基于色度学-拉曼光谱特征鉴定北红和南红玛瑙

产于黑龙江的“北红玛瑙”与四川凉山、云南保山的“南红玛瑙”是我国珠宝市场上常见的红色玛瑙,然而相应的产地特征研究较少,结合色度学、拉曼光谱、X射线粉晶衍射分析对三个产地的73件红色玛瑙的色度学、矿物学、光谱学特征进行了对比分析。结果表明,“北红玛瑙”的主要物相组成为α-石英和斜硅石,次要矿物组成为针铁矿、赤铁矿;四川凉山与云南保山“南红玛瑙”的主要物相组成为α-石英,次要矿物为赤铁矿、针铁矿、方解石等,少量样品含有斜硅石。黑龙江“北红玛瑙”的颜色主波长范围为574～605 nm,集中于[580, 590]区间,对应黄色-橙黄色-橙色色调,CIE1976Lab色空间中a≤6.2,b≤6.3;四川凉山“南红玛瑙”的主波长范围为589～624 nm,云南保山“南红玛瑙”主波长范围为589～599 nm,两个产地的“南红玛瑙”主波长均集中于[590, 600]区间,对应橙色-橙红色色调,大部分样品a＞6.2或b＞6.3,整体而言相比“北红玛瑙”颜色色调偏红,其彩度和亮度总体上也高于“北红玛瑙”。拉曼光谱中,斜硅石Si-O-Si对称伸缩-弯曲振动引起的501 cm-1峰在“北红玛瑙”中的强度高,在两个产地的“南红玛瑙”中不存在或者强度弱。斜硅石与α-石英特征峰强度比(I₅₀₁/I₄₆₃)和面积比(A₅₀₁/A₄₆₃)结果基本一致,在研究及鉴定过程中可以根据实际情况灵活选择。拉曼光谱粉末法测得的斜硅石与α-石英特征峰强度比(I₅₀₁/I₄₆₃)和面积比(A₅₀₁/A₄₆₃)结果位于大量随机点测的范围内,在日常鉴定中可以用多次无损点测的方法来获得接近粉末法的结果。黑龙江“北红玛瑙”的特征峰面积比(A₅₀₁/A₄₆₃)稳定在0.15～0.36,而四川凉山与云南保山“南红玛瑙”稳定在0.00～0.08,指示了两个产地“南红玛瑙”的斜硅石相对含量比“北红玛瑙”少,推测是两地的“南红玛瑙”在初期形成后都经历了较强的脱水和重结晶作用过程,使斜硅石转化成低温的α-石英所致。可以综合利用色度学特征及拉曼光谱,结合斜硅石与α-石英谱特征峰强度比(I₅₀₁/I₄₆₃)或面积比(A₅₀₁/A₄₆₃),对产于黑龙江的“北红玛瑙”以及四川凉山、云南保山的“南红玛瑙”进行区分,这也对玛瑙的产地鉴定、出土文物溯源等具有重要意义。     

基于紫外-可见光光谱法研究长期不同施肥对砖红壤溶解性有机质化学性质的影响

溶解性有机质（DOM）是土壤中最为活跃的一部分,具有重要的生态环境意义。明确不同施肥方式对DOM化学性质的影响,可为土壤肥力管理提供依据。因此,该试验以连续四年的不同施肥管理为基础,结合紫外-可见吸收光谱,探求不同施肥方式下,土壤中溶解性有机质的含量和化学性质的变化情况。试验共设置4个处理：CK（不施肥）;CF（化肥）;OG（有机肥）;ST（秸秆）。结果表明,与CK组相比,OG和ST的DOC(溶解性有机碳)含量为95.97和104.89 mg·kg-1,分别是CK组的129%和141%。相反,CF的DOC含量为15.32 mg·kg-1,仅为CK组的21%。OG显著提高了有色溶解性有机质[CDOM,以α（355）表征]含量,是CK组的2.76倍,ST无明显变化;CF则显著降低CDOM含量,仅为CK组的0.55倍。施用OG导致土壤紫外吸收曲线红移,表明有机肥的施用能够提高土壤DOM的共轭双键物质含量和腐殖化程度;与CK相比,OG中DOM的芳香性、疏水性、腐殖化程度的特征常数SUVA₂₅₄,SUVA₂₆₀和SUVA₂₈₀增大,揭示了有机肥的施用能够提高DOM的芳香性、疏水性组分以及腐殖化程度,秸秆处理增加不明显。施用化肥则出现明显降低。吸光度比值A₂₅₀/A₃₅₄,相比CK,CF显著增加,表明施用化肥使DOM分子变小,OG和ST处理无明显变化;秸秆施用导致A₄₆₅/A₆₆₅显著增加,表明秸秆能够有效提高DOM中蛋白质和碳水化合物含量;施用有机肥和秸秆A₃₀₀/A₄₀₀均大于3.5,表明土壤中DOM主要以富里酸为主,而施用化肥A₃₀₀/A₄₀₀明显低于3.5,表明土壤中DOM主要以胡敏酸为主。施用化肥出现S_R＞1,不施肥、有机肥、秸秆三者的S_R＜1,也表明了有机肥、秸秆能够增加分子量。有机肥和秸秆能有效增加土壤DOM含量,提升土壤肥力。尤其是施用有机肥,更能显著增加土壤DOM的共轭物质、腐殖化程度、疏水比例、芳香性以及分子量。而长期施用化肥则导致耕层土壤肥力降低。     

EAST快速极紫外光谱仪绝对强度的原位标定

磁约束等离子体中杂质(特别是高Z杂质)的存在将大大增强等离子体辐射功率损失，破坏等离子体的约束性能。杂质行为的定量研究首先要求对杂质测量的光谱诊断系统进行绝对强度标定，获得灵敏度响应曲线。介绍了EAST托卡马克上的快速极紫外光谱仪系统绝对强度的原位标定方法。在波长范围20～150Å内，通过对比极紫外(EUV)波段连续轫致辐射强度的计算值和测量值得到光谱仪的绝对强度标定。在此过程中，首先由(523±1) nm范围内可见连续轫致辐射强度的绝对测量值计算出有效电荷数Z_eff，进而结合电子温度和密度分布计算EUV波段连续轫致辐射强度；EUV波段连续轫致辐射强度的测量值即为不同波长处探测器的连续本底计数扣除背景噪声计数值。对于较长波段范围130～280Å，通过对比等离子体中类锂杂质离子(Fe23+，Cr21+，Ar15+)和类钠杂质离子(Mo31+，Fe15+)发出的共振谱线对(跃迁分别为1s22s 2S_1/2-1s22p 2P_{1/2, 3/2}及2p63s 2S_1/2-2p63p 2P_{1/2, 3/2})强度比的理论和实验值进行相对强度标定。其中共振谱线对强度比的理论值由辐射碰撞模型计算得到，模型中处在各个能级的离子数主要由电子碰撞激发，去激发以及辐射衰变三个过程决定。两种方法相结合，实现了光谱仪20～280Å范围的绝对强度标定。考虑轫致辐射、电子温度及电子密度的测量误差，绝对标定误差约为30%。在绝对标定的基础上，我们对杂质特征谱线强度进行绝对测量，并将测量结果与杂质输运程序结合ADAS(Atomic Data and Analysis Structure)原子数据库计算得到的模拟值进行比较，进而估算等离子体中的杂质浓度。     

铜原子单激发态3d104p 2P1/2的光电离(英文)

铜原子能级结构的理论计算具有非常大的挑战性。本文基于多组态Dirac-Hartree-Fock（MCDHF）方法和相对论组态相互作用（RCI）方法,通过三个大规模的关联模型计算了单激发态3d104p 2P_1/2、双激发态3d94s（3D）5s4D_3/2,1/2,3d94s（3D）5s 2D_3/2,3d94s（1D）5s 2D_3/2以及离子态3d10 1S₀能级和波函数。结果表明,铜原子能级结构对有限组态空间的选择极其敏感,双激发态3d94s（3D）5s 4D_3/2,1/2,3d94s（3D）5s 2D_3/2,3d94s（1D）5s 2D_3/2和离子态3d10 1S₀与单激发态之间的能量差相对于已有实验结果均存在大约-0.4 eV的偏差,而计算得到的共振电子能量与实验结果符合得较好。此外,根据辐射跃迁矩阵元和非辐射跃迁矩阵元计算了双激发态的Fano参数q,并基于Fano理论得到了铜单激发态3d104p 2P_1/2的总光电离截面,该理论考虑了直接光电离与光激发自电离之间的干涉效应,即共振3d94s（3D）5s 4D_3/2,1/2、3d94s（3D）5s 2D_3/2和3d94s（1D）5s 2D_3/2具有明显的非对称的Fano轮廓,表明光电离过程与光激发自电离过程之间的干涉对双激发态共振附近的光电离截面轮廓有着极其重要的影响。     

不同水文情形下巢湖有色可溶性有机物来源及分布特征

于2018年1月(枯水)、4月(平水)、7月(丰水)对巢湖开展野外观测,探讨不同水文条件下有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的光谱组成结构及分布特征。结果表明丰水期巢湖溶解性有机碳(DOC)均值(3.90±0.40) mg·L-1与枯水期均值(3.89±0.19) mg·L-1无显著差异(t-test, p>0.05),丰水期S_275～295均值(21.48±1.56) μm-1显著大于枯水期均值(19.24±0.98) μm-1(t-test, p<0.001)。平行因子分析得到了4个荧光组分,分别为短波类腐殖质组分C1、类色氨酸组分C2、类酪氨酸组分C3和长波类腐殖质组分C4。TP,TN,Chl-a和DOC浓度与短波类腐殖质组分C1、长波类腐殖质组分C4都呈显著正相关(p<0.01);DOC与类色氨酸组分C2也存在一定正相关(p<0.05)。此外巢湖CDOM的组成与来源有明显的季节差异性,丰水期陆源类腐殖酸输入是巢湖西部湖区CDOM库主要贡献源;平水期湖泊藻类生物降解为重要贡献源。为有效保护巢湖水质,应对十五里河及南淝河流域实施一定的管控措施。     

重离子冷却储存环CSRm双电子复合实验研究类锂36,40Ar15+离子同位素移动

配备电子冷却装置的重离子储存环为开展高电荷态离子的双电子复合（dielectronic recombination,DR）精密谱学研究提供了绝佳的实验平台。本工作在兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环主环（HIRFL-CSRm）上开展了类锂36,40Ar15+离子的双电子复合实验,实验观测了电子-离子质心系能量范围为0~35 eV的双电子复合速率系数谱。通过外推法获得了36,40Ar15+离子2s_1/2→2p_1/2和2s_1/2→2p_3/2的跃迁能量。同时利用GRASP2K程序理论计算了36,40Ar15+离子2s_1/2→2p_1/2和2s_1/2→2p_3/2跃迁的质量移动因子和场移动因子,进而得到双电子复合谱的同位素移动值。36,40Ar15+离子2s_1/2→2p_1/2和2s_1/2→2p_3/2同位素移动分别为0.861 meV和0.868 meV。它们均小于目前CSRm上双电子复合实验的实验分辨为~10 meV,进而解释了实验测量的DR谱上未能观察到同位素移动的原因。然而,高电荷态离子的同位素移动场效应与原子序数Z5成正比,因此,在重离子加速器冷却储存环实验环（HIRFL-CSRe）以及未来大型加速器--强流重离子加速器装置（HIAF）上有望通过DR精密谱学方法研究高电荷态重离子甚至放射性离子的同位素移动,进而获得相关原子核的核电荷半径等信息。The cooler storage ring is equipped with an electron-cooler. It is an excellent experimental platform for dielectronic recombination (DR) experiment of highly-charged ions. In this paper, the dielectronic recombination experiments of lithium-like Ar15+ ions with mass number 36 and 40 are conducted at the HIRFL-CSRm(main ring of the Cooling Storage Ring of Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou). The experimental electron-ion collision energy scale is from 0 eV to 35 eV. Extrapolation method is exploited to obtain the excitation energies of transitions 2s_1/2→2p_1/2 and 2s_1/2→2p_3/2 of the 36,40Ar15+ ions from experimental data. Meanwhile, GRASP2K program is utilized to calculate the mass shift factors and field shift factors of 36,40Ar15+ ions for 2s_1/2→2p_1/2 and 2s_1/2→2p_3/2 transitions to obtain isotope shifts in DR spectra. In theoretical calculation, isotope shifts of 36,40Ar15+ ions corresponding to 2s_1/2→2p_1/2 and 2s_1/2→2p_3/2 are 0.861 meV and 0.868 meV, respectively. They are both less than the experimental precision (~10 meV) of these dielectronic recombination experiments at the CSRm, which explains that isotope shifts cannot be distinguished from the experimental dielectronic recombination spectra. However, the field shift of highly-charged ions is proportional to Z5. In the future, the dielectronic recombination experiments of highly-charged heavy ions even radioactive ions will be conducted at the HIRFL-CSRe (experimental ring of the Cooling Storage Ring of Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou) and the future large accelerator facility--HIAF(High intensity Heavy-ion Accelerator Facility) to measure isotope shifts to obtain the nuclear charge radius information.     

半三明治配合物的芳香性及其与环伸缩振动拉曼光谱频率的相关性

寻找实验上定量测定芳香性分子芳香性大小的方法是科学家一直追求的一个目标，应用拉曼光谱测量半三明治配合物芳香性大小是一项新的尝试。采用Gaussian09计算程序中的密度泛函理论(DFT)，对(η6-C₆X₆)和半三明治配合物[(η6-C₆X₆)M]n+(X=F～Br, M=Ti~Mn, n=1, 2)进行几何优化，并对其几何结构、静电引力、稳定化能ΔE、核独立化学位移(NICS)值及环伸缩振动拉曼光谱频率(RSVRSF)大小进行了理论计算。结果表明： 取代苯及其形成的半三明治配合物的NICS值均为负值，均为芳香性分子；取代苯及其半三明治配合物中均存在A_1g或A₁对称性的RSVRSF，且其峰强度均很大，其NICS绝对值、RSVRSF值均随着F，Cl，Br取代的顺序逐渐减小，均呈高度正相关，且相关性系数均达到0.99以上，理论预测可通过实验测定其RSVRSF值测定该类物质的芳香性大小。     

褐煤添加对羊粪有机肥发酵过程中水溶性有机物光谱学变化特征的影响

研究添加褐煤对羊粪有机肥中水溶性有机物(DOM)光谱学特性的影响,为高腐殖酸有机肥的腐熟度评价提供依据。以内蒙古褐煤、羊粪为原料,添加10%褐煤进行羊粪有机肥发酵,对不同阶段有机肥样品的DOM进行紫外可见光谱、荧光光谱、FTIR的表征。紫外-可见吸收光谱分析显示,有机肥样品的E₄/E₆值随着有机肥发酵的进行呈现出先下降后上升的趋势,由有机肥开始时的9.110 4降至最低为4.647 7,再升为有机肥结束时的5.390 1;A₁呈现先减小后增大趋势,A₂和A₃均呈现先增大后减少的趋势,峰值出现在12 d。同步荧光光谱显示,荧光峰光强的比值(I₄₇₀/I₄₃₅) 由有机肥起始的0.452 8上升至有机肥结束的0.655 2;A_HLR/A_FLR呈现上升趋势,从有机肥开始的0.673 9上升至有机肥结束的1.040 8。经过18 d的有机肥发酵后,有机肥发酵结束后样品荧光强度小于有机肥起始时的荧光强度,而且10%褐煤添加的羊粪有机肥的相对荧光强度明显高于未添加褐煤的荧光强度。FTIR显示,18 d的有机肥发酵过程中DOM中的碳水化合物、蛋白质被逐渐分解,而羧基、含苯环的物质含量明显增加。随着发酵的进行,DOM中的非腐殖质物质转化为类腐殖质,不饱和结构的多聚化或联合程度变大,稳定度增加;添加褐煤可以有效促进羊粪中木质素类物质的分解,提高羊粪有机肥DOM的芳构化程度,促进羊粪有机肥腐熟。     

快重离子辐照对MoS2热导率的影响研究

利用0.97 GeV的209Bi离子辐照二硫化钼（MoS₂）晶体,辐照注量范围为1×1010～1×1012 ions/cm2,结合原子力显微镜（AFM）观测和Raman光谱分析研究了快重离子辐照对MoS₂热导率的影响。实验结果显示,快重离子辐照在MoS₂中产生了潜径迹,较高激光功率下的Raman测试使样品局部温度升高,导致E_1/2g和A_1g峰随注量增加向低波数方向移动,且峰形展宽。引入了通过改变激光功率测量Raman光谱得到MoS₂热导率的计算方法,获得了不同辐照注量下MoS₂的热导率的定量分析结果,随注量增加,热导率不断降低,从未辐照样品的563 W/mK下降到1×1012 ions/cm2辐照时的132 W/mK。Molybdenum disulphide (MoS₂) was irradiated by 0.97 GeV 209Bi ions with the fluence of 1×1010 to 1×1012 ions/cm2. The irradiation effect on the thermal conductivity of MoS₂ was analyzed by atomic force microscope (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy. The experimental results show that hillock-like latent tracks are observed on irradiated MoS₂ by AFM. The measurement of MoS₂ by Raman spectrometer with high laser power results in the increase of local temperature of MoS₂, which cause the downshift of peaks position and broadening of E_1/2g and A_1g peak. Furthermore, according to Raman spectra measured at different laser power, thermal conductivity of MoS₂ before and after irradiation was calculated, which show that the thermal conductivity of MoS₂ decreases with increasing fluence, from 563 to 132 W/mK for pristine and 1×1012 ions/cm2 irradiated MoS₂, respectively.     

高煤级煤石墨化轨迹阶段性的XRD和Raman光谱表征

为了研究石墨化过程中煤的分子结构有序化轨迹,选取湖南、陕西19个不同变形-变质程度高煤级煤为研究对象,采用工业分析、元素分析、X射线衍射分析（XRD）和拉曼光谱分析（Raman）等手段,结合分峰拟合的数学方法,对系列样品分子结构参数（XRD结构参数,如石墨化度、延展度L_a、堆砌度L_c及面网间距d₀₀₂等;Raman参数,如P_G,P₁,R₁,R₂等）进行了统计与计算。研究结果表明：煤化作用阶段H/C随变质程度增加而逐渐减小,但在石墨化阶段以物理变化为主,其趋势变缓或不显著;XRD参数d₀₀₂,L_a,L_c,N及L_a/L_c等随变质程度呈现非线性连续（阶跃性）变化,拐点大致对应R_m=7.0%,d₀₀₂=0.338 nm,拐点之前L_a,L_c及N变化较小（或平稳增大）,拐点之后石墨晶体结构快速形成,微晶尺寸增大,拼叠作用开始并逐渐增强;L_a/L_c变化亦反映石墨化过程由缩合作用向拼叠作用转变。高煤级煤石墨化轨迹可按有序化增加的三阶段模型来表述,无定形碳（无烟煤）至变无烟煤阶段,G峰位、峰位差P₁变化显著,I_D1/I_G在表达无序程度时不服从TK关系;变无烟煤至半石墨阶段,即从石墨化开始结构演化轨迹呈现不同方向,R₁随着有序的增加呈现截然相反的轨迹,部分石墨组分演化服从TK关系,R₂在石墨化度为45%时呈现截然相反的轨迹;石墨阶段温、压作用导致微晶尺寸急剧增加（或阶跃）,I_D1/I_G减小服从TK关系。当不同石墨化程度的新生组分共存时,d₀₀₂不足以代表样品最大的演化程度,但其作为平均度量来标度高煤级煤石墨化过程中结构演化特征仍为较优的选择,且(002)和(γ)峰半峰宽能较好地区分石墨化煤的变质类型,H/C,I_D1/I_G亦随d₀₀₂演化轨迹不同,需利用d₀₀₂＜0.344 0 nm,R₁＜2.0,H/C＜0.12等综合指标判别石墨化的开始。由此可以看出,采用XRD和Raman光谱分析技术可以表征高煤级煤石墨化轨迹阶段性以及结构的差异性。     

湖泊沉积物溶解性有机氮组分特征及其与水体营养水平的关系

通过紫外-可见光吸收光谱,三维荧光光谱和气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)方法,比较研究了不同湖区与不同营养水平五个典型湖泊(洱海、滇池、鄱阳湖、武汉东湖、太湖)沉积物DON组分特征及其与水体营养水平间关系。结果表明：①与东部平原湖区相比,云贵高原湖泊沉积物DON结构较为稳定,生物可利用率较低;②同属云贵高原湖区,污染较严重的滇池,其沉积物DON来源和结构组分较复杂,生物可利用率较高;而污染程度相对较轻的洱海,其沉积物DON来源较简单,结构组分稳定性相对较高,有利于维持较好的水质;③东部平原湖区中,太湖和武汉东湖营养水平接近,其沉积物DON结构组分相近且相对复杂,但芳香度较低,芳香环取代基较少,对营养盐的固持能力较弱,对水污染的贡献较大,而鄱阳湖,其沉积物DON结构组分相对简单,但对营养盐的固持能力较强,对维持良好水质起积极作用;④P_{(Ⅲ+Ⅴ, n)}/P_{(Ⅰ+Ⅱ, n)}指数(类腐殖质与类蛋白质含量的比值)依次为滇池(33.14)>洱海(21.49)>太湖(15.65)>东湖(8.49)>鄱阳湖(5.21),E₄/E₆指数(465与665 nm处的吸光度比值)依次为滇池(27.00)>东湖(6.65)>鄱阳湖(5.47)>太湖(3.50)>洱海(2.31), 即P_(Ⅲ+Ⅴ,n)/P_{(Ⅰ+Ⅱ, n)}与E₄/E₆指数对不同营养水平湖泊的区分度较好,此外,两种指数与沉积物中多种氮具有较好的相关性,两者可在一定程度上指示湖泊营养水平。     

洱海上覆水DOM荧光特征及对富营养化的指示意义

湖泊溶解性有机物（DOM）组成特征对水质具有重要的影响,研究上覆水DOM组成特征对指示湖泊富营养化现状具有重要意义。采用荧光光谱区域体积积分分析法（FRI）定量分析洱海上覆水DOM组分时空变化,以及DOM组分与水质因子间的关系,对比分析不同来源入湖水体、不同富营养化程度高原湖泊上覆水DOM组分荧光特征。结果表明,洱海上覆水体DOM主要以类腐殖酸为主,其次为类富里酸,洱海DOM总量及类腐殖酸组分中部较高,色氨酸和络氨酸等类蛋白质DOM南部较高,类富里酸DOM北部较高。藻华易发期（10月）类蛋白质和类富里酸DOM较低,类腐殖酸DOM显著增加,DOM生物源降低,DOM生物活性降低。洱海沉积物内源释放和入湖河流主要影响上覆水中类腐殖酸DOM,湿沉降主要增加类蛋白质DOM。在湖泊贫营养阶段类富里酸DOM对水质影响较大,在富营养阶段类腐殖酸DOM对水质影响较大。随着湖泊富营养化程度的加剧,上覆水类蛋白质和类富里酸DOM所占比例呈下降趋势,微生物降解产物和类腐殖酸DOM所占比例呈增加趋势。DOM荧光组分占比变化对湖泊富营养化具有指示作用。     

夏秋两季洱海、太湖表层混合层的深度变化特征及其机理分析

湖泊表层混合层深度的变化不仅影响湖泊水生生态系统的演变, 而且影响流域的局地气候、降水量的时空格局等. 基于2008年夏秋两季洱海(高原湖泊)和太湖(平原湖泊)的气象与水温廓线观测资料, 分析探讨了两湖表层混合层深度的变化特征及其机制. 结果表明: 夏季洱海能维持持续的分层现象, 秋季有明显的日分层现象, 而在相应的两季中, 太湖仅可能存在日分层现象; 洱海表层混合层深度较同期太湖更浅; 太湖两季的表层混合层深度变化较洱海频繁, 即太湖水体混合与分层的交替过程对气象条件的响应较洱海更为迅速. 太湖这类浅水湖泊, 水深是抑制其存在稳定、持续分层的关键因素, 在合适的辐射条件下, 可形成日分层现象; 而洱海这类深度的湖泊, 净热量通量是影响其是否存在持续、稳定分层的主要因子. 该研究为进一步探讨湖泊与大气两种湍流运动的耦合机制及水生生态环境演替规律等提供了有力的参考.     

Seasonal variation of oxygen-18 in precipitation and surface water of the Poyang Lake Basin,China

Based on the monthly δ¹⁸O value measured over a hydrology period in precipitation, runoff of five tributaries and the main lake of the Poyang Lake Basin, combined with hydrological and meteorological data, the characteristics of δ¹⁸O in precipitation (δ¹⁸O_PPT) and runoff (δ¹⁸O_SUR) are discussed. The δ¹⁸O_PPT and δ¹⁸O_SUR values range from?2.75 to?14.12 ‰ (annual mean value=?7.13 ‰ ) and from?2.30 to?8.56 ‰, respectively. The seasonal variation of δ¹⁸O_PPT is controlled by the air mass circulation in this region, which is dominated by the Asian summer monsoon and the Siberian High during winter. The correlation between the wet seasonal averages of δ¹⁸O_SUR in runoff of the rivers and δ¹⁸O_PPT of precipitation at the corresponding stations shows that in the Poyang Lake catchment area the river water consists of 23% direct runoff (precipitation) and 77% base flow (shallow groundwater). This high proportion of groundwater in the river runoff points to the prevalence of wetland conditions in the Poyang Lake catchment during rainy season. Considering the oxygen isotopic composition of the main body of Poyang Lake, no isotopic enrichment relative to river inflow was found during the rainy season with maximum expansion of the lake. Thus, evaporation causing isotopic enrichment is a minor component of the lake water balance in the rainy period. During dry season, a slight isotopic enrichment has been observed, which suggests a certain evaporative loss of lake water in that period.     

Numerical Modeling of the Effect of Inflow Water Mineralization in the Dynamics of the Autumnal Thermal Bar in Kamloops Lake

The results of numerical modeling of hydrodynamic processes that occur during the period of existence of an autumnal thermal bar in Kamloops Lake, Canada are presented. These results were obtained using a nonhydrostatic 2.5D model in the Boussinesq approximation with allowance for the diurnal variability of radiative and turbulent heat fluxes at the surface of the lake. A series of numerical experiments with various values of water mineralization in the Thompson River have been performed. The calculations show that the mineralization of inflow river waters has a significant effect on the dynamics of horizontal movements of the thermal front and on the pattern of circulation flows induced by the thermal bar during the period of lake cooling.     

Circulation,internal wave,intrusion, and transfer of impurities in lake

The results of structural hydrophysical investigations at the Pleshcheyevo Lake are presented. There were at first revealed on the base of the data of direct measurements the distributions of parameters of current velocity and of water composition in lake. The theoretical distribution of current velocity with taken in to account the influence of internal wave, circulation and intrusion was verified. The submerged jet of the river water inflow in lake was discovered. There were obtained the measured and theoretical distributions of the total solids in jet. The quality corresponding between the obtained results and the materials of publications on the influence of currents on the biosphere of lake was established.     

Estimating ungauged catchment flows from Lake Tana floodplains, Ethiopia: an isotope hydrological approach

The isotope balance approach, which used (18)O content of waters, has been used as an independent tool to estimate inflow to Lake Tana of surface water flows from ungauged catchment of Lake Tana (50% of the total area) and evaporative water loss in the vast plains adjoining the lake. Sensitivity analysis has been conducted to investigate the effects of changes in the input parameters on the estimated flux. Surface water inflow from ungauged catchment is determined to be in the order of 1.698×10(9) m(3)a(-1). Unaccounted water loss from the lake has been estimated at 454×10(6) m(3)a(-1) (equivalent to 5% of the total via surface water). Since the lake is water tight to groundwater outflow, the major error introduced into the water balance computation is related to evaporative water loss in water from the flood plains. If drained, the water which is lost to evaporation can be used as an additional water resource for socio-economic development in the region (tourism, agriculture, hydropower, and navigation). Hydrological processes taking place in the vast flood plains of Lake Tana (origin of salinity, groundwater surface water interaction, origin of flood plain waters) have been investigated using isotopes of water and geochemistry as tracers. The salinity of shallow groundwaters in the flood plains is related to dissolution of salts accumulated in sediments covering former evaporation pools and migration of trace salt during recharge. The waters in the flood plains originate from local rainfall and river overflows and the effect of backwater flow from the lake is excluded. Minimum linkage exists between the surface waters in the flood plains and shallow groundwaters in alluvio lacustrine sediments suggesting the disappearance of flood waters following the rainy season, which is related to complete evaporation or drainage than seepage to the subsurface. There is no groundwater outflow from the lake. Inflow of groundwater cannot be ruled out. Discharge of groundwater to the lake is presumed to take place along rocky bottom in southern sector from Quaternary volcanics covering the southern sector of the catchment.     

城市景观河道中藻华暴发对水体中DOM特征的影响

城市景观河道由于接纳了不同来源的废水造成水体富营养化,因此在夏季经常暴发藻华。藻华暴发改变了水体中DOM的性状,进而影响到水体中污染物的迁移转化行为。本研究以天津市海河干流为例,采集藻华暴发前后水体样品,研究城市景观河道中藻华暴发对水体中DOM的影响。结果表明：藻华暴发后,水体中DOM的含量从26.47 mg·L-1增加到38.20 mg·L-1,水体中的TN,NH+₄-N和TON的含量也分别为暴发前的3.1倍、2.5倍和4.2倍,但是TP和NO-₃-N的含量保持稳定。C/N比值从18.51降低到6.39,而N/P比值则从5.69增加到20.10。藻华暴发使得DOM的来源从以陆源为主转变为以内源为主,水体也表现出一个逐步向磷限制转变的过程。三维荧光图谱结果显示藻华暴发后,DOM的成分从较为复杂的多种来源的有机质转变为藻类为主的有机质,而紫外特征光谱结果表明藻华暴发后DOM分子结构也从简单转变为复杂,但是水体中的腐殖质物质的含量有所下降,而类蛋白物质的含量出现了上升。利用超滤装置研究藻华暴发前后水体中不同分子量的DOM特征后发现,藻华暴发前后水体中DOM都主要以小分子的DOM为主,分子量小于10 kD的DOM占到了总的DOM的80%以上,随着分子量的增大,三维荧光特征峰强度都出现了升高趋势,而紫外特征吸收光谱也表明大分子量的DOM中可能含有更多的芳香族化合物。研究结果表明,在研究城市景观河道水体富营养化过程中要注意DOM在其中的作用,尤其是当外源污染物得到控制时,要充分考虑DOM降解对富营养化的贡献。     

Gordon Research Conference: Isotopes in Biological and Chemical Sciences, 14–19February 2010, Galveston,TX, USA

The natural flow properties of the Yangtze River have been changed completely following the construction of the Three Gorges Dam. The dam's operation has affected the resources and environment in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, changing the hydrological conditions and ecological environment of the Dongting Lake. During three different dispatching periods of the reservoir, we took triplicate samples of the river and lake water. All the samples were analysed for δ²H and δ¹⁸O to determine the relationship between the lake and the Yangtze River (and other rivers), and to evaluate objectively the influence of the dam's operation on the lake. During the period of water-supply dispatch, the Four Rivers and Miluo River are the main recharge sources of the lake. During the flood-storage dispatching period, the Dongting Lake is recharged largely by the Three Outlets and the Four Rivers, whereas during the period of water-storage dispatch, most of the lake's water originates from the Miluo, Xiang, Zi, and Yuan rivers. Although the Yangtze River only contributes significantly to the lake's recharge through the Three Outlets during the flood-storage dispatching period, the lake discharges large amounts of water into the Yangtze River during all three periods. Through the operation of the reservoir, it should be ensured that the water level of the Dongting Lake is not too low during the dry season, nor too high during the wet season, thus preventing the lake region from future flood and drought disasters.     

东平湖CDOM的光谱吸收特征及环境指示意义

随着南水北调东线工程的开通,东平湖作为山东段的两大调蓄湖泊之一,其水质的有效监测和污染预警显得尤为重要。根据东平湖夏季有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收系数的空间分布特征和CDOM光学参数,探讨了CDOM吸收系数与溶解性有机碳(DOC)、叶绿素(Chla)等水质指标之间的关系,以期为今后建立水源水质突变的实时监控和污染事件预警系统提供依据。结果表明, 东平湖属于中-富营养型湖泊, CDOM吸收系数(a(280),a(350),a(440))均值分别为(12.90±1.17),(3.11±0.40)和(0.65±0.09) m-1, 在一定程度上反映了湖泊的营养状况。东平湖内CDOM浓度整体呈现出从东岸河口区向湖心区、西南岸递减的趋势, 体现了河流陆源输入对东平湖CDOM的重要贡献。东平湖水体的CDOM浓度(如a(440))可以用来估算反演常规水质参数, 但仍需要进一步对不同季节不同水域CDOM的物质构成进行深入分析和研究。由吸收特征值S值、E₃/E₄、M值得出, 东平湖河口区输入的陆源CDOM进入湖泊后, 随着陆源输入的比例下降CDOM腐殖化程度降低, 富里酸的相对含量升高, 且相对分子质量也逐渐减小。