Ni-Ir/SiO2光热协同催化甲烷干重整探索

光热协同催化可有效降低甲烷干重整(DRM)反应温度并提高反应效率.开发新型高效光热催化剂并探索其催化机理是当下研究的重点.本文采用自限域策略制备了镍铱双金属催化剂(Ni-Ir/SiO2),并对其物化性质及光热催化DRM性能进行了研究.结果 表明,双金属粒径小于3.5 nm且均匀分布于基底之上.超小镍铱双金属的构建可显著...     

等离子体催化甲烷干重整实验研究

本文利用等离子体耦合催化剂的方式进行CH4干重整(Dry Reforming of Methane,DRM),重点考察了反应温度、CO2/CH4物质的量比、合成气主要气体组分浓度(N2、H2、CO、H2O)对CH4转化率及等离子体催化能量效率的影响.结果表明,以La-Ni/γ-Al2O3为催化剂,当反应温度450℃,C...     

内建电场辅助光催化甲烷干重整的研究进展（英文）

甲烷(CH₄)和二氧化碳(CO₂)是导致全球变暖的两种主要温室气体.甲烷干重整技术能够同时消耗两种温室气体并制备氢气(H₂)和一氧化碳(CO),是减少温室效应的理想策略之一.CH₄和CO₂在热力学上具有很高的稳定性,所以活化CH₄和CO₂需要克服较高的能垒,导致传统的甲烷干重整技术总是需要高热能来触发该反应发生.光催化技术的发展为在温和条件下启动甲烷干重整反应提供了更多的可能.然而,由于光激发载流子之间的快速重组,光催化效率仍然较低,难以满足工业需求.研究人员发现,通过构建内置电场增强电荷载流子的分离和转移动力学是解决上述问题的可靠策略.本文首先介绍了甲烷干重整的反应机理和用于甲烷干重整的工业热催化材料.随后,总结了光催化甲烷干重整的优点和潜在的光催化材料,重点介绍了两类催化剂:(1)由铁电效应产生的永久自发极化进而构筑的内建电场的光催化剂.由于自发极化引起的电场,基于铁电材料的光催化剂在促进电荷转移方面显示出较大潜力.(2)由异质结...     

甲烷催化二氧化碳重整制合成气反应研究进展*

本文参阅了甲烷催化二氧化碳重整制合成气反应研究方面50 余篇文献, 概述了近年来在该研究中催化剂活性组分选择、载体效应、助剂的作用、催化剂积炭行为和重整反应机理等方面的研究进展。     

镍钴双原子团簇催化甲烷干重整反应机理及其动力学研究

本研究采用密度泛函理论方法对NiCo双原子团簇催化甲烷干法重整反应的体系进行了计算研究。通过计算结果得出甲烷脱氢、二氧化碳活化、C*和CH*的氧化、H₂和H₂O的生成四个反应过程可能的反应路径。最后,运用能量跨度模型分析循环反应的动力学信息,发现298K时甲烷脱氢过程中不易生成C*。913 K时甲烷脱氢过程决速中间体由IM1-1变成了IM6-1、决速过渡态由TS78-1变成了TS56-1;虽然可以生成C*,但能量跨度的减小加快了C*和CH*的消去。本工作可以了解NiCo双原子团簇催化甲烷干法重整的作用机理,为实验研究提供理论基础。     

甲烷催化制氢气的研究进展

氢气作为二次能源将成为未来主要能源之一。用甲烷作原料制备氢气有重要意义。本文论述了目前国内外甲烷制氢技术的研究进展,分别对制氢的各种技术方法、反应器的分类、所用催化剂的种类及性能,以及目前解决催化剂结炭问题的研究成果等方面进行了详尽的论述。     

介质阻挡放电等离子制备5Ni-5La/SiO2催化剂及其甲烷干重整反应催化性能

利用介质阻挡放电等离子体法制备了5Ni-5La/SiO₂催化剂,并用于甲烷干重整反应.在常压, 700℃,空速为4.8×104 mL·g^-1·h^-1时,等离子体法所制催化剂催化甲烷干重整反应的CH₄和CO₂的转化率分别为81.2%和88.4%,且在30 h内保持稳定;而传统催化剂的CH₄和CO₂初始转化率分别为81%和88.4%, 30 h后下降到58.8%和68.6%.研究结果表明,介质阻挡放电等离子体法制备的催化剂具有更高的分散性和更强的金属与La₂O₃的相互作用.等离子体处理增加了Ni周围的电子密度,增强了CO₂在催化剂表面的吸附能力和活化能力,促进了HCOO^-中间体的生成,有利于反应正向进行.     

碳酸盐炼制共热耦合甲烷干重整制高附加值化学品发展展望

传统过程工业,诸如我国水泥、钢铁、耐材和电石等行业,都涉及碳酸盐高温热分解过程,其导致的CO₂排放量超过了全国工业碳排放总量的50%,大量CO₂排放对全球气候产生了不可逆转的影响。因此,如何减少过程工业排放的CO₂并且充分利用碳酸盐热分解的余热面临着巨大挑战。为进一步降低该类过程工业的CO₂排放量同时降低其热分解的能耗,通过利用地球上储量丰富的温室气体CH₄,对碳酸盐进行共热耦合重整制备合成气等高附加值产品,有望成为一种环保经济的技术路线。本文总结了(光/热)碳酸盐炼制耦合甲烷干重整反应、醇类重整反应以及CO₂捕获反应的最新进展,并且对碳酸盐炼制耦合甲烷干重整反应在理论计算方面的研究进展进行了介绍,进一步结合本课题组近期关于碳酸盐共热耦合甲烷重整的最新结果,我们提出了该类耦合反应的发展展望,为实现CO₂的高效转化和减排增效提供了思路。     

甲烷与二氧化碳重整制取合成气反应的研究

合成了具有磁铅石结构的Ｓｒ１－ｘＬａｘＮｉＡｌ１１Ｏ１９系列催化剂，并用ＸＲＤ、ＵＶ－ＤＲＳ、Ｈ２－Ｏ２滴定及Ｐｙ－ＩＲ等方法对其体相及表面性质进行了表征，结果表明，Ｌａ＾３＋离子能够同晶取代Ｓｒ＾２＋离子进入催化剂晶格内部；随着Ｌａ＾２＋含量增加，催化剂的结晶度提高，从而降低了镍的还原性，并使金属镍的表面上的分散度略有提高，在ＳｒＮｉＡｌ１１Ｏ１９中掺入Ｌａ＾３＋离子，能够抑制晶体沿ｃ轴方向的生     

氧化锆担载镍甲烷干重整催化剂的载体形貌效应

煤层气是储量十分丰富的煤炭伴生资源,也是煤炭开采中最大的安全隐患之一,同时还是重要的温室气体.研究煤层气的高效、清洁资源化利用具有资源和环境双重意义.因此,世界主要产煤国均十分重视煤层气的开发和利用.煤层气的主要成分是甲烷,目前主要通过两种方式实现其资源化利用:(1)直接转化,主要通过氧化偶联、催化氧化官能团化或脱氢芳构化等途径将其转化为高碳烃、含氧化合物及芳烃等;(2)间接转化,甲烷首先经催化重整反应制取合成气,而后再经Fischer-Tropsch合成、甲醇化和氢甲酰化等过程来合成饱和烃、烯烃、甲醇及其他含氧化物.对于前者,由于热力学限制,反应收率很低,应用前景较差,而经由合成气这一平台产物的间接转化路线被认为是一条甲烷资源化利用颇具工业前景的转化路线.因此,甲烷催化重整制合成气备受关注.研究表明,贵金属具有较好的甲烷重整催化性能,但其储量有限、价格昂贵的内在缺陷不利于甲烷大规模转化和资源化利用.Ni基催化剂具有与贵金属可比的催化活性和选择性,且其储量丰富,价格低廉,因此在甲烷重整反应中备受青睐.但是,相对于贵金属,Ni基催化剂易于积碳和烧结失活,这已成为制约其大规模工业化应用的瓶颈.迄今,大量文献报道关注如何提高Ni基催化剂的催化稳定性.而载体形貌调控是调节负载型催化剂的有效途径.本文开展了用作载Ni催化剂的氧化锆载体的形貌调控研究,以期可以有效调节载Ni催化剂的物化性质,进而调控载Ni催化剂的甲烷重整催化性能.采用水热法成功制备了松球状和鹅卵石状的单斜相氧化锆载体,进一步负载镍,制备了载镍催化剂,用于甲烷重整制合成气反应.具有分级结构的松球状氧化锆载Ni催化剂(Ni/ZrO2-ipch)展示出比鹅卵石状氧化锆和常规氧化锆纳米粒子载Ni催化剂显著好的催化活性和稳定性.采用XRD、N2吸附、TEM、H2-TPR、CO化学吸附、CO2-TPD、XPS和TGA等手段研究了松球状氧化锆载Ni催化剂高催化活性和稳定性的原因和机制.发现,其较高的催化活性主要归因于高的Ni分散度、改善的可还原性、促进的氧流动性以及较多的碱性位和较强的碱性,这些物化性质依赖于氧化锆载体的独特形貌.分级结构的松球状氧化锆载Ni催化剂高的甲烷重整催化稳定性主要源于催化剂的高抗烧结、抗积碳性能.加强的金属载体效应和介孔限域效应可以阻止金属Ni的高温烧结,而优良的抗积碳稳定性主要源于催化剂良好的氧流动性、较多的碱性位、较强的碱性以及小的Ni粒子尺寸.鉴于分级结构松球状氧化锆载Ni催化剂高的催化活性和优良的抗积碳、抗烧结稳定性,该催化剂用于甲烷重整制合成气具有广阔前景.而所制备的分级结构松球状氧化锆由于具有独特的结构和优良的热稳定性,可以作为性能优良的载体用于其他反应,尤其对于高温转化过程可望表现出明显优势.     

甲烷干重整反应用Ni-Ru/MgAl类水滑石催化剂的研究

采用焙烧记忆法分别制备Ni/Mg Al O和NiRu/Mg Al O类水滑石催化剂用于甲烷干重整反应.利用XRD、TPR、TG、XPS、CO2-TPD、TEM等表征催化剂的结构及失活特征,发现在Ni/Mg Al O中添加Ru,有利于增加催化剂表面Ni含量,并促进Ni2+的还原.不同Mg/Al比双金属催化剂中,7Ni-0.15Ru/Mg2.5Al催化剂具有较高的催化活性,这归结为该催化剂适宜的碱性、较高表面Ni含量以及小尺寸的Ni0物种.添加Ru明显抑制Ni/Mg Al O催化剂表面的丝状碳的形成.而7Ni-0.15Ru/Mg2.5Al较强的抗积碳性能与其较小Ni0晶粒尺寸及适宜催化剂碱性有关.     

Methane Dry Reforming over Alumina Supported Co Catalysts

A series of Co/γ-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared with the impregnation .method and characterized by means of the BET specific surface area, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Laser Raman spectroscopy. The Co/γ-Al2O3 catalysts were activated by using H2, 20%CH4/H2 or CH4, re-spectively. There was no obvious difference between the activities of the Co/γ-Al2O3 catalyst activated by us-ing the different activation methods for methane dry reforming. The catalytic properties of the Co/γ-Al2O3 catalysts with different Co loadings were also investigated. The optimized Co loading for the Co/γ-Al2O3 cata-lyst pretreated with 20% CH4/H2 is around 12% (mass fraction).     

甲烷干重整催化剂Ni/Al2O3表面积炭表征与分析

用蒸发法制备了Ni/Al2O3催化剂及浸渍法制备了Ni/α-Al2O3和Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂, 并与商品天然气水蒸气重整催化剂Z118Y一起进行了甲烷干重整实验, 考察了各催化剂上表面积炭行为. 通过H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、BET(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller)比表面积分析、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、热重-差式扫描量热(TG-DSC)、程序升温氢化(TPH)等表征手段对催化剂表面沉积炭的特性进行了表征. 结果表明, 各催化剂上至少存在三种形式的碳物种: 无定形碳、丝状碳及石墨碳. 由于载体性质不同, 各催化剂上沉积炭的种类及其含量有所差别. Z118Y、Ni/Al2O3及Ni/α-Al2O3催化剂上主要沉积丝状炭, 而Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂上则主要是石墨碳. Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂中金属Ni颗粒较小(小于15 nm)、粒径分布范围较窄、分散性较好, 能减少催化剂表面炭的沉积, 有效地抑制丝状碳的生长.     

Promotion Effects of Nickel Catalysts of Dry Reforming with Methane

The promotion effects of nickel catalyst of dry reforming with methane were extensively investigated by means of XRD, SEM, EDX, N₂‐adsorption and H₂‐adsorption. XRD characterization indicated that good dispersion of nickel oxide and MgO promoter is achieved over γ‐Al₂O₃ support. Addition of MgO promoter effectively retards the formation of NiAl₂O₄ phase. SEM and EDX analysis exhibited that the addition of rare‐earth metal oxide CeO₂ effectively promotes the Ni metal dispersion on the surface of the catalysts despite of undesirable self‐dispersion of CeO₂ promoter. Furthermore, the nickel component is gradually dispersed on the surface of the support following the exposure to reaction gas mixture for a period of time. The addition of MgO inhibited the self‐dispersion and promotion effect of CeO₂ on Ni dispersion on the catalysts. H₂ chemisorption revealed that the addition of the alkaline oxide MgO promoter significantly prohibits the metal dispersion on the catalyst. Inappropriate promoter addition can result in sharp decrease of the metal dispersion, N₂‐adsorption indicated that oxide promoter was mostly concentrated on the outer layer of the alumina support while the nickel metal was generally dispersed in the support pores. Addition of promoters contributed to more reduction in mesopore volume.     

Improving Catalytic Stability and Coke Resistance of Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts with Ce Promoter for Relatively Low Temperature Dry Reforming of Methane Reaction

Aseries of Ni catalysts supported on alumina with different Ce contents(1.0%-6.0%, mass fraction) was prepared by the impregnation method and used for dry reforming of methane(DRM) at a relatively low temperature of 650 ^oC. The promotion effect of Ce with different loading amounts on the physicochemical properties of the catalysts was systematically characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), N₂ adsorption-desorption, thermo elemental IRIS Intrepid inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(UV-Vis DRS), Fourier transformation infrared(FTIR) spectra, H₂-temperature programmed reduction(H₂-TPR) analysis, H₂-temperature programmed desorption(H₂-TPD), and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) techniques. The results indicate that all the catalysts mainly exist in the NiAl₂O₄ phase after being calcined at 750 ^oC with small Ni particle sizes due to the strong metal-support interaction derived from the reduction of the NiAl₂O₄ phase. The Ce-promoted catalysts show better catalytic performance as well as the resistance against sintering of Ni particles and deposition of carbon compared to the Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The Ni-6Ce/Al₂O₃ exhibits the best catalytic stability and coke resistance among the four catalysts studied, which is due to its small Ni nanoparticles sizes, excellent reducibility as well as high amount of active oxygen species. In a 400 h stability test for DRM reaction at 650 ^oC, Ni-6Ce/Al₂O₃ exhibits less coke deposition and small growth of Ni nanoparticles. This work provides a simple way to preparing the Ni-Ce/Al₂O₃ catalyst with enhanced catalytic performance in DRM. The Ni-6Ce/Al₂O₃ catalyst has great potential for industrial application due to its anti-sintering ability and resistance to carbon deposition.     

Effect of Partial Substitution of Ni by Cu in LaNiO3 Perovskite Catalyst for Dry Methane Reforming

A series of ternary perovskite type oxides LaNi1-xCuxO3(x = 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,and 1.0) were synthesized via the sol-gel method in propionic acid.Partial substitution of Ni by Cu showed higher activities and selectivities towards syngas products.LaNi0.8Cu0.2O3 was the most active toward the CH4 and CO2 conversions,and was selective for syngas products.Temperature-programmed reduction results showed that the addition of Cu facilitates the reduction of Ni3+ to Ni0,which is the main reason for the higher performance of this catalyst.     

原位共沉淀法制备Ni-Mg-Al-LDHs/γ-Al2O3催化前驱体在甲烷二氧化碳重整反应体系中的性能评价

通过原位共沉淀的方法在γ-Al₂O₃表面上合成了Ni-Mg-Al-LDHs (水滑石), 合成的Ni-Mg-Al-LDHs/γ-Al₂O₃作为催化前驱体经过不同的热处理还原方式得到催化剂Cat-1、Cat-2和Cat-3. 用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、N₂吸附-脱附测试(BET)以及热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)对催化剂的形貌结构和抗积碳能力进行了表征测试; 通过甲烷二氧化碳重整反应体系对催化剂的反应活性和稳定性进行了评价. 结果表明催化剂前驱体的预处理方式对催化剂的反应性能具有较大的影响. Ni-Mg-Al-LDHs/γ-Al₂O₃ 直接经过H2/Ar 常压高频冷等离子体炬的分解还原所获得的催化剂Cat-3 表现出了最佳的催化活性和稳定性. TEM表征表明催化活性组分在Cat-3上的分散性更好, 颗粒粒径更小. BET结果证明Cat-3具备较大的比表面积(195.8 m²·g^-1). Ni-Mg-Al 水滑石的结构赋予了催化剂活性组分在载体γ-Al₂O₃上均匀的分散性, 同时常压高频冷等离体炬对催化剂的表面结构以及活性组分的还原具有进一步的优化作用, 两者的协同作用使Ni-Mg-Al-LDHs/γ-Al₂O₃在甲烷二氧化碳反应体系中具备优良的催化活性和抗积碳性能.     

双金属合金团簇M12Ni(M=Pt,Sn,Cu)催化甲烷干法重整反应的理论研究

利用密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了M₁₂Ni(M=Pt, Sn, Cu) 3种双金属合金团簇的电子活性和结构稳定性, 并探讨了甲烷干法重整反应(DRM)在M₁₂Ni双金属团簇表面的反应能量变化情况. 经比较发现甲烷脱氢和二氧化碳活化过程在Pt₁₂Ni团簇表面进行需克服的活化能垒最低, 反应最易进行. Sn₁₂Ni团簇上生成碳需要较高的活化能, 说明Sn₁₂Ni团簇能够有效抑制焦碳的生成, 一定程度上克服了碳沉积导致的催化剂失活现象, 并且Sn₁₂Ni团簇在C ^*和CH ^*氧化过程中表现出最佳的催化活性. Cu₁₂Ni团簇仅在甲烷脱氢过程中表现出较为优异的催化活性.     

Perovskites as Precursors for Ni/La2O3 Catalysts in the Dry Reforming of Methane: Synthesis by Constant pH Co‐Precipitation,Reduction Mechanism and Effect of Ru‐Doping

LaNiO₃ perovskite is an interesting precursor for Ni/La₂O₃ catalysts for the dry reforming of methane at high temperatures. Precursors have been synthesized by co‐precipitation without, with 2.5 at %, and with 5 at % Ru doping. The presence of Ru leads to a stabilization of the perovskite structure and hinders the decomposition into NiO and Ruddlesden‐Popper mixed oxides La_n+1Ni_nO_3n+1, which was observed for the Ru‐free sample upon calcination at 1000 °C (n = 3). Upon reduction in hydrogen, a mechanism involving at least two steps was observed and the first major step was identified as the partial reduction of the precursor leading to a LaNiO_2.5‐like intermediate. The second major step is the reduction to Ni metal supported on La₂O₃ independent of the Ru content of the catalyst. In the presence of Ru, indications for Ni‐Ru alloy formation and for a higher dispersion of the metallic phase were found. The catalytic activity in DRM of the catalyst containing 2.5 % Ru was superior to the catalysts with more or without Ru. Furthermore, the propensity of coke formation was reduced by the presence of Ru.