液晶在电场和剪切耦合作用下的流变学行为

本文通过理论和实验对液晶 5CB在剪切和电场耦合作用下流变行为进行了研究. 采用液晶连续理论, 建立了包括界面锚定能, 弹性自由能, 介电自由能和流动能在内的系统 Gibbs自由能公式, 通过最小化系统自由能的方法求解液晶在剪切和电场耦合作用下的取向分布及其黏度变化, 从分子基础模型上揭示了液晶在耦合作用下的流变行为、微观机理及其影响规律, 并通过流变测试对此进行验证. 对比分析了理论和试验结果的误差和原因, 发现界面锚定效应对于液晶分子的取向和黏度具有重要影响. 理论和试验结果均表明, 液晶在电场作用下具有明显的电黏效应, 表现出非牛顿流变行为, 其黏度值由剪切和电场的竞争和耦合作用共同决定. 在外电场作用下液晶的黏度可以增加到初始值的 4倍左右, 液晶这种其自身黏度可随着外场 (例如运动速度) 改变的特性在一定的条件下可以自适应地满足不同工况对黏度的要求, 这对实现智能摩擦润滑具有重要的意义. 关键词： 液晶 流变行为 电黏效应 耦合作用     

采用液晶涂层测量介质流与壁面间剪切应力的定量模型与试验研究

流场中介质流与壁面间剪切应力的定量测量,在运动物体例如航天器等的表面流场观测与表面减阻等领域有重要意义.本文采用向列相液晶涂层技术针对介质流与固体壁面间的剪切应力展开定量测量.首先利用液晶弹性变形理论建立了向列相分子在剪切应力场作用下旋光性光强信号与剪切应力大小的定量模型;进而,在固体表面制备了5 CB与7 CB向列相液晶涂层,采用搭建的实验装置对不同剪切应力场下的测试涂层的光强进行了测试与理论模型的计算模拟,测试结果与定量模型相当吻合;进一步探讨了液晶涂层测试技术的极限剪切应力、灵敏范围以及涂层膜厚、分子弹性等关键影响因素.     

微结构阵列对近壁面层液体运动规律的影响

表面微结构阵列可用于调控微间隙中液体的流动行为、运动阻力和混合特性等.本文采用石英晶体微天平实验研究了微凹坑和微圆柱阵列以及微结构表面形貌对近壁面层液体运动行为的影响.石英晶体微天平的系统频移和半带宽变化与近壁面层液体的运动行为密切相关,研究显示,表面微凹坑倾向于受限液体的运动,因此微凹坑表面引起的频移绝对值明显大于与其具有相同特征尺寸的微圆柱表面,且均大于光滑表面.粗糙表面结构会明显地增加近壁面区域液体运动的紊乱程度,因此具有粗糙顶部的二级微圆柱表面引起的半带宽变化明显大于与其具有相同特征尺寸的微圆柱表面,且均大于光滑表面.该研究为微流道表面阵列微结构形式的选择提供了实验依据.     

基于石英晶体天平和微纳光纤的有机污染物在线监测

为了监测高功率激光驱动器中有机污染物的挥发特性以及其在光学元件表面的沉积特性,研究了基于石英晶体微量天平和微纳光纤传感器的真空腔体内有机物在线监测技术.首先测试了不同分子态污染物浓度时石英晶体天平的响应性能,然后采用视角因子等分法对微纳光纤传感器和石英晶体天平进行对比实验,模拟有机污染物在光学表面沉积的特性.实验结果表明,石英晶体天平和微纳光纤测试有机物在光学表面沉积时响应一致,均可用于高功率激光驱动器有机污染物的在线监测;当污染物面密度大于0.5×10-5g/cm2时,微纳光纤传感器有较高精度和响应速度;有机污染物浓度越高,其更容易吸附沉积在光学元件表面.     

4-戊基-4'-氰基联苯液晶的分子二阶非线性光学极化率测量方法

在玻璃衬底上制得单层硬脂酸的Langmuir-Blodgett(LB)膜,做为4-戊基-4''-氰基联苯(5CB)液晶的取向层,在取向层上旋涂一层5CB液晶,用透射二次谐波方法测量出5CB液晶分子二阶非线性光学极化率,其值为β=7×10-29esu.对比文献值,测量得到的结果符合较好.     

石英晶体微天平用于微囊藻毒素在聚合物涂覆的金片表面吸附

合成了具有不同功能化的聚苯乙烯树脂,利用石英晶体微天平对树脂和微囊藻毒素相互吸附作用进行实时监测和研究．研究发现,吸附的pH和表面性质对于吸附量有重要的影响,而温度影响不大,中性pH氨基树脂对微囊藻毒素的吸附效果最好     

纳米级润滑膜分子排列取向的拉曼光谱表征技术

利用激光拉曼散射技术,对剪切作用下受限于钢球与石英盘之间的纳米级液晶5 CB的分子排列取向进行研究. 结果表明,在特定的实验条件下,可以得到高信噪比的纳米级润滑膜的拉曼散射信号(20∶1). 同时发现,当激光偏振方向与剪切运动方向平行(垂直)时,所得拉曼信号强度达到最大(小)值,表明纳米级液晶5 CB分子在剪切诱导作用下,沿剪切运动方向趋于定向排列. 另外,当钢球与石英盘之间的剪切速度逐渐增大时,受限的纳米级液晶5 CB的拉曼信号强度也逐渐增大. 最后,利用根据相对光强干涉原理研制的纳米膜厚测量仪对纳米级 关键词： 薄膜润滑 分子排列取向 拉曼散射     

石英晶体微天平在HL-2A装置上的应用

在HL-2A装置上采用石英晶体微天平(QCM)测量碳元素及其化合物的沉积质量,从测量的数据可知,每次等离子体放电后QCM的沉积量都会有细微变化,每次放电测得的沉积质量约为0.1~10μg。沉积量的变化与沉积物质再腐蚀或者溅射有关。根据一天的测量结果,可以计算得出HL-2A装置偏滤器区域平均每次放电(非H模放电)的沉积厚度约为10nm。     

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在HL-2A装置上采用石英晶体微天平(QCM)测量碳元素及其化合物的沉积质量,从测量的数据可知,每次等离子体放电后QCM的沉积量都会有细微变化,每次放电测得的沉积质量约为0.1~10μg.沉积量的变化与沉积物质再腐蚀或者溅射有关.根据一天的测量结果,可以计算得出HL-2A装置偏滤器区域平均每次放电(非H模放电)的沉积厚度约为10nm.     

液晶调制光子晶体微腔光衰减器

设计了一种二维液晶调制光子晶体微腔光衰减器。两条二维三角晶格空气孔光子晶体波导由一个光子晶体微腔连接,在微腔的点缺陷中填充苯乙炔类液晶。通过施加不同电压,电场诱导液晶取向以改变液晶的折射率,从而改变光子晶体微腔的谐振波长,进而实现光传播强度调节。运用时域有限差分方法和平面波展开法分析了二维液晶调制光子晶体微腔光衰减器的光学特性。数值计算结果表明:对于1.55μm通信波段,通过外界电场控制所填充的向列相液晶的方向可以对这种二维液晶调制光子晶体微腔光衰减器实现3.40%～99.58%的可调谐光输出。     

Hybrid temperature effect on a quartz crystal microbalance resonator in aqueous solutions

The quartz crystal microbalance(QCM) is an important tool that can sense nanogram changes in mass. The hybrid temperature effect on a QCM resonator in aqueous solutions leads to unconvincing detection results. Control of the temperature effect is one of the keys when using the QCM for high precision measurements. Based on the Sauerbrey's and Kanazawa's theories, we proposed a method for enhancing the accuracy of the QCM measurement, which takes into account not only the thermal variations of viscosity and density but also the thermal behavior of the QCM resonator. We presented an improved Sauerbrey equation that can be used to effectively compensate the drift of the QCM resonator. These results will play a significant role when applying the QCM at the room temperature.     

Vibration analysis of a new polymer quartz piezoelectric crystal sensor for detecting characteristic materials of volatility liquid

We present a new polymer quartz piezoelectric crystal sensor that takes a quartz piezoelectric crystal as the basal material and a nanometer nonmetallic polymer thin film as the surface coating based on the principle of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The new sensor can be used to detect the characteristic materials of a volatile liquid. A mechanical model of the new sensor was built, whose structure was a thin circle plate composing of polytef/quartz piezoelectric/polytef. The mechanical model had a diameter of 8 mm and a thickness of 170 μ. The vibration state of the model was simulated by software ANSYS after the physical parameters and the boundary condition of the new sensor were set. According to the results of experiments, we set up a frequency range from 9.995850 MHz to 9.997225 MHz, 17 kinds of frequencies and modes of vibration were obtained within this range. We found a special frequency f_sp of 9.996358 MHz. When the resonant frequency of the new sensor’s mechanical model reached the special frequency, a special phenomenon occurred. In this case, the amplitude of the center point O on the mechanical model reached the maximum value. At the same time, the minimum absolute difference between the simulated frequency based on the ANSYS software and the experimental measured stable frequency was reached. The research showed that the design of the new polymer quartz piezoelectric crystal sensor perfectly conforms to the principle of QCM. A special frequency value f_sp was found and subsequently became one of the most important parameters in the new sensor design.     

Ammonia sensing characteristics of ZnO nanowires studied by quartz crystal microbalance

The ZnO nanowires have been prepared and studied as the sensing element for the detection of ammonia. The ZnO nanowires were first synthesized by evaporating high purity zinc pellets at 900 °C and then distributed onto the electrode surfaces of quartz crystals at room temperatures. Gas sensitive properties of ZnO nanowires layer were studied in terms of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) at room temperature. It is found that the obtained response of the sensors varied with the thickness of the ZnO nanowires layer. ZnO nanowires showed high sensitivity to ammonia in the range of 40-1000 ppm. The response time of the sensor was as fast as ∼5 s at any concentration (40-1000 ppm) of ammonia gas. The ZnO nanowires-coated sensors have a good frequency stability and reproducibility. All results demonstrated that the ZnO nanowire was a potential gas sensing material for practical use.     

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为了检测HL-2A偏滤器靶板的背后沉积层的沉积情况和深入了解其等离子体与第一壁的相互作用过程,国内首次研制了用于托卡马克装置的偏滤器沉积测量系统,其中包括石英晶体、测量探头、频率测量以及控制系统等.经过初步检测,该沉积系统平均采样速率为13~14s-1;测量的石英晶体共振频率分辨率为0.01Hz;石英晶体共振频率的变化正比于沉积在石英晶体表面的质量的变化,这与Sauerbrey方程的线性关系吻合;实验室检测过程中该沉积系统的平均沉积率约为2.0ng?s-1,显示该沉积系统具有纳克级质量检测能力,表明了该偏滤器沉积系统的测量性能和有效性.     

HL-2A偏滤器沉积测量系统的研制

为了检测HL-2A偏滤器靶板的背后沉积层的沉积情况和深入了解其等离子体与第一壁的相互作用过程,国内首次研制了用于托卡马克装置的偏滤器沉积测量系统,其中包括石英晶体、测量探头、频率测量以及控制系统等。经过初步检测,该沉积系统平均采样速率为13~14s^-1;测量的石英晶体共振频率分辨率为0.01Hz;石英晶体共振频率的变化正比于沉积在石英晶体表面的质量的变化,这与Sauerbrey方程的线性关系吻合;实验室检测过程中该沉积系统的平均沉积率约为2.0ng•s^-1,显示该沉积系统具有纳克级质量检测能力,表明了该偏滤器沉积系统的测量性能和有效性。     

大变焦范围电调谐液晶变焦透镜的研究

基于向列相液晶指向矢随施加电场作用发生变化的特性, 结合几何光学和液晶理论提出了一种液晶透镜结构模型, 研究了电极大小、隔垫物厚度等液晶透镜参数对液晶透镜焦距的影响. 通过优化参数, 得到结构简单、变焦范围较大的新型液晶透镜样品, 在驱动电压0 V_RMS–250 V_RMS下可调的焦距范围为75–230 mm, 达到155 mm.     

Propagation of p-polarized light in photonic crystal for sensor application

In this work, a comprehensive analytical study is presented on two-layer one- dimensional photonic crystal in which the first layer is considered to be an analyte layer and the second layer is assumed be left-handed material (LHM), dielectric or metal. The dispersion relation is derived for p- polarized wave (TM). The sensitivity of the effective index to any change in the analyte index is derived, plotted and analyzed. Our optimization shows that it is possible for photonic crystal sensor to achieve a sensitivity improvement of 714% compared to conventional waveguide sensor.