phase of the circular signal to the phase of the spiral signal. The transducers for a "physical-spiral" beacon are made by forming a strip of 1-3 piezocomposite transducer material around either a circular or spiral backing. A "phased-spiral" beacon is made from an array of transducer elements which can be driven either in phase or staggered out of phase so as to produce signals with either a circular or spiral wave front. Measurements are made to study outgoing signals and their usefulness in determining aspect angle. Vertical beam width is also examined and phase corrections applied when the hydrophone is out of the horizontal plane of the beacon. While numerical simulations indicate that the discontinuity in the physical-spiral beacon introduces errors into the measured phase, damping observed at the ends of the piezocomposite material is a more significant source of error. This damping is also reflected in laser Doppler vibrometer measurements of the transducer's surface velocity.     

Far-Field Pattern of a Focal-Plane Array-Lens Antenna at Millimeter Wavelengths

In this paper an analysis of the far-field pattern of a focal-plane array in the case of two different lenses, a coma-free lens and a hyperbolic lens, and their comparison, are presented. Ray tracing and aperture integration are used. The calculated field pattern at W band is presented. The focal-plane elements are assumed to be corrugated horn. The f / D of the lens is 1.3. The coma-free lens is designed by step integration. The calculation results show that the coma-free lens is superior to the hyperbolic lens in the imaging performance. The coma-free lens can contain more pixels under the condition that the beam size and beam quality are almost constant over the range of angles scanned and the differences among beams gain less 1.8 dB. The aperture efficiency and directivity are also presented.     

Study of 1-3-2 type piezoelectric composite transducer array

Based on a new structure of precise location and decoupling between the transducer elements, high frequency underwater transmission transducer arrays with 4 elements and 8 elements serried uniform linear array were studied, using novel 1-3-2 type piezoelectric composite as the sensing material. There are ceramic framework supports in the transverse and longitudinal directions in 1-3-2 type piezoelectric composite structure; the transducer is free from the influence of outside mechanical impact and the environment temperature change. Transducer and array samples have been designed, fabricated and measured. The resonant frequency is 150 kHz, resonant transmission response greater than 160 dB, and bandwidth is from 140 kHz to 160 kHz. The results indicate that, the transducer array has wide bandwidth, high sensitivity, stabile performance, and good coherence.     

水声工程中基于均匀圆阵列的涡旋声波性能分析*

声波作为信息和能量的载体,一直以来在水下通信中被广泛采用,但尚未解决带宽窄、速率低的问题。在光学领域和电磁波领域,轨道角动量都表征了螺旋相位结构的自然属性;通过引入轨道角动量到声学领域中,水声通信系统的传输能力以及频谱效率都得到扩展。基于换能器圆阵列产生涡旋声波进行分析和检测,研究涡旋声波波束的阵列产生方法,给出涡旋声波波束在水下传播的特性。在主轴方向,采用均匀圆阵列产生不同拓扑模式的涡旋声波波束,确定轨道角动量拓扑模式与换能器阵列之间的对应关系;为生成不同拓扑模式下的涡旋声波,研究阵列单元数目、阵列半径、传输频率等对涡旋声波的影响。通过研究发现模式数越高,涡旋声波主瓣波束角越大,主瓣峰值越小。阵列半径越大,主瓣波束角越大,而主瓣峰值则随着阵列半径的增大而减小;频率越高,主瓣波束角越小,主瓣峰值变化不大;阵列单元数对主瓣波束角无影响,但与主瓣峰值成正比关系,阵列单元数越多,主瓣峰值越大。     

Calculation of radiation acoustical fields from phased arrays with nonparaxial multi-Gaussian beam model

A nonparaxial multi-Gaussian beam model based on the rectangular aperture is proposed in order to overcome the limitation of paraxial Gaussian beam model which losing accuracy in off-axis beam fields. With the method, acoustical field generated by an ultrasonic linear phased array transducer is calculated and compared with the corresponding field obtained by Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integral, paraxial multi-Gaussian beam model, and Fraunhoffer approximation method. Simulation examples show that nonparaxial multi-Gaussian beam model is not limited by the paraxial approximation condition and can predict efficiently and accurately the acoustical field radiated by a linear phased array transducer over a wide range of steering angles.     

Ultrasonic guided wave focusing by a generalized phased array

Ultrasonic guided wave focusing by a generalized phased array is studied based on dispersion curves in a multi-layered medium. The different phase of the guided waves with different frequency is added on the excitation signal on each element of the transducer array for focusing. This can be realized by designing a proper excitation pulse based on the dispersion curves of the guided waves for each of the transducer array elements. The numerical simulation results show that the guided waves with different modes, different frequency components, and from different elements of the transducer array can all be focused at the target and focusing is achieved.     

Optimization of transmitting beam patterns of a conformal transducer array

A method is presented to calculate the driving-voltage weighting vector of a conformal array of underwater acoustic transmitting transducers to obtain a low-sidelobe beam pattern based on the measured receiving array manifold. The relationship among three quantities is given, which are, respectively, the radiated acoustic field, the measured receiving array manifold matrix and the driving-voltage weighting vector of the transducer array. Then, the driving-voltage weighting vector of the array is calculated using the optimization method to obtain a low-sidelobe transmitting beam pattern. At the frequency of 12.5 kHz, the receiving array manifold matrix of a 27-element conformal array is measured in an anechoic water tank. The driving-voltage weighting vector of the array is calculated using the proposed method. In addition, the computer simulation and experiments are carried out. The results agree well and show that the proposed method can obtain a low-sidelobe transmitting beam pattern and at the same time provide the largest amplitude of pressure in the axial direction when the maximum amplitude of the driving voltages of the array elements keeps unchanged.     

Ultra-fast speed, low grating lobe optical beam steering using unequally spaced phased array technique

In this paper, we present a low grating lobe optical beam steering technique using an unequally spaced phased array, in which the required spacings among the phase elements are quantitatively analyzed so that the grating lobe can be minimized by destructive interference. A large grating lobe is one of the major drawbacks of optical phased array technology because it limits the light efficiency and the quality of the light beam. Thus, the low grating lobe technique presented in this paper could substantially improve the light efficiency and the quality of light beam, and could potentially be used in a variety of applications such as fast speed ladar beam steering, large size high resolution displays, and wide bandwidth free space optics communications.     

Weighting and thinning wide-band arrays by simulated annealing

In this paper, a novel algorithm based on simulated annealing is applied to optimize the performance of the wide-band linear transducer array. The algorithm allows optimization of the beam pattern (BP) by assigning the appropriate weight coefficients to each individual element of the array. It also allows the number of individual elements in the array to be minimized for a given BP profile. The BP of a fully optimized array having 94 elements over a 52-wavelength aperture is compared with the one corresponding to a conventional (dense) array transducer composed of 125 unapodized elements (62-wavelength aperture) and also with the BP of the same dense array with optimized weight coefficients. The results of the simulation indicate the applicability of the algorithm to obtain a BP with preset characteristics with respect to the main and side lobe levels.     

谱合成光束特性的模拟分析

建立了光束谱合成的传输模型.应用光线追迹方法，将闪耀光栅引起的相位变化用槽间光程差和槽内光程差来表示，建立了光束倾斜入射到光栅时相位变化的计算模型.利用衍射积分方法，给出了阵列光源各子光束经谱合成系统后输出光场的解析表达式.依据光束非相干叠加的原理，计算得到合成光束的光强分布.在此基础上，利用强度二阶矩方法，分别计算了阵列光束和合成光束的M²因子，并定量分析了谱合成系统参数对合成光束特性的影响.研究结果表明：通过谱合成系统合成光束的M²关键词： 光束谱合成 阵列光源 闪耀光栅 光束质量     

Guided wave arrays for high resolution inspection

The paper describes a general approach for processing data from a guided wave transducer array on a plate-like structure. The raw data set from such an array contains time-domain signals from each transmitter-receiver combination. The technique is based on linear superposition of signals in the frequency domain with some amplitude and phase factors and can be applied to any array geometry and any types of array elements. The problem of finding optimal coefficients, which allow the best resolution to be achieved with the minimum number of array elements, is investigated. It is shown that improvements in resolution are obtained at the expense of sensitivity to noise. A method of quantifying this sensitivity is presented. Results are shown that illustrate the application of the technique to a linear array and an array of circular geometry (containing a single ring of elements). Experimental data obtained from a guided wave array containing electromagnetic acoustic transducer elements for exciting and detecting the S0 Lamb wave mode in a 5-mm-thick aluminum plate are processed with different algorithms and the results are discussed. Generalization of the technique for the case of multimode media is suggested.     

Fresnel phase retrieval method using an annular lens array on an SLM

Wavefront aberrations play a major role when focusing an ultrashort laser pulse to a high-quality focal spot. Here, we report a novel method to measure and correct wavefront aberrations of a 30-fs pulsed laser beam. The method only requires a programmable liquid-crystal spatial light modulator and a camera. Wavefront retrieval is based on pupil segmentation with an annular lens array, which allows us to determine the local phase that minimizes focusing errors due to wavefront aberrations. Our method provides accurate results even when implemented with low dynamic range cameras and polychromatic beams. Finally, the retrieved phase is added to a diffractive lens codified onto the spatial light modulator to experimentally demonstrate near-diffraction-limited femtosecond beam focusing without refractive components.     

衍射光学器件光线追迹公式的实验验证

本文介绍了一种衍射光学器件光线追迹的方法，并给出了计算公式。作为验证，在实验室里制作了具有连续相位的体全息器件，将其实际再现光斑与计算点列图进行比较。构造透射体全息片的物光为离轴的球面波，始于轴外点Ａ（０，１３２ｓｉｎ８°，－１３２ｃｏｓ８°），参考光为平面光束，其与Ｚ轴夹角为１７°。激光器采用氩离子激光器（Ｓｐｅｃｔｒａ－ｐｈｙｓｉｃｓＭｏｄｅｌ２０２０），波长４８８ｎｍ；干板感光胶为重铬酸明胶（ＤＣＧ），胶层厚为１５μｍ；通光口径３０ｎｍ。测试时把全息片放在干板的位置。挡住物光，让再现光以和参考光路相同的路径平行入射到全息片上，在全息片后垂直光轴放置毛玻璃片，平行光轴移动毛玻璃片，可观察到－１级衍射光的变化。在距离原点的距离分别为（ａ）４０ｍｍ，（ｂ）７０ｍｍ，（ｃ）８７ｍｍ，（ｄ）９５ｍｍ的地方用ＣＣＤ拍摄了衍射光的形状，与程序计算的点列图在形状和大小上都吻合     

Talbot Images of an Array Source with Correlated Phase Fluctuation Using the Propagation Law of a Gaussian Beam

Talbot images of a two-dimensional array source such as a surface-emitting array laser are investigated with the help of the propagation law of a Gaussian beam. The effect of the phase fluctuation existing between the elements of the source on the formation of Talbot images is revealed by computer simulation. In the study, the correlation extent of the phase fluctuation is taken into consideration together with its magnitude (standard deviation), and Talbot images of good quality are found to be formed when the correlation extent is larger than the extent of the diffraction of a Gaussian beam in the observation plane. It is further shown that the contrast of Talbot images is governed, in a statistical sense, not by the magnitude of the phase itself but by the phase-fluctuation slope in the array source.