一种基于Ca线线指数回归的恒星大气金属丰度估计方法

提出一种基于BP神经网络及Ca线线指数估计恒星大气金属丰度的方法。该方法以从斯隆数字巡天SDSS中恒星光谱以及SSPP给出的参数作为训练样本,其中每条恒星光谱计算16个Ca线线指数,结合其他方法得到的表面有效温度Teff作为输入, 以SSPP得到的金属丰度[Fe/H]作为输出,对训练样本进行重采样后通过训练得到一个人工神经网络,通过该网络可以用来预测恒星光谱的[Fe/H]。通过相关实验表明,提出的方法能够准确而且有效的测量出恒星光谱的[Fe/H]。     

基于离轴三反光学系统的高分辨率中阶梯光栅光谱仪

基于离轴三反光学系统和多列线阵探测器,设计了一种具有宽波段高光谱分辨率的中阶梯光栅光谱仪.首先,以仪器性能指标为约束优化中阶梯光栅的结构参数,使光栅在保证高色散的同时将宽工作波段折叠重合在较小的光谱级次内,并采用多列线阵探测器采集信号.然后,以离轴三反光学系统作为会聚镜,以离轴抛物镜作为准直镜,实现了高色散宽自由光谱的像差校正.最终,设计的中阶梯光栅光谱仪工作波段为400～900 nm,F数为4.5,光谱分辨率在402.31,541.82,870.48 nm时分别为0.003,0.004,0.005 nm,系统体积为380 mm×325 mm×230 mm.     

用于太阳光谱测量的光纤积分视场单元系统

三维成谱成像技术是一种能够对观测视场中的所有展源目标进行实时光谱获取的技术,它可以通过单次采样同时获得目标光谱域和二维空间域信息。光纤积分视场单元(IFU)则是天文三维成谱成像技术的关键器件,通过将接收的像面切分,将像面信息细分到若干单元传递至光谱仪,在此过程中二维的展源目标被重整为互不干扰的线性排列供光谱仪进行采样提取,能有效提高天文观测的时间分辨率。介绍一种具有242光纤单元的IFU,该IFU目前应用于中科院云南天文台的光纤阵列太阳光学望远镜(型号FASOT-1B)系统。为满足FASOT-1B的指标要求,获得高传输效率、高光谱分辨率和高时间分辨率观测效果,该IFU采用微透镜阵列加光纤阵列的结构,该微透镜为正六边形球面镜,实现接近100%的空间填充率。综合考虑光纤积分视场单元前置望远镜系统和后端光谱仪系统的设计参数,优化设计了一对11×11的微透镜阵列,相邻微透镜间距300μm,每个微透镜对应天区1.5″,以焦比F/8.2将接收到的光汇入与其对应的光纤纤芯中。系统分析光纤芯径与光谱仪光谱分辨率间的关系,设计的光纤规格为：35/105/125μm,该设计既能满足光纤接收微透镜所传递的全...     

马氏距离度量LAMOST早型星光谱的分类研究

随着天文大数据不断积累,我国大天区多目标光纤光谱望远镜LAMOST已完成6年的大规模巡天观测,获得DR5数据集已达到900多万条光谱,其中含有观测比例较低的早型恒星光谱,具备重要的研究价值。利用准确的恒星分类模板库可提升恒星的分类精度与可靠性,由于LAMOST第一年的巡天光谱中并没有完整覆盖B型恒星包含的所有子类型,造成后续观测数据分类的子类型范围受限。依据LAMOST已发布DR5数据中B型恒星光谱为研究对象,选取ELODIE发布的B型恒星实测光谱模板库来检测LAMOST在用的分类光谱。首先完成ELODIE发布37条B型光谱模板的相关性分析,去掉相关性弱的三条光谱后,筛选出ELODIE 34条B型恒星实测模板作为中心,通过计算LAMOST DR5发布的绝大多数被标记为B6型（7 662条）和B9型（3 969条）实测光谱的马氏距离,经有监督聚类LAMOST早型恒星光谱数据,标记13个子类型在涵盖B2-B9子类的34条ELODIE光谱模板中的分布。经线性分析判别每条谱线子类型的类内距离,确保波长覆盖范围和分辨率与LAMOST数据完全一致,去掉距离数值偏差较大的数据,计算相应子类的平均谱线,得到LAMOST源于DR5观测数据早型B型恒星的13条子类型光谱分类模板,为后期完善模板提供较好的参考性。     

面阵傅里叶变换太阳光谱仪高速采集系统设计与实现

同时或准同时多谱线太阳成像观测可以获得太阳大气三维磁场和热力学参数,是未来太阳观测焦面终端设备的重点发展方向。傅里叶光谱仪具有宽波段、高灵敏度、高光谱分辨率的优势,但因受限于高帧频、大面阵探测器制约,尚未用于太阳光谱成像常规观测。随着CMOS图像传感器技术迅猛发展,在可见光和近红外波段,探测器面阵大小和帧频相比传统CCD探测器有了质的提升,使得面阵傅里叶太阳光谱仪研制成为可能。通过引入高帧频面阵CMOS图像传感器,针对面阵傅里叶变换太阳光谱仪科学需求,设计了一套高速数据采集软硬件系统,实现了面阵傅里叶太阳光谱仪10 kHz高速触发,万帧/秒快速采集,0.5 GB·s-1大数据量连续、实时存储等功能。在此基础上,依托国家天文台怀柔太阳观测基地现有的IFS-125HR傅里叶变换光谱仪, 搭建可见光实验系统,以可见光色球谱线（Hα 656.3 nm）及其附近光球谱线为目标波长,开展面源太阳光谱探测。分别以实验室钨灯和太阳为光源,进行等光程差间隔采样,成功获得了面阵干涉图,首次反演得到面源窄带连续谱以及656.3 nm附近太阳色球和光球线。采用交叉定标方式,将得到的太阳光谱与美国国立太阳天文台NSO傅里叶变换光谱仪获得的标准光谱在同等分辨率下进行比较,结果基本一致,验证了新研制的面阵傅里叶太阳光谱仪高速数据采集系统性能及面阵傅里叶变换太阳光谱仪在太阳观测中的可行性。该研究为后续可见光宽波段面阵傅里叶太阳光谱仪的研制奠定了技术基础,同时为“用于太阳磁场精确测量的中红外观测系统”（AIMS）后续从线源扩展到面源观测积累了宝贵经验。     

基于t-SNE的恒星光谱降维与分类研究

随着天文学的发展以及天文望远镜观测能力的提升,国内外许多大型巡天望远镜将产生PB级的恒星光谱数据。恒星光谱是来自恒星的电磁辐射,通常由连续谱与吸收线叠加而成,其差异源于恒星的有效温度、表面重力加速度以及元素的化学丰度等。恒星光谱自动分类是天文数据处理的一项重要研究内容,是研究恒星演化和参数测量的基础。海量的恒星光谱对分类方法提出了高效、准确的要求。传统的人工分类方法存在速度慢、精度低等缺点,已经无法满足海量恒星光谱特别是低信噪比恒星光谱自动分类的实际需要,机器学习算法目前已经被广泛地应用于恒星光谱分类。恒星光谱的一个显著特征是数据维度较高,降维不但可以实现特征提取,而且可以降低计算量,是光谱分类的首要任务。传统的线性降维方法如主成分分析仅依据方差对光谱进行降维,不同类型的光谱在投影到低维特征空间后会出现交叉现象,而流形学习能够产生优良的分类边界,很好地避开重叠,有利于后续的分类。针对光谱数据维度较高的特点,研究了光谱数据在高维空间内的分布以及流形学习对高维线性数据降维的原理,比较了t-SNE和主成分分析两种降维方法对光谱数据降维的效果,并使用基于属性值相关距离的改进的K近邻算法进行光谱分类,最终对实验结果进行了分析并使用多种机器学习分类器进行比较和验证。采用Python语言及Scikit-learn第三方库实现了算法,对SDSS的12 000条低信噪比的恒星光谱进行实验,最终实现了光谱数据的高精度自动处理和分类。实验结果表明,对于光谱数据的降维处理,基于流形学习的t-SNE方法能够在高维光谱数据中恢复低维流形结构,即找出高维空间中的低维流形,并解出与之对应的嵌入映射,在降维过程中最大程度地保留不同类别光谱样本之间的差异从而产生明显的分类边界。特征提取后,使用机器学习分类器能够在测试数据集上达到满意的分类准确率。所使用的方法也可以应用于其他的巡天望远镜产生的海量光谱的自动分类以及稀少天体的数据挖掘。     

漩涡星系M31和椭圆星系M32CaⅡ三重线的等值宽度

利用天文台２．１６米望远镜的卡焦摄谱仪,我们观测了著名的漩涡星系Ｍ３１核区与盘区以及椭圆星系Ｍ３２长轴方向与短轴方向的近红外光谱。对这些区域的重要光谱特征－－ＣａⅡ三重线进行了测量,得到它们的等值宽度。     

新当选的中国科学院学部委员介绍(Ⅱ)

苏定强──中国科学院南京天文仪器研制中心研究员,1936年 6月出生于江苏省武进县,1959年他毕业于南京大学天文系并留校任教,1962年应聘在中国科学院南京天文仪器厂(1990年易名为中国科学院南京天文仪器研制中心)进行研究和设计工作,1978年被聘为副总工程师,1986年被聘为研究员,1991年11月当选为中国科学院数学物理学部委员。他主要从事天文光学方面的科学研究和光学天文仪器的设计工作,并取得多项重要成果.在大望远镜光学系统的研究设计方面,他首先提出在大望远镜光学系统中,折轴系统和卡氏系统公用同一块副镜的设计思想,并提出了加有中继…     

基于网格聚类分析LAMOST恒星光谱与理论模型的差异

随着天文大数据时代计算科学的蓬勃发展,我国具备自主知识产权的国际天文界口径最大、光谱获取率最高的大视场望远镜LAMOST,已率先在国际上开拓并实现了同时观测几千个天体光谱的大规模巡天工作。自2011年巡天至2015年6月所获得的DR3光谱数据集目前已获取世界上最大的恒星参数星表。针对LAMOST第三期发布FGK恒星光谱的流量定标等相关数据,利用Kurucz模板光谱对应的参数空间划分网格,基于开源高效的数据处理R语言程序软件平台,设计了有监督的聚类中心,便于验证其理论参数网格的差异。处理LAMOST实测光谱经归一化后,选择距离量直接描述属性,采用欧氏距离分析判别光谱之间的相似度,选取相应的属性向量构造函数判断观测光谱和理论光谱差别的量级。实验表明：比对LAMOST实测FGK型恒星光谱数据与Kurucz理论模板库数据一致性以及参数测量的准确性,结果显示相同参数的光谱间特征谱线具有较好的一致性,从而得出LAMOST光谱测量物理参数质量较高,具备极好的可靠性,为后续恒星大气模型的改进提供相应的论证依据。     

2.16m望远镜高分辨率光谱仪的天文光学频率梳

介绍了应用于我国兴隆观测站2.16m望远镜高分辨率光谱仪的天文光学频率梳。采用掺镱光纤激光频率梳作为源光梳,通过模式滤波使模式间隔达到25GHz,与天文光谱仪的分辨率相匹配。光谱展宽和平滑后,光谱覆盖可见光范围达到270nm以上,光谱平滑度可长期保持在1dB范围内,边模抑制比达到42dB。该天文光学频率梳的视向速度理论定标精度可达cm/s量级,使寻找系外类地行星乃至直接测量宇宙膨胀速度成为可能。     

Spectral analysis of two solar twins and the colors of the Sun

High resolution (R~40,000) and high signal-to-noise ratio (150) spectra of two solar twins, HD146233 and HD195034, are obtained with the Coude Echelle Spectrograph at the 2.16 m telescope of the National Astronomical Observatories of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Xinglong, China). Based on the detailed spectrum match, comparisons of chemical composition and chromospheric activity, HD146233 and HD195034 are confirmed that they are similar to the Sun except for lithium abundance, which is higher than the solar value. Moreover, among nine solar twin candidates (including HD146233 and HD195034) found in the previous works, we have picked out six good solar twin candidates based on newly-derived homogenous parameters, and collected their colors in the Johnson/Cousins, Tycho, 2MASS and Strmgren system from the literature. The average color are (B-V)⊙=0.644 mag, (V-Ic)⊙=0.707 mag, (BT-VT)⊙=0.725 mag, (J-H)⊙=0.288 mag, (H-K)⊙=0.066 mag, (v-y)⊙=1.028 mag, (v-b)⊙=0.619 mag, (u-v)⊙=0.954 mag and (b-y)⊙=0.409 mag, which represent the solar colors with higher precision than previous works.     

Estimate of stellar masses from their QPO frequencies

Kilohertz quasiperiodic oscillations (kHz QPOs) are observed in binary stellar systems. For such a system, the stellar radius is very close to the marginally stable orbit R _ms as predicted by Einstein’s general relativity. Many models have been proposed to explain the origin of the kHz QPO features in the binaries. Here we start from the work of Li et al (Phys. Rev . Lett. 83, 3776 (1999)) who in 1999, from the unique millisecond X-ray pulsations, suggested SAX J1808.4−3658 to be a strange star, from an accurate determination of its rotation period. It showed kHz QPOs eight years ago and so far it is the only set that has been observed. We suggest that the mass of four compact stars SAX J1808.4−3658, KS 1731−260, SAX J1750.8−2900 and IGR J17191−2821 can be determined from the difference in the observed kHz QPOs of these stars. It is exciting to be able to give an estimate of the mass of the star and three other compact stars in low-mass X-ray binaries using their observed kHz QPOs.     

TeV mu neutrinos from young neutron stars

Neutron stars are efficient accelerators for bringing charges up to relativistic energies. We show that if positive ions are accelerated to approximately 1 PeV near the surface of a young neutron star (t(age) less than or nearly 10(5) yr), protons interacting with the star's radiation field produce beamed mu neutrinos with energies of approximately 50 TeV that could produce the brightest neutrino sources at these energies yet proposed. These neutrinos would be coincident with the radio beam, so that, if the star is detected as a radio pulsar, the neutrino beam will sweep the Earth; the star would be a "neutrino pulsar." Looking for nu(mu) emission from young neutron stars will provide a valuable probe of the energetics of the neutron star magnetosphere.     

Millisecond pulsars with r-modes as steady gravitational radiators

Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) probably achieve their fast rotation by mass transfer from their companion stars in low-mass x-ray binaries (LMXBs). The lack of MSPs and LMXBs rotating near breakup has been attributed to the accretion torque being balanced, at fast rotation, by gravitational radiation, perhaps caused by an unstable oscillation mode. It has been argued that internal dissipation involving hyperons may cause LMXBs to evolve into a quasisteady state, with nearly constant rotation rate, temperature, and mode amplitude. We show that MSPs descending from these LMXBs spend a long time in a similar state, as extremely steady sources of gravitational waves and thermal x rays, while they spin down due to gravitational radiation and the standard magnetic torque. Observed MSP braking torques already place meaningful constraints on this scenario.     

From polarimetry to helicity: Studies of solar magnetic fields at the Huairou Solar Observing Station

In this paper, we briefly introduce the basic questions in the measurements of solar magnetic fields and the possible error sources due to the approximation of the theory of radiation transfer of spectral lines in the solar atmosphere. We introduce some basic research progress in magnetic field measurement at Huairou Solar Observing Station of National Astronomical Observatories,Chinese Academy of Sciences, especially concerning the non-potentiality in solar active regions, such as the magnetic shear,current and helicity. We also discuss some basic questions for the measurements of the magnetic fields and corresponding challenges for the future studies.     

Thermal evolution and light curves of young bare strange stars

We study numerically the cooling of a young bare strange star and show that its thermal luminosity, mostly due to e(+)e(-) pair production from the quark surface, may be much higher than the Eddington limit. The mean energy of photons far from the strange star is approximately 10(2) keV or even more. This differs both qualitatively and quantitatively from the thermal emission from neutron stars and provides a definite observational signature for bare strange stars. It is shown that the energy gap of superconducting quark matter may be estimated from the light curves if it is in the range from approximately 0.5 MeV to a few MeV.     

Neutron stars

Neutron stars are laboratories for dense matter and gravitational physics. Observations of neutron stars from sources such as radio pulsars, low-mass X-ray binaries, X-ray bursts and thermally-emitting neutron stars are setting bounds to neutron star masses, radii, rotation rates, temperatures and ages. Mass measurements constrain the equation of state at the highest densities and set firm bounds to the highest possible density of cold matter. Radii constrain the equation of state in the vicinity of the nuclear saturation density and yield information about the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy. Laboratory measurements and theoretical studies of pure neutron matter are in remarkable agreement with observational bounds.     

The neutron star zoo

Neutron stars are a very diverse population, both in their observational and their physical properties. They prefer to radiate most of their energy at X-ray and gamma-ray wavelengths. But whether their emission is powered by rotation, accretion, heat, magnetic fields or nuclear reactions, they are all different species of the same animal whose magnetic field evolution and interior composition remain a mystery. This article will broadly review the properties of inhabitants of the neutron star zoo, with emphasis on their high-energy emission.     

Frequency Stabilization of a Microsecond Pulse Sodium Guide Star Laser with a Tilt-and Temperature-Tuned Etalon

A frequency stabilization approach is introduced for the microsecond pulse sodium beacon laser using an intracavity tilt-and temperature-tuned etalon based on a computer-controlled feedback system connected with a fast high-precision wavelength meter. The frequency stability of the sodium beacon lasers is compared with and without feedback loop controlling. The output wavelength of the laser is locked to the sodium D_(2 a) absorption line(589.159 nm) over 12 h with the feedback loop controlling technology. As a result, the sodium laser guide star is successfully observed by the telescope of National Astronomical Observatories at Xinglong. This approach can also be used for other pulses and continuous-wave lasers for the frequency stabilization.     

在SDSS DR8恒星光谱中自动搜寻稀有天体

SDSS DR8海量光谱中包含许多有研究价值的稀有天体,如特殊白矮星(DZ,DQ,DC)、碳星、白矮主序双星、激变变星等,如何在海量光谱中自动搜寻稀有天体有着极其重要的意义。提出一种基于核密度估计和K-近邻(K-nearest neighbor, KNN)相结合的方法在SDSS DR8 信噪比大于5的546 383个恒星光谱中搜寻稀有天体。首先对光谱进行高斯核密度估计,选取概率最小的5 000个光谱作为稀有类,概率最大的300 000个光谱作为普通类,然后进行KNN分类,同时也将5 000个稀有光谱的K个最近邻也作为稀有的天体,结果共有21 193条光谱。为了方便分析,对这些光谱聚类后进行人工检查。这些光谱主要包括由于数据缺失、红化、流量定标不准引起的问题光谱、行星状星云、没有物理联系的光谱双星、类星体、特殊白矮星(DZ,DQ,DC)、碳星、白矮主序双星、激变变星等。通过和SIMBAD,NED,ADS及一些主要的文献交叉验证,我们新发现了3个DZ白矮星、1个白矮主序双星、2个伴星为G型星的激变变星,3个激变变星的候选体、6个DC白矮星,1个DC白矮星候选体和1个 BL Lacertae(BL lac)候选体。还发现了1个有CaⅡ三重发射线和MgⅠ发射线的DA白矮星和1个光谱上表现出发射线的晚M恒星但测光图上像是一个星云或星系。