Investigation of Kinetics of Solid-Phase Synthesis of Lithium Orthosilicate

The kinetics of the interaction between lithium carbonate and silica with various degrees of dispersion was investigated by TG and DTA methods. It was found that the utilization of pyrogenic silica with a specific surface area of about 300 m²g^-1 instead of aerosil with one of 175 m²g^-1 leads to an increase of the reaction rate between lithium carbonate and silica, which depends on the formation and growth of lithium orthosilicate crystals in the first stage, and is conditioned by the diffusion of lithium and oxygen ions through the lithium orthosilicate layer formed at temperatures above 800 K. This supposition is supported by the kinetic analysis results obtained with the use of the different models. The optimal regime of heating is recommended. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

丹曲林钠杂质B的合成

以5-对硝基苯胺为原料,与糠醛经重氮化反应制得5-对硝基苯基糠醛(1);1与1-氨基乙内酰脲盐酸盐经缩合、精制得丹曲林(2);2与甲醇钠成盐制得丹曲林钠(3);3在氢氧化钠水溶液中加热条件下,经开环水解制得丹曲林钠杂质B钠盐,再经盐酸酸化、精制合成了丹曲林钠杂质B,总收率16.9%,纯度99.9%,其结构经1H NMR,IR和MS(ESI)确证。     

合成聚芳酯树状分子的新方法

以３，５－二羟基 苯甲酸为起始原料，经甲醇酯化保护羧基，与苯甲酰氯反应，得到３，５－二苯甲酰氧基苯甲酸甲酯用ＡｌＣｌ３．ＮａＩ去掉保护基甲基，以高收率得到３，５－二苯甲酰氧基苯甲酸。其结构均是由ＩＲ，＾１ＨＮＭＲ，ＥＡ等方法证实。     

Enthalpies of dilution of aqueous solutions of amides and alcohols

Enthalpies of dilution of aqueous systems containing formamide, dimethyl-formamide, the mixture of these amides, and each amide separately with mannitol, inositol, and cyclohexanol have been determined at 25°C. The data have been treated in terms of the Savage-Wood additivity principle and in combination with literature data. New values for the methylene-amide, carbinol-amide, and amide-amide group interaction enthalpies are presented. These may be used with data on a wider variety of solute systems to obtain interaction enthalpies for new groups.     

聚合物表面的环境响应性

文中讨论了聚合物环境响应的多样性，此响应性可借表面改性和形成多组分聚合物以结构参数而有效地控制。响应性与生物医学材料的血液相容性及既适合极性又可用于非极性基材的粘合剂的智能特性相关。     

原子荧光光谱法测定褪黑素治疗组兔肝脏硒含量

为探讨褪黑素对实验性动脉粥样硬化兔肝脏组织中硒含量的影响,用高脂饮食复制兔动脉粥样硬化,然后给予褪黑素建立治疗组模型,获取肝脏,用硝酸、过氧化氢混合液微波消解样品,采用原子荧光光谱法测定肝脏组织中硒的含量。结果表明,正常组、高脂组和褪黑素治疗组硒在肝脏组织中质量分数分别为3.31、2.14和1.34 mg/kg。提示给予褪黑素治疗后,褪黑素治疗组的硒平均含量比高脂组的平均含量降低37.4%,所以褪黑素对肝脏硒的吸收具有明显的抑制作用。     

环糊精与新型表面活性剂的主客体相互作用

在298.15 K下用微量热法结合核磁共振法研究了α-环糊精, β-环糊精与十二烷基多氧乙烯磺酸钠C12EnS(n=1, 3)在水溶液中的包结作用. 实验结果表明, β-环糊精与客体的包合是焓、熵共驱的过程, α-环糊精与客体的包合则是焓驱动过程. β-环糊精与两种客体包合的化学计量比随客体中氧乙烯链的不同而不同, 而α-环糊精与两种客体包合的化学计量比则无差别. 1H NMR数据表明, C12EnS的存在使两种环糊精上各质子的化学位移向高场移动, 从微观上证明了包结作用的发生.     

氨基酸从水到尿素水溶液中的迁移焓研究

用微量量热法测定甘氨酸、L-丙氨酸、L-丝氨酸在水和尿素水溶液中的溶解焓, 计算得到氨基酸从水到尿素水溶液的迁移焓, 并根据水合结构相互作用模型予以讨论. 结果表明, 氨基酸两性离子与尿素分子的静电作用以及两性离子头部与尿素分子的结构相互作用对氨基酸迁移焓有负贡献, 氨基酸侧链与尿素分子的结构相互作用依其亲水性或疏水性分别对迁移焓有负贡献或正贡献. 在实验浓度范围(0～13 mol/kg)内, 三种氨基酸的迁移焓总体上随尿素浓度的增加而下降, 其大小依次为L-丝氨酸＜甘氨酸＜L-丙氨酸, 氨基酸迁移焓的差异反映了溶质-溶剂结构相互作用的变化.     

Comparison of different methods for the detoxification of lignocellulose hydrolyzates of spruce

This study describes different detoxification methods to improve both cell growth and ethanol production by Baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A dilute-acid hydrolyzate of spruce was used for the all detoxification methods tested. The changes in the concentrations of fermentable sugars and three groups of inhibitory compounds—aliphatic acids, furan derivatives, and phenolic compounds—were determined and the fermentability of the detoxified hydrolyzate was assayed. The applied detoxification methods included: treatment with alkali (sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide); treatment with sulfite (0.1% [w/v] or 1% [w/v] at pH 5.5 or 10); evaporation of 10% or 90% of the initial volume; anion exchange (at pH 5.5 or 10); enzymatic detoxification with the phenoloxidase laccase; and detoxification with the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. An ion exchange at pH 5.5 or 10, treatment with laccase, treatment with calcium hydroxide, and treatment with T. reesei were the most efficient detoxification methods. Evaporation of 10% of the initial volume and treatment with 0.1% sulfite were the least efficient detoxification methods. Treatment with laccase was the only detoxification method that specifically removed only one group of the inhibitors, namely phenolic compounds. Anion exchange at pH 10 was the most efficient method for removing all three major groups of inhibitory compounds; however, it also resulted in loss of fermentable sugars.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Study of the thermodynamics of adsorption of hydrolyzed modified polyacrylnitrile

The thermodynamics of adsorption has been studied of hydrolyzed modified polyacrylnitrile (HMP) in water solutions with a concentration ranging from 0.25 g/l to 2.00 g/l on bleached sulphate and unbleached and bleached sulphite celluloses at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, and 60 C.It has been established that with the rise in temperature, the amount of adsorbed polymer —(HMP) decreases. The values of the enthalpy change are negative and show a linear decrease with the increase in the amount of adsorbed polymer. The adsorption equilibrium is defined by the logarithmic isotherm of Tjumkin, valid for uniform heterogeneous surfaces.With the increase in the amount of adsorbed HMP the values of the entropy change become negative and linearly decrease. A compensation effect has been noticed which results from the simultaneous action of the entropy and energy factors.The values of the change of the chemical potential for the three types of cellulose are negative and linearly decrease with the increase in the amount of adsorbed HMP and with the rise in temperature.     

Formation of gutingimycin: analytical investigation of trioxacarcin A-mediated alkylation of dsDNA

Formation and fragmentation of recognition complexes between trioxacarcin A and various DNA sequences were examined by temperature-dependent UV and CD spectroscopy, HPLC analysis, and ESI mass spectrometry with regard to reaction conditions, intermediates, products, mechanism, and sequence specificity. Cleavage of the trioxacarcin–DNA complexes provided the natural product gutingimycin by guanine abstraction. The resulting DNA with an abasic site was further cleaved into a DNA fragment with a furanyl unit at the 3′-end and an oligonucleotide with a phosphorylated 5′-end.     

聚硫堇半导体性质的电化学证据

聚硫堇的电导率为9.6×10－6 S•cm－1,属有机半导体.在10 ℃至60 ℃温度范围内,测定了聚硫堇的循环伏安图、恒电位下的放电曲线和交流阻抗图,并测定了电解质溶液的电导率随温度的变化.在聚硫堇的循环伏安图上有一阳极峰和一阴极峰,它们的峰电流均随温度的升高而增加;恒电位下的放电电流也随温度升高而增加;而交流阻抗的结果表明,聚硫堇的电荷传递电阻Rct随温度升高而下降,即它的交换电流i0随温度升高而增加;而溶液电阻和膜电阻也随温度的升高而下降,这同样会引起电流随温度升高而增加.所以温度对固体半导体聚硫堇的电极反应速率的影响包含了电极反应的本身和电极的电导率等因素的影响.聚硫堇的扫描电镜图证实了它的表面是一种纤维状结构.     

Thermodynamic characteristics of supramolecular complexes of aroma compounds with ordered structures of polysaccharides of corn starch and its cryotextures

Supramolecular complexes of organic odorants (n-octanol and n-octyl acetate) with polysaccharides of corn starch, its cryotextures, and waxy corn starch cryotextures were studied by differential scanning microcalorimetry. It was shown that complexes are formed with amylose-containing starch and no complexes are formed with amylopectin starch. The melting enthalpies of the complexes were determined. It was shown that complexes of the odorants with native corn starch and its cryotextures have different thermodynamic characteristics.     

Selection of anion exchangers for detoxification of dilute-acid hydrolysates from spruce

Six anion-exchange resins with different properties were compared with respect to detoxification of a dilute-acid hydrolysate of spruce prior to ethanolic fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The six resins encompassed strong and weak functional groups as well as styrene-, phenol-, and acrylic-based matrices. In an analytical experimental series, fractions from columns packed with the different resins were analyzed regarding pH, glucose, furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, phenolic compounds, levulinic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, and sulfate. An initial adsorption of glucose occurred in the strong alkaline environment and led to glucose accumulation at a later stage. Acetic and levulinic acid passed through the column before formic acid, whereas sulfate had the strongest affinity. In a preparative experimental series, one fraction from each of six columns packed with the different resins was collected for assay of the fermentability and analysis of glucose, mannose, and fermentation inhibitors. The fractions collected from strong anion-exchange resins with styrene-based matrices displayed the best fermentability: a sevenfold enhancement of ethanol productivity compared with untreated hydrolysate. Fractions from a strong anion exchanger with acrylic-based matrix and a weak exchanger with phenol-based resin displayed an intermediate improvement in fermentability, a four- to fivefold increase in ethanol productivity. The fractions from two weak exchangers with styrene- and acrylic-based matrices displayed a twofold increase in ethanol productivity. Phenolic compounds were more efficiently removed by resins with styrene-and phenol-based matrices than by resins with acrylic-based matrices.     

活性炭表面性质对氧气扩散电极电催化性能的影响

 分别采用硝酸和空气氧化处理制得具有不同表面性质的粉末活性炭,并以此为催化层材料制成炭基氧气扩散电极,测定了不同电极的极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱. N2物理吸附和He程序升温脱附(He-TPD)研究表明,硝酸处理对活性炭孔结构的影响较小,但可使其表面含氧基团明显增加; 而空气氧化处理则会导致活性炭的中孔面积和孔容显著增大,但对表面含氧基团的影响较小. 极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱研究发现,当活性炭的孔结构相近时,电极的催化性能随着表面含氧基团的增多而急剧下降; 当活性炭表面含氧基团的量相近时,中孔孔容增大将导致电极催化性能的恶化. 与活性炭表面含氧基团相比,孔结构对氧气扩散电极的电化学性能具有更显著的影响.     

卷烟烟气总粒相物中氟节胺含量的检测方法

建立了气相色谱电子捕获器法检测卷烟抽吸过程中氟节胺向主流烟气总粒相物中转移量的方法,卷烟在标准条件下抽吸,用剑桥滤片捕集主流烟气总粒相物,经乙腈提取、石墨碳黑固相萃取柱或自制混合层析柱净化、GC/ECD检测后,外标法定量.氟节胺在0.02 ～20 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,检出限为9.14×10-6 g/L.加标量为...     

Study of Kinetics of Dispersion Polymerization of Styrene in Organic Media

The kinetics of dispersion polymerization of styrene in alcohol/methyl or butyl cellosolve was investigated with dried-weigh methods. The reaction parameters, such as concentration of initiator, polymerization temperature, and solvent, play an important role in determine polymerization rate. It was found that polymerization rate increases with the reaction temperature. The apparent activation energy is of 42.2kJ/mole and 52.6kJ/mole for the initial polymerization stage and the stationary polymerization interval. The polymerization rate increases with the concentration of the initiator with approximately 0.67 order dependence at conversion about 5%. It was described that the relation of conversion with the Hansen Parameters of media in detail by analysis of solvent dispersion, polarity and hydrogen bonding contributions. More significant was the result that polymerization rate versus conversion curve consisted of 3 intervals (2 non-stationary and 1 stationary one). The plateau of polymerization rate was observed in the curve of polymerization rate vs. monomer conversion.     

具有多个光致变色单元的二芳基乙烯分子光密度的增加

3,4-Diaryl-2,5-dihydropyrrole with multiphotochromophore units la was synthesized and its photochromic properties were investigated. It showed that all photochromophore units underwent reversible ring-opening （1a） and ring-closing （1b） photoisomerization reactions in both solution and polymer film with UV/Vis light irradiation, and photochromic properties of la were similar to those of photochromic diarylethene with monophotochromophore 2a. It was found that the optical density of lb was increased linearly with increase of the photochromophore units by comparison with that of 2b in the same condition. It was also found that no significant changes in absorption band and response time between diarylethenes with multiphotochromophores and monophotochromophore were detected in the same condition.