丙烯酸在牙釉质表面的紫外光共辐射接枝

龋坏的过程是牙釉质脱矿和再矿化长期交替进行的过程,当脱矿大于再矿化时,就导致了釉质脱矿从而引起龋病的发生[1]。本文设想在牙釉质表面接枝一些羧基活性官能团,为进一步在牙釉质表面引入牙釉蛋白分子提供活性基团和接位空穴,并为深入探讨牙釉蛋白诱导牙釉质的再矿化提供基础     

表面官能团作用下的牙釉质原位再矿化研究

采用酸蚀后的牙釉质作为早期龋缺损模型,在缺损牙釉质表面修饰-SO3-功能基团,分别在人工唾液和含氟人工唾液中进行原位再矿化的研究。利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、选区电子衍射(SAED)研究原位再矿化晶体的组成和结构。结果表明,在人工唾液和含氟人工唾液中,表面修饰的官能团均可有效促进牙釉质再矿化。在含氟人工唾液中生成了沿c轴取向生长的具有较大长径比的棒状氟羟基磷灰石(FHA),这种FHA晶体具有类牙釉质的成分和结构,对修复早期龋有重要的意义。     

分级结构类釉质氟磷灰石的原位仿生再矿化合成

以酸蚀牙釉质为模板,在仿生条件下进行原位釉质再矿化,合成了具有分级结构的类釉质样晶体.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线能谱(EDS)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析及机械性能检测等手段对再矿化层晶体的形貌、化学组成、硬度和生物相容性等性质进行了表征,并将其与水热条件下合成的类釉质样结构晶体进行比较.结果表明,2种方法均可获得类似于天然牙釉质釉柱及釉间柱样分级结构,所得晶体主要为氟磷灰石.在仿生条件下得到的类釉质晶体更接近于天然牙釉质釉柱及釉间柱样分级结构,在形貌、结构组成及硬度上均优于水热条件下得到的晶体.     

微量元素锶与龋齿

叙述了饮术中锶浓度、牙釉质中锶含量与龋齿的关系，锶与其他微量元素的联合抗龋作用；讨论了锶抗龋的可能作用机制．研究结果表明．微量元素锶在防治牙病方面可能是有用的．     

缺钙为什么会引起龋齿

龋齿俗虫蛀牙，是儿童的多发病。乳牙患龋率高峰在5岁左右，恒牙患率高峰在15岁左右。椐上海市1976--1778年调查材料证实，4岁儿童患龋率达66．14％，9岁高达90％。龋齿的发生与细菌、饮食、牙齿本身和唾液均有关系，牙釉质是牙齿最外层的一层光亮、乳白色的物质，是人体最坚硬的物质，耐腐蚀、耐腐蚀、耐摩擦，具有保护整个牙齿的作用。缺钙可造成牙釉质钙化不全，使牙本质失去了保护层，同时牙釉质和牙本质的致密度降低，抗龋能力下降，一些细菌和变形链球菌、乳酸杆菌等乘虚而入，分解食物中的碳水化合物而产生酸性物质，使牙齿硬组织脱钙，软组织崩解，逐层破坏牙釉质、牙本质，在牙上形成小洞。当小洞接近牙髓中的神经时，冷、热等刺激和食物嵌入洞内，可引起疼痛。如果儿童因为缺钙致使牙齿的钙化程度降低，就会使细菌产酸脱钙过程加快，龋齿的发展也随之加快。另外，缺钙也使唾液中的含钙量减少，促使龋齿更易发生。所以预防儿童龋齿，在注意口腔卫生的同时，还要保证充足的钙营养。     

二烷基二硫代磷酸钕的摩擦磨损性能研究

用自制的二烷基二硫代磷酸和NdCl3为原料，通过交换反应制备了二异辛基二硫代磷酸钕和二异丙基二硫代磷酸钕，并鉴定了其结构，以四球实验比较了所合成的两种二烷基二硫代磷酸钕作为抗磨减摩剂的抗磨减摩性能，并与现在普遍使用的抗磨剂ZDDP进行了比较。以电子衍射X射线能谱（EDXA）分析了经四球机实验摩损10s后的蚀球表面元素组成，初步认证了稀土元素扩渗进入摩擦副表面是此类稀土配合物具有比ZDDP更好的抗磨减摩作用的原因之一。     

碳纳米管的化学修饰以及作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能研究

采用硫酸和硝酸混合酸对催化裂解法(CVD法)制备的多壁碳纳米管(MWNNTs)进行纯化,然后运用硬脂酸对碳纳米管进行表面修饰,并研究了硬脂酸修饰后的碳纳米管的表面状况以及作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学行为．实验结果表明,在硫酸催化剂作用下,通过酯化反应碳纳米管能够被硬脂酸包覆,并且硬脂酸修饰的碳纳米管作为润滑油添加剂能够显著提高基础油的减摩抗磨性能,当添加量为0．15％左右时,润滑油的减摩抗磨性能最佳,与基础油相比可以使摩擦系数下降10％左右,磨损量下降30％～60％．     

有机混合稀土化合物与有机锡化合物作为润滑添加剂的协同效应

用四球摩擦磨损试验机考察了环烷酸混合稀土、环烷酸亚锡及它们的复配物添加在26#白油中的摩擦学性能, 并用俄歇尔电子能谱研究了磨斑表面边界膜的化学组成. 结果表明: 环烷酸亚锡和环烷酸稀土在抗磨性能和减摩性能方面均存在明显的协同效应, 其复配物具有比ZDDP更好的抗磨减摩性能, 有望作为新型的高效多功能润滑添加剂在工业实际中得到应用, 复配物在摩擦表面形成的含稀土元素和锡元素的边界润滑膜是其具有良好摩擦学性能的主要原因.     

含氯磷硼酸酯聚合物的摩擦性能

合成了标题聚合物,对其进行了IR表征。利用四球试验机测定其作为润滑剂的摩擦学性能。结果表明,含磷硼酸酯的最大无卡咬负荷值大于含氯硼酸酯,而且减摩抗磨效果好;含长链疏水基团的硼酸酯的最大无卡咬负荷比短链疏水基团的高,承载能力高。EDAX能谱分析表明,其抗磨性能与摩擦表面中存在硼、氯、磷活性元素有关。     

PS-TiO2 复合纳米微球的表征及摩擦学行为

采用化学法合成了PS-TiO2复合纳米微球,并对其进行了TEM、 FTIR、 TGA及DSC等分析表征。将这种微球用作润滑油添加剂,在四球试验机上研究了它的减摩抗磨性能,同时又对磨斑表面进行了X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS).研究表明：这种添加剂有良好的抗磨性能,并能在摩擦表面形成由TiO2、 Fe2O3以及有机碎片所组成的边界润滑膜。     

Elemental comparison in sound and carious human teeth by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was applied to determine Ca, Cl, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr and Zn in human dentin and enamel tissues from carious and sound teeth. Comparisons were made between the results obtained in carious and sound dental tissues for dentin and enamel. The findings obtained were also compared with the published data. Accuracy and precision of the results were evaluated by analyzing certified reference material.     

An in vitro investigation of human enamel wear by restorative dental materials

A radiometric method was applied to assess enamel wear by another enameland by restorative materials. The radioactive enamel was submitted to wearin a machine which allows sliding motion of an antagonistic surface in contactwith the radioactive enamel. The enamel wear was evaluated by measuring thebeta-activity of ³²P transferred to water from this irradiatedtooth. Results obtained indicated that dental porcelains cause pronouncedenamel wear when compared with that provoked by another natural enamel orby resin materials. Resin materials caused less enamel wear than another naturalenamel. Vickers microhardness data obtained for antagonistic materials showeda correlation with the wear caused to the enamel.     

A new model for nanoscale enamel dissolution

The dissolution kinetics of human tooth enamel surfaces was investigated using nanomolar-sensitive constant composition (CC) and in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) under simulated caries formation conditions (relative undersaturation with respect to hydroxyapatite = 0.902, pH = 4.5). Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of the resulting etched enamel surfaces showed that deminerzalization, initiated at core/wall interfaces of rods, developed anisotropically along the c-axes. After an initial rapid removal of surface polishing artifacts, the dissolution rate decreased as the reaction proceeded in accordance with our recently proposed crystal dissolution model, resulting in hollow enamel cores and nanosized remaining crystallites, resistant to further dissolution. Generally, dissolution of minerals is regarded as a spontaneous reaction in which all the solid phase can be dissolved in undersaturated solutions. However, the dissolution of some biominerals may be suppressed when the crystallites approach nanometer size. This study shows that CC demineralization of enamel in acidic medium follows this new model that can be used to mimic carious lesion formation. In dissolution studies, nanosized enamel crystallites exhibit a remarkable degree of self-preservation in the fluctuating physiological milieu.     

Improved UHMWPE through the control of sterilization dose and atmosphere

In this study, the effects of sterilization dose and atmosphere on UHMWPE wear properties and crosslinking were examined. The relationship between crosslinking and adhesive / abrasive wear mechanisms of acetabular cups was investigated.

The use of a vacuum sterilization atmosphere resulted in improvements in the wear resistance of UHMWPE for the adhesive/abrasive wear mechanisms for the doses examined in this study. The two measures of crosslinking, swelling ratio and gel fraction, values can be used to predict hip simulator wear rates over the sterilization dose range of 0 to 50 kGy for the vacuum atmosphere samples. Of the two measures, the swelling ratio is a more sensitive measure of the extent of crosslinking, particularly for highly crosslinked materials and therefore a more sensitive predictor of adhesive/abrasive wear rates.     

Elemental composition of dental biologic tissues: study by means of different analytical techniques

The present study determined the organic and inorganic composition of human enamel and dentin. The instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively-coupled plasma spectrometer, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis applied were and performed in the Nuclear Technology Development Centre (CDTN) and Elemental Analysis in the Department of Chemistry of the Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil. The coronal dentin and enamel were separated from dentin mechanically (1) and by wear (2). The analyses were effective and led to the identification of the main elements present in enamel and dentin: Ca, Na, Cl, Zn, P, Mg, N, C, H, O. There was no contamination of samples of enamel or dentin in either separation technique; however, with separation technique 1, lower percentages of mainly Ca (7.25%) and O (15.16%) components were detected in dentin compared with technique 2.     

Permeability of Human Tooth Surfaces Studied In Vitro by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Electrochemical Faradaic impedance spectroscopy was applied to evaluate dependence of the electrical resistance on human teeth. The experiments were performed using iodide anions as a redox probe to model permeability of teeth for fluoride upon an iontophoresis process. Tooth molars were used – as these are teeth most affected by tooth decay processes in vivo. Teeth compared included sound molars – with no evidence of pit and fissure decay, teeth with pits and fissures regarded ‘clinically’ as showing signs of decay, and teeth with crowns removed to present exposed dentin surfaces. A difference of more than an order of magnitude in electrical resistance was observed between sound molars and those regarded as showing evidence of tooth decay processes. Sound dentin, as expected from structural considerations demonstrated significantly lower resistance when compared to sound molars. Importantly, the difference in tooth resistance measured between carious and sound molars was shown to be much more representative of their structural integrity than comparison of digitally processed images of the teeth. The results support the utility of electrochemical Faradaic impedance spectroscopy for the development of understanding on how tooth electrical resistance may vary according to structural changes. This understanding may be useful to continued refinements in the use of electrical resistance measures as caries diagnostics and support generically the potential for iontophoretic processes in in‐office fluoride treatments of teeth.     

An In Vitro Investigation of UHMWPE Modified with Cu (II) Chelate of Bissalicylaldehyde-Ethylenediamine

This article investigates the performance of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) modified with 15 wt% Cu (II) chelate of bissalicylaldehyde-ethylenediamine, a type of Schiff base copper complex that has antibacterium and antitumor activity, as a potential artificial hip joint material. The modified UHMWE demonstrated excellent tribological and biocompatible properties, and a higher wear resistance, a better thermal conductivity and increased deformation resistance as compared to pure UHMWPE.     

人牙齿中锶的特效树脂分离及其同位素测定

采用锶特效树脂(Sr-Spec)建立了快速分离富集人牙齿中微量元素锶,并测定87Sr/86Sr的有效方法。采用HNO3-HClO4体系消解牙齿样品,以8mol/L HNO3为介质上柱,8mol/L HNO3淋洗,0.05mol/LHNO3洗脱,收集淋洗液,蒸干;采用正热电离质谱法进行87Sr/86Sr的测定。结果表明,利用Sr-Spec树脂,不仅能将锶与基质中大量钙分离,并能有效分离同位素测定中干扰元素铷。本方法可以缩短分离时间,提高分离效率,减少试剂用量,降低实验空白。采用本方法对陕南地区人牙齿牙釉质中锶进行分离,测得的87Sr/86Sr值在0.710948～0.711037之间。     

Investigation of sub‐micron size cenosphere fillers and filler loading on the mechanical and tribological peculiarity of polyester composites

This paper investigates the effect of sub‐micron size cenosphere filler and filler loading on mechanical and dry sliding wear property of polyester composites. Composites are fabricated by filling with 10 and 20 wt% of 800 and 200‐nm size of cenosphere filler particles. Neat polyester composite is also prepared for comparison analysis. Dry sliding wear test is conducted for these composites over a range of sliding distance with different sliding velocities and applied loads on a pin‐on‐disc wear test machine. Taguchi methodology and analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to analyze the friction and wear characteristics of the composites. The artificial neural network (ANN) approach is implemented to the friction and wear data for corroboration. In this work, mechanical properties of composites such as hardness, tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, and compressive strength revealed that mechanical properties and wear resistance of the composites increase with a decrease in the particle size. The measured Young's moduli are comparable to standard theoretical prediction models. The morphology of worn composite specimens has been examined by scanning electron microscopy to understand the dominant wear mechanisms. Finally, optimal factor settings are determined using a genetic algorithm (GA). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.