U-RANS／PDF方法计算钝体后漩涡脱落

本研究发展了U-RANS/PDF混合算法研究湍流和化学反应相互作用对燃烧稳定性的影响,采用有限体积和Monte Carlo相结合的方法在非结构网格中求解相容的U-RANS方程和脉动速度-湍流频率-标量的联合PDF方程.本文对钝体火焰驻定器后冷态流场进行了计算,结果表明此混合算法能够捕捉流场中非稳态的漩涡脱落现象.着重研究了湍流频率模型系数的改变对漩涡脱落频率以及拟序结构在动量输运中的作用的影响.     

钝体后湍流预混燃烧的PDF模拟

本文采用PDF方法对矩形燃烧室内钝体后的湍流预混火焰进行了数值模拟。脉动速度-频率-标量联合的PDF输运方程用Monte Carlo方法求解,质量、动量和能量的平均值由基于无结构网格的有限体积法求解,压力通过状态方程获得。PDF方程中所需的平均密度、平均速度和压力由有限体积法提供,并将用Monte Carlo方法求出的雷诺应力、化学反应源项和比热比传递给有限体积法。本文对丙烷和空气燃烧的不同简化化学反应机理进行了研究,并与实验结果进行比较,获得满意的结果。     

钝体驻定湍流扩散火焰的数值研究——燃烧模型比较

分别采用标量联合的概率密度函数方法、稳态火焰面模型、Euler非稳态火焰面模型和基于有限体积/Monte Carlo混合算法的完备PDF模型对钝体驻定的Sydney湍流扩散火焰HM1进行数值模拟,以比较不同燃烧模型的性能,并比较标量联合的概率密度函数方法和Euler非稳态火焰面模型对氮氧化物排放预测的差异.计算结果和实验数据的比较表明,采用概率密度函数方法计算化学反应可以得到更好的结果但计算量较大,而用火焰面模型求解计算量较小,在接近完全燃烧的情形下,其计算结果比较合理.     

描述离散系统动力学演变的Monte Carlo方法分析

通用动力学方程通过描述离散系统中颗粒尺度分布的演变过程来量化颗粒动力学演变过程,而Monte Carlo(MC)算法是求解通用动力学方程的重要方法.目前几种主流的MC算法为Liffman的直接模拟Monte Carlo算法(DSMC)、阶梯式常体积法、常数目法和多重Monte Carlo(MMC)算法.利用这些MC算法描述理想的纯凝并工况和纯破碎工况,发现:由于避免了多个动力学事件之间的解耦过程,基于事件驱动的MC算法比基于时间驱动的MC算法具有更高的计算精度和更低的计算代价;由于尽量减少对整体系统的扰动,阶梯式恢复模拟颗粒数目的MC算法比连续式恢复模拟颗粒数目的MC算法具有更高的精度;由于始终保持计算区域体积,多重Monte Carlo算法具有更友好的扩展性.     

湍流扩散火焰的非稳态火焰面模拟

采用稳态的和非稳态的火焰面模型同时对一个湍流甲烷射流扩散火焰进行了数值模拟,比较了两者对湍流平均火焰结构、活性自由基和污染物(氮氧化物)排放的模拟效果。速度场采用κ-ε模型计算,守恒标量混合物分数的分布通过其概率密度函数(PDF)输运方程的求解得到。稳态的火焰面结构由查询火焰面数据库得到,而非稳态的火焰面结构由火焰面方程和流场方程耦合求解来计算。采用详细的GRI—Mech 3.0机理描述甲烷的氧化和氮氧化物的形成。数值模拟结果和实验数据作了广泛的对比,验证了火焰面模型对湍流扩散燃烧的定量模拟能力。     

基于Monte Carlo的热脉冲法数据分析

热脉冲法是测量聚合物介质薄膜空间电荷分布的有效方法之一, 其数据的分析涉及第一类Fredholm积分方程, 只能采用合适的数值计算方法进行求解, 而Monte Carlo法是近年来提出的数值求解该方程的方法之一. 本文尝试使用Monte Carlo法在频域内实现热脉冲数据的分析, 通过一系列模拟计算讨论Monte Carlo法的分析效果. 计算结果表明: Monte Carlo法可实现对热脉冲法实验数据的有效分析, 提取被测薄膜内的电场分布, 而且计算的电场分布在整个样品厚度上都与真实分布较好地符合, 可有效地弥补尺度变换法只在样品表面附近获得较高准确度的缺陷. 该方法的局限性在于计算结果存在一定的振荡, 且在噪声和数据误差的影响下, 其准确性很大程度上依赖于奇异值分解过程中容差的选择, 在应用的方便程度方面还有待进一步提升.     

湍流扩散火焰局部熄火和再燃现象的PDF模拟

对一个值班湍流CH4／O2／N2射流扩散火焰(Sandia Flame D)进行了数值模拟研究．所采用的数学物理模型包括双尺度的k—ε湍流模型，标量联合的概率密度函数(PDF)输运方程方法，甲烷氧化的ARM简化化学反应机理(包含16种组分，12步总包反应)和欧几里德最小生成树(EMST)小尺度混合模型．将计算结果和实验数据进行了比较，不仅对于平均量，对于标量的散点分布和条件概率密度分布也是如此．计算结果表明文中采用的模型不仅能够预测宏观的火焰结构，而且预测了湍流燃烧中复杂的局部熄火和再燃过程．     

变分累积展开方法中确定相变点的新方法

在计算有限温度SU(2)格点规范模型Polyakov线的过程中,考虑到变分累积展开法中有限距离相互作用效应与Monte Carlo中的有限体积效应的相似性,采用了新的方法来确定相变点.与已有的方法以及Monte Carlo模拟给出的结果比较,新方法给出的结果更接近Monte Carlo结果.     

Euler及N-S方程的二维四边形/叉树混合网格自适应算法

描述了一种基于直角叉树网格的Euler和N-S方程自适应算法.由于考虑了粘性的作用,提出并使用了四边形叉树混合网格的方法,在几何表面附近生成贴体的四边形网格,外流场使用直角叉树网格.采用中心有限体积法,对Euler及N-S方程进行数值求解,对N-S方程的计算中加入了B-L代数湍流模型.在流场中,运用了网格自适应算法,提高了数值计算对激波、流动分离等特性的捕捉和分辨能力.采用上述方法,数值分析了单段和多段翼型的绕流问题.     

基于Boltzmann输运方程的SPECT系统解析建模方法

在单光子发射断层成像(SPECT)中, 为了校正劣化因素的影响, 提高图像质量, 需要对SPECT成像的物理过程进行准确建模. 本文提出了基于Boltzmann输运方程及其Neumann级数解理论的SPECT系统解析建模方法, 并采用数论高维数值积分算法对解析建模公式进行数值求解. 分别对点源、均匀圆柱体模型和NCAT模型进行SPECT投影过程计算, 将其结果与传统的Monte Carlo建模方法进行比较. 结果表明解析建模方法的计算速度和精度综合性能优于Monte Carlo建模方法, 且具有不受统计噪声影响的优点, 因而更适于进行SPECT成像过程的建模.     

Identification of nonlinear multi-degree-of freedom structures based on Hilbert transformation

The modeling method and identified method adapted to multi-degree-of-freedom structures with strucrural nonlinearities are established. The component mode synthesis method is used to establish the nonlinear governing equations by extending the connected relationships. Based on the modeling method, the Hilbert transform method is applied to identify the nonlinear stiffness of multi-degree-of-freedom structures. Nonlinear analysis and identification of a typical folding wing configuration with three freeplay hinges are investigated. The nonlinear governing equation is established based on present methods and the computing results of different stiffness are checked by finite element programming. In order to illustrate the influence of the nonlinearities, the frequency response characteristics of the structure are analyzed and Hilbert transform is performed. The Hilbert transform identification method is utilized to identify the nonlinear stiffness of nonlinear hinges in the time domain and several parametric studies are performed. In addition, the comparison of response is made to illustrate the feasibility of the methods. The results show that the extending component mode synthesis method in the present work can be used to establish the governing equation with structural nonlinearities. Based on the modeling method, the Hilbert transform identified method can be extended to multi-degree-of-freedom structures accurately.     

同步辐射用光学元件面形绝对检测方法的研究

为实现同步辐射用光学元件面形的绝对检测,发展了镜面旋转对称三平板检测法。该方法将菲佐干涉法检测到的波前函数关于y轴分解成镜面对称部分与镜面非对称部分,再利用N次旋转取平均值消除镜面非对称部分,从而通过计算获得待测平面的绝对面形分布。推导了镜面旋转对称法检测矩形平面镜面形的公式,应用该方法设计了高精度矩形平面镜的测试实验,并进行了误差分析。实验结果表明,与传统三平板绝对测量方法相比较,两种方法在高度轮廓误差和斜率误差方面的计算结果都符合较好,其对比后的残差均方根(RMS)值分别为λ/500(λ=632.8nm)与0.93μrad。     

A new volume-of-fluid method with a constructed distance function on general structured grids

A second-order volume-of-fluid method (VOF) is presented for interface tracking and sharp interface treatment on general structured grids. Central to the new method is a second-order distance function construction scheme on a general structured grid based on the reconstructed interface. A novel technique is developed for evaluating the interface normal vector using the distance function. With the normal vector, the interface is reconstructed from the volume fraction function via a piecewise linear interface calculation (PLIC) scheme on the computational domain. Several numerical tests are conducted to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the present method. In general, the new VOF method is more efficient than both the high-order level set and the coupled level set and volume-of-fluid (CLSVOF) methods. The results from the new method are better than those from the benchmark VOF method, particularly in the under-resolved regions, and are comparable to those from the CLSVOF method. Breaking waves over a submerged bump and around a wedge-shaped bow are simulated to demonstrate the application of the new method and sharp interface treatment in a two-phase flow solver on curvilinear grids. The computational results are in good agreement with the available experimental measurements.     

Computation of localized modes in a defect-containing photonic crystal by the method of periodic continuation of solution

The applicability of the method of periodic continuation of solution for computing the spatial distribution of an electromagnetic field in a photonic crystal with a defect is analyzed. The accuracy of the method is estimated. The crystal eigenmodes are classified, and the method is shown to be applicable only for states localized on the defect. The results of numerical calculations based on expansion of electromagnetic field in plane waves are presented, and the details of the expansion method are described.     

自动调焦系统中一种调焦的判别方法

准确有效的调焦评价函数是采用数字图像处理技术实现自动调焦的关键环节,而调焦评价函数的好坏又直接影响着调焦系统的结构精度和运算的复杂程度。分析了灰度标准差比较法和灰度对比度比较法的优缺点,提出了经改进的灰度比较法作为调焦评价函数,该方法具有响应速度快、计算量小、信噪比高、可靠性好等特点。实验与分析结果表明,该方法对具有复杂细节和纹理特征的图像能得到较好的处理结果,而对于背景高亮度的图像则不能判断其是否聚焦。     

基于色貌的跨媒体颜色复制

介绍了一种基于视觉匹配的跨媒体颜色复制方法。通过视觉匹配将一个环境下的一些色貌因素"映射"到另一个环境,是一种基于色貌的CRT特性化方法。该方法复制的22个Munsell色卡的平均视觉评价为6分制的5.17分。其中,红色调的复制色块视觉评价较好,蓝色调或蓝色占有较大比例的复制色块误差较大。sRGB作为目前流行的用于颜色通讯的标准色空间,在实验中也进行了比较。实验证明这种基于视觉匹配的特性化方法,已经包含了一些色貌因素,可以满足一般的应用要求,有着广泛的应用前景。     

超声虚源成像中自适应双向空间逐点聚焦方法

针对传统超声成像中图像分辨率和对比度随深度下降的问题,提出了一种基于虚源的自适应双向空间逐点聚焦超声成像方法。首先,使用超声换能器线列阵分子孔径分别定焦点发射和接收超声波,采集扫描线数据;然后将焦点视为虚拟点声源,计算虚源到空间成像点的延时,利用合成孔径原理再次进行空间逐点聚焦;在合成过程中采用相干系数进行自适应加权。采用空间脉冲响应法对不同深度的点目标和囊目标仿真成像,从而量化分辨率和对比度。在F数为1.5、焦距为10 mm时(对应子孔径阵元数为17)可以获得与64通道定焦点发射、动态聚焦接收相当的图像质量且在所有深度上保持一致。实际硬件平台的体模成像实验进一步验证了方法的有效性。该方法可在整个成像深度范围内保持和常规成像一致的分辨率和对比度,从而获得更优的整体成像效果。      

Internal tissue displacement measurement based on ultrasonic wave Doppler signal digital detection and its application to fetal movement monitoring

We have developed a fetal movement monitoring system based on small displacement measurement of internal tissues. When ultrasonic pulses are transmitted to the fetus, the reflected ultrasonic waves which have a Doppler frequency shift due to the fetal movements are detected by using an ultrasonic pulsed Doppler technique. In this paper, we propose a displacement measurement method for internal tissues which is based on the Doppler signal digital detection technique. In the method, the received ultrasonic RF signals are sampled with a sampling frequency of four times higher than the centre frequency of the ultrasonic waves; the Doppler frequency shift signals are derived using digital signal processing. From the detected signals, the internal displacements are estimated using the arc-tangent method. The basic algorithm of the detection method has already been used in the area of blood flow sensing, however, we apply the algorithm to the displacement measurement of internal tissues. The comparison between the proposed method and the conventional method is presented. The fetal movement quantitative monitoring system based on the method which has been constructed is shown.     

Method for the determination of dopant concentrations of luminescent ions

We report on a new method for determining dopant ion concentrations in laser materials. This method is based on optical absorption spectroscopy. In contrast to other methods used to measure the dopant concentration that are based on absorption measurements, this method does not require the knowledge of the absorption cross sections. An advantage of this method compared to the micro probe analysis is that only concentrations of dopant ions of a certain valency, which are luminescent, are detected. The method is sensitive especially for small doping concentrations of ions with high absorption cross sections. Another application of this method is the determination of the ratio between luminescent dopant ions to the total number of dopant ions in the case that not all dopant ions are on crystal sites that allow for optical transitions.     

二维海面上舰船目标电磁散射及合成孔径雷达成像技术研究

研究了二维海面上三维金属目标的电磁散射计算以及合成 孔径雷达(SAR)成像技术. 基于物理光学法、几何光学法和射线弹跳法计算了海 面与目标镜面反射及相互耦合作用; 并用等效电流法计算了目标的棱边绕射作用, 该方法考虑了阴影效应,同时为了消除人为截断引起的边缘衍射, 采用锥形入射波入射. 应用蒙特卡罗法生成的Pierson-Moskowitz谱粗糙面模拟实际海洋面, 计算海面上立方体及舰船的双站雷达散射截面, 通过与数值算法的结果相比较, 验证了该算法的正确性. 运用该解析法快速获取不同频率、 不同角度入射波照射下海面与目标的复合后向散射场数组, 结合SAR成像技术, 得到海面上立方体以及不同姿态舰船目标的SAR成像结果. 该研究成果在实际海洋遥感、海面上军事目标的探测与识别 等领域中具有重要的应用价值.