多色宽带相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射过程的理论与实验研究

宽带相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射(coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,CARS)光谱技术能够同时获取完整的分子CARS光谱信息,以准确识别和定量分析混合物中的不同成分或未知成分.在宽带CARS光谱技术中,由于超连续谱激光有效光谱范围内各光谱成分的作用不同,分别会产生双色和三色CARS过程.这里我们在理论上分析了宽带激发条件下两种CARS过程的产生条件,以及不同CARS光谱信号强度与各激发光功率之间的关系.在此基础上,搭建了基于SC激光的宽带CARS光谱系统,分别实现了双色和三色CARS过程.通过对获得的苯甲腈样品的CARS光谱信号进行函数拟合分析,实验验证了上述两个过程中CARS信号的强度与各激发光强度之间的函数关系.理论和实验研究结果为进一步优化宽带时间分辨CARS光谱探测和显微系统,实现同时获取物质分子完整的CARS光谱信号提供了指导.     

CH4分子ν1模拉曼诱导克尔效应谱与受激拉曼光声光谱峰形的比较

以气相甲烷分子ν₁模Q支的拉曼光谱为例，采用拉曼诱导克尔效应谱(RIKES)进行峰形测量，并将其与同时测量的受激拉曼光声光谱(PARS)的峰形进行了比较.结果表明，在pump光和Stokes光均为线偏振的情况下，两者存在着差异；在拉曼共振峰的低频端，RIKES谱强度略高；而高频端则恰好相反.从信号产生机制出发，对此进行了合理解释. 关键词： 拉曼诱导克尔效应谱 受激拉曼光声光谱 峰形     

基于多参量的变压器油中特征气体拉曼光谱分析

油中特征气体(H_2, CO, CO_2, CH_4, C_2H_4, C_2H_6, C_2H_2)的快速准确检测是变压器在线监测的重要环节。激光拉曼光谱技术适用于特征气体的检测,能克服传统在线监测的诸多不足。在拉曼光谱图2 900～3 300 cm~(-1)谱段,甲烷(CH_4)和乙烷(C_2H_6)气体特征谱峰聚集,研究此谱段中不同含量比的混合气体样本对变压器油中混合气体定量分析具有重要意义。在单一特征气体拉曼光谱检测的研究基础上,选取预处理后光谱图中特征峰的谱峰高度、半高宽以及谱峰面积多个参量作为特征因素,对变压器油中混合气体进行定量分析。以二阶微扰理论分析计算得出,甲烷拉曼光谱中存在四个特征谱峰,选取的谱段中包含以3 111与3 284 cm~(-1)为拉曼频移中心的两峰,乙烷拉曼光谱中存在六个特征谱峰,选取谱段中存在3 111与3 187 cm~(-1)两峰,理论上通过谱段中携带的特征谱峰信息能够计算两种气体含量;通过拉曼光谱平台检测,混合气体光谱图特征谱峰会产生平移以及聚合,对光谱图中寻峰得到的中心频移为2 902, 2 918, 2 956和3 022 cm~(-1)的四个混合峰建立高斯函数模型,得到特征谱峰的谱峰高度、半高宽以及谱峰面积;建立偏最小二乘回归模型,以谱峰高度、半高宽、谱峰面积为自变量,两种气体含量为因变量计算分析。模型潜在因子取到t_6时,调整后的R~2为0.993,表明自变量与因变量具有确切关系,回归模型可靠。对回归方程参数分析发现,谱峰半高宽相比谱峰面积以及谱峰高度有显著贡献,符合预期目标,混合气体光谱图中四个特征谱峰对两种气体均有影响。通过实验可总结得出,针对甲烷乙烷混合气体,在室温25℃,积分时间15 s,积分次数2,狭缝100μm条件下,通过获取谱峰高度、谱峰面积以及半高宽三个参量,能够准确测量气体含量,为变压器油中多种特征气体的同时检测奠定了基础。     

液相硝基甲烷分子振动特性的相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射光谱

构建时间分辨相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射（CARS）光谱系统,从微观层次研究硝基甲烷的分子相干振动动力学特性.实验中采用超连续白光作为斯托克斯光,通过调整斯托克斯光的时间延迟,得到不同振动模式的CARS光谱.通过对振动弛豫曲线的拟合,获得硝基甲烷分子不同振动模式的振动失相时间.结果表明C–H键伸缩振动比C–N键伸缩振动更容易受热声子的影响.在热加载下,硝基甲烷分子的C–H键有望首先被激发并引起初始化学反应.     

变压器油中溶解气体拉曼光谱检测及其光谱线型模型分析

拉曼光谱气体检测技术能利用单一波长的激光对气体样品进行无接触、无损耗检测,适用于油浸式变压器油中溶解气体检测。结合拉曼光谱检测机理,分析了拉曼光谱谱线特征,建立了由洛仑兹函数与高斯函数卷积表示的拉曼光谱Voigt线型模型,其表现出较好的拉曼谱峰线型轮廓基本特征。以谱峰高、中心位置、半峰全宽等为代表的拉曼谱峰线型轮廓基本特征是寻峰的主要目标,其根本目的在获取样本定性及定量检测分析依据。故针对拉曼光谱实验数据设计了基于比较法的自动寻峰模型以实现检测目标。对引入到Voigt线型模型中的寻峰模型进行的模拟实验结果表明,模拟中谱峰高、中心位置等数据均与模型输出数据相吻合。依托实验室构建的变压器油中溶解气体拉曼光谱检测平台,分析检测实验数据表明,Voigt线型模型中半峰全宽参数实际取值区间为(8.7,11.5)(cm-1),模型与其存在偏差。修正该参数取值为10.257 cm-1,并对比研究表明：修正后的Voigt线型模型及寻峰模型具有更好的适应性及实用性。结合实验平台的拉曼光谱气体检测数据的寻峰结果,有效地完成了七种变压器故障特征气体的检测及分析。针对甲烷气体,获得单位气体含量、拉曼特征峰强度与面积三者之间的线性关系,为变压器油中溶解气体拉曼光谱检测定量分析奠定基础。     

单次冲击压缩下液态硝基甲烷的拉曼光谱

在单次冲击压缩实验中,运用高敏度瞬态拉曼光谱技术观测了液态硝基甲烷分子的拉曼光谱. 将该拉曼测量技术与二级轻气炮的实验平台结合起来,获得硝基甲烷分子振动模式的高压动态行为. 硝基甲烷被12 GPa压力冲击时的拉曼光谱可清晰探测,其拉曼振动峰仅仅发生了峰位蓝移和峰宽展宽的变化,未显示出化学变化产生的迹象.     

远距离探测拉曼光谱特性

为了发展远距离探测未知或危险物质的方法, 设计并建立了近同轴可见光远距离拉曼光谱探测实验装置, 对硝酸盐固体样品进行了距离为2-10 m的拉曼光谱测量, 初步研究了拉曼信号强度与激发光功率、探测距离、样品浓度及样品表面方向之间的关系. 实验观察到三种硝酸盐在1050 cm^-1附近的拉曼谱线, 其微小的差异可作为识别特征. 硝酸铵的特征拉曼谱线强度正比于激发光功率, 近似平方关系; 与探测距离之间趋向于二次反比关系; 与样品浓度接近指数关系; 与样品表面朝向有近似余弦函数的关系.     

基于密度泛函理论的SF6分解特征组分激光拉曼特征频谱研究

六氟化硫(SF6)分解特征组分检测是判断气体绝缘设备早期潜伏性故障较有效的方法之一,通过监测分解特征组分的类型和浓度能够有效评估电气设备的运行状态,从而避免绝缘突发性事故。拉曼频谱分析技术可实现单一波长激光对气体样品进行无损检测,对SF6分解特征组分检测具有优异的适用性和高效性。针对4种SF6分解典型特征组分,以密度泛函理论(DFT)中的B3LYP方法建立了气体分子模型,采用6-311G(2df,p)基组对分子模型进行优化和拉曼频移特征仿真。同时,基于搭建的拉曼光谱实验平台,对相同含量的4种特征组分实现拉曼特征频谱检测。仿真结果表明密度泛函计算值和实测值与NIST标准值间具有良好的相关性,计算值中CF_(4)、CO、H_(2)S、SO_(2)的特征峰分别为908.97、2 221.11、2 688.82、1 175.24 cm^(-1),为用拉曼光谱实现SF6分解特征组分的定性和定量分析奠定了基础。     

基于拉曼光谱解析的对二甲苯装置吸附塔循环液成分分析

采用拉曼光谱分析法实现PX(对二甲苯)装置中吸附塔循环液快速、准确的在线分析。由于循环液中各组分的拉曼谱峰相互重叠,且各组分的含量变化范围很大,需要收集大量的训练样本。为此,提出了基于拉曼光谱解析的循环液成分分析方法。首先,要获得循环液所含各组分纯物质的拉曼光谱,以及少量训练样本的拉曼光谱,对这些拉曼光谱进行基线扣除和均值归一化;其次,选取特征波段680～880 cm-1,对每一个训练样本预处理后的拉曼光谱在特征波段进行光谱分解,得到该训练样本中各组分的分解系数;然后,基于全部训练样本各组分的分解系数与对应的浓度数据,建立分解系数与浓度之间的定量分析模型。而对于某一测试样本,先获取其拉曼光谱,进行上述相同的光谱预处理,并在相同的特征波段基于纯组分的拉曼光谱对其进行谱分解,以获得该样本的光谱分解系数;再根据得到的分解系数和上述定量分析的模型,预测出该测试样本中各组分的含量。实验结果表明,一方面,由各纯组分混合得到的训练样本的拉曼光谱可以较精确地分解成各组分的拉曼光谱的线性加权和;另一方面,基于拉曼光谱分解系数建立的定量分析模型可以准确地预测出循环液中各组分的含量,对测试样本中甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯和对二乙基苯含量的标准预测误差分别为0.301%,0.088%,0.563%,0.384%,0.366%和0.536%。为PX装置中吸附塔循环液的在线分析提供了改进方法。     

R6G单分子表面增强共振拉曼散射光谱探测研究

以共焦显微系统为平台,研究了不同浓度的R6G银溶胶的表面增强共振拉曼散射(SERRS)光谱, 结果表明不同浓度溶液中的R6G分子表现出了不同的光谱特性。在浓度为10-13mol·L-1的R6G银溶胶中 得到了R6G单分子的表面增强共振拉曼散射光谱,观察到了一些光谱非均匀变化现象,如谱色散、谱线的 强度起伏、拉曼谱的偏振化以及分子的闪烁等,并对这些现象进行了分析,证明得到的是R6G单分子的 SERRS光谱。文章还对单分子检测中的一些关键问题进行了分析与讨论,确定了单分子SERRS光谱检测的 适当条件。     

Ultrabroadband background-free coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy based on a compact Er:fiber laser system

We demonstrate a scheme for efficient coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy free of nonresonant background. Our method is based on a compact Er:fiber laser source. Impulsive excitation of molecular resonances is achieved by an 11 fs pulse at 1210 nm. Broadband excitation gives access to molecular resonances from 0 cm(-1) up to 4000 cm(-1). Time-delayed narrowband probing at 775 nm enables sensitive and high-speed spectral detection of the CARS signal free of nonresonant background with a resolution of 10 cm(-1).     

High‐resolution narrowband CARS spectroscopy in the spectral fingerprint region

Coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy is an important technique for spectroscopy and chemically selective microscopy, but wider implementation requires dedicated versatile tunable sources. We describe an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on a magnesium oxide‐doped periodically poled lithium niobate crystal, with a novel variable output coupler, used as a tunable coherent light source. The OPO's signal wavelength ranges from 880 to 1040 nm and its idler wavelength from 1090 to 1350 nm. We use this OPO to demonstrate high‐resolution narrowband CARS spectroscopy on bulk polystyrene from 900 to 3600 cm⁻¹, covering a large part of the molecular fingerprint region. Recording vibrational spectra using narrowband CARS spectroscopy has several advantages over spontaneous Raman spectroscopy, which we discuss. We isolate the resonant part of the CARS spectrum and compare it to the spontaneous Raman spectrum of polystyrene using the maximum entropy method of phase retrieval; we find them to be in extremely good agreement. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characterization of three-color CARS in a two-pulse broadband CARS spectrum

We demonstrate that a broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectrum generated with a typical two-pulse scheme contains two distinct, significant signals: '2-color' CARS, where the pump and probe are provided by a narrowband pulse and the continuum pulse constitutes the Stokes light, and '3-color' CARS, where the pump and Stokes are provided by two different frequency components in the continuum pulse and the narrowband pulse serves as the probe. The CARS spectra from the two different mechanisms show distinct characteristics in Raman shift range, laser power dependence, and chirping dependence. We discuss the potential for a 3-color CARS signal to cover the fingerprint region with reduced photodamage of live cells. Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology; not subject to copyright in the United States.     

Comparison of the Raman detection limit for IRS- and CARS-spectroscopy at excitation near molecular one-photon resonance

The nonlinear Raman methods IRS and CARS are compared according to the signal detectability at excitation of molecules under the condition of one-photon resonance. At one photon resonance it is the background contribution resulting from the scattering molecules themselves that determines the maximum attainable signal to noise ratio. These contributions acting for IRS and CARS respectively are compared. The essential difference between IRS and CARS results from a 3rd order saturation contribution to IRS, which may mask the IRS Raman signal near exact resonance while it does not contribute to CARS. This gives to CARS the preference before IRS at resonance excitation. The situation for IRS with respect to background is similar to that of spontaneous Raman scattering, where the resonance fluorescence — corresponding to the saturation contribution at IRS — masks the resonance Raman signal.     

High-spectral-resolution coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering with interferometrically detected broadband chirped pulses

To achieve high-spectral-resolution multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), one typically uses a narrowband pump pulse and a broadband Stokes pulse. This is to ensure a correspondence between anti-Stokes and vibrational frequencies. We obtain high-resolution CARS spectra of isopropanol, using a broadband chirped pump pulse and a broadband Stokes pulse, by detecting the anti-Stokes pulse with spectral interferometry. With the temporally resolved anti-Stokes signal, we can remove the chirp of the anti-Stokes pulse and restore high spectral resolution while also rejecting nonresonant scattering.     

The line shape of Coherent Antistokes Raman Scattering excited under resonance conditions

If Coherent Antistokes Raman Scattering (CARS) is excited by a biharmonic pump in resonance with one photon molecular transition, the Raman line shape is significantly changed compared to the case of nonresonant excitation. This is due to an essential alteration of the 3rd order susceptibility responsible for CARS. Aside from a considerable enhancement of the Raman signal (which makes it possible to detect dissolved molecules in concentration lower than 10^-4 mole/l) the most marked effects are a reversal of the spectral sequence of the Raman maximum and minimum in the CARS-spectrum and for a specially chosen concentration an enhanced contrast of the signal. The factors determining the CARS line shape are discussed theoretically and preliminary experimental results concerning resonance CARS spectra are reported.     

CARS studies of vibrationally excited nitrogen at low pressures

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) was used to measure the vibrational temperature of microwave-excited nitrogen in a N₂–CO–He mixture. CARS spectra, originating from the N₂-vibrational levelsv=0 up tov=3, have been recorded by both narrowband scanning of the resonance region as well as by broadband OSA detection. For the microwave-excited N₂ molecules a vibrational temperatureT _v (N ₂ = (2130±110K) and a lower limit of detection forN ₂(v = 3) = 1.2 x 10¹⁵ cm^–3 was established. The CARS results were independently confirmed by simultaneously recorded and spectrally resolved CO infrared fluorescence studies.     

超衍射极限相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射显微成像技术及其探测极限分析

理论上提出一种突破衍射极限限制的相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射显微成像方法, 并对其探测极限进行分析.通过引入环形附加探测光与艾里斑周边的声子作用, 实现点扩展函数的改造, 提高相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射显微成像系统的横向空间分辨率. 随着分辨率的提高, 信号强度也随之降低, 尤其当应用于生物学、医学研究时, 样品分子数密度通常很低, 这将导致信号探测更加困难. 因此分析系统的探测极限, 确定超分辨体积元内的最小可探测分子数是展开超衍射极限相干反斯 托克斯拉曼散射显微成像实验研究的重要前提. 当泵浦光、斯托克斯光、探测光光强均达到极大值, 分辨率约40 nm三维空间内, 超衍射极限相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射显微成像系统的散粒噪声信噪比由曝 光时间与样品分子数密度决定. 曝光时间若取20 ms, 探测极限约为10³, 样品分子数目只有大于探测极限, 才能保证信号可以从噪声背景中提取出来. 关键词： 突破衍射极限 相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射 非线性光学 探测极限     

Fourier transform spectral interferometric coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FTSI-CARS) spectroscopy

A novel Fourier transform spectral interferometric (FTSI) multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) technique is developed to extract the vibrational spectrum equivalent to the spontaneous Raman scattering. The conventional FTSI method is modified to use the internal nonresonant CARS signal as a local oscillator to perform spectral interferometry. Utilizing the causality of the coherent vibration (i.e., there should be no signal before the laser excitation), this new FTSI method recovers the entire complex vibrational spectral parameters. We demonstrate this technique with a previously reported single-pulse multiplex CARS method that uses a single phase-controlled broadband ultrafast laser pulse.     

High-sensitivity vibrational imaging with frequency modulation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FM CARS) microscopy

We demonstrate a new approach to coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy that significantly increases the detection sensitivity. CARS signals are generated by collinearly overlapped, tightly focused, and raster scanned pump and Stokes laser beams, whose difference frequency is rapidly modulated. The resulting amplitude modulation of the CARS signal is detected through a lock-in amplifier. This scheme efficiently suppresses the nonresonant background and allows for the detection of far fewer vibrational oscillators than possible through existing CARS microscopy methods.