Time-resolved measurement of atomic emission enhancement by fs--ns dual-pulsed laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Time-resolved measurement of atomic emission enhancement is performed by using a 500-fs KrF laser pulse incident upon a high density supersonic O_{2} gas jet, synchronized with an orthogonal ns frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser pulse. The ultra-short pulse serves as an igniter of the gas jet, and the subsequent ns-laser pulse significantly enhances the atomic emission. Analysis shows that the contributions to the enhancement effect are made mainly by the bremsstrahlung radiation and cascade ionization.     

大气压氖气介质阻挡放电脉冲等离子射流特性

采用自行研制的低造价、小体积、可产生幅值0~35 kV、重复频率1 kHz的高压s脉冲电源,设计了一套以大气压氖气为工作气体的介质阻挡放电（DBD）等离子体射流源,通过测量并计算放电过程中的电压-电流波形、拍摄放电图像、光谱分析等手段,对电压幅值、气体流速对氖气等离子体射流特性的影响进行了研究。结果表明:s脉冲电源激励下大气压氖气DBD能产生锥状的等离子射流且其等离子强度适中;s脉冲电源电压幅值的快速上升,可在放电空间瞬间施加高的过电压,能有效促进放电功率、电子密度、电子激发温度和射流长度的增加;工作气体流速的增加使得放电功率、电子激发温度和电子密度减小,而射流长度变化很小;一定条件下,能形成长距离的射流。     

大气压氦气多路低温等离子体射流

为了研究大气压低温等离子体多路射流阵列的放电特性,设计一个实现7路低温等离子体射流的放电装置,采用单电极放电结构,在开放的大气环境下通入氦气。采用高压窄脉冲重复频率电源激励驱动该放电装置,电源脉冲宽度约230 ns,脉冲上升沿约为120 ns。在重复频率为500 Hz的条件下,通过高速摄影初步发现放电电流脉宽约为110 ns,且无反向放电。试验结果表明:平均射流长度随电压幅值增加而增加,在一定电压幅值时射流长度有达到饱和的趋势,这是由于射流通道尾部有空气进入,电压幅值已不再是主要原因;只有在合适的气体流量值时,才能够获得较长的平均射流长度,这是由于气体流量过大或过小时射流均不足以维持形成的放电通道;此外,中心电极放电射流长度受气体流量影响较大,气体流量在一定值时可以观察到中心电极有较长的射流,射流放电强度较弱,气体流量过大或过小时中心电极几乎无放电,这是由于四周电极更易形成放电射流,削弱了中心电极放电。 ,     

Short-pulse laser interferometric measurement of absolute gas densities from a cooled gas jet

We report on the use of a novel technique to measure the gas density from a pulsed gas jet. Deuterium gas is fully ionized with an intense picosecond laser, and the resulting electron density is measured by interferometric probing with a second picosecond pulse. We have applied this technique to characterize a cryogenically cooled, high-density gas jet.     

Laser-Induced Particle Jet and Its Ignition Application in Premixed Combustible Gases

A hot particle jet is induced as a laser pulse from a free oscillated Nd：YAG laser focused on a coal target. The particle jet successfully initiates combustion in a premixed combustible gas consisting of hydrogen, oxygen, and air. The experiment reveals that the ionization of the particle jet is enhanced during the laser pulse. This characteristic is attributed to the electron cascade process and the ionization of the particles or molecules of the target. The initial free electrons, which are ablated from the coal target, are accelerated by the laser pulse through the inverse Bremsstrahfung process and then collide with the neutrals in the jet, causing the latter to be ionized.     

碰撞锁模环形染料激光器动力学过程的研究

本文在建立碰撞锁模(CPM)激光器数学模型的基础上,对碰撞锁模激光器中激光锁模脉冲形成的动力学过程进行了计算机模拟计算,并对其结果进行了理论分析和讨论,得到了脉冲宽度、脉冲波形及对称性与泵浦速率、腔长、增益介质和可饱和吸收介质在腔内的相对位置等因素间的关系。     

Analysis on the feasibility of optical tomography in measuring gas jet flow velocity

Enlightened by the wide application of optical computerized tomography (OCT) in various flow fields’ visualization and parameter measurement, the potential feasibility of it on measuring gas jet flow velocity is discussed in this paper. The dependence of flow velocity on flow field's refractive index and dynamic pressure is deduced initially. An argon gas jet flow is chosen as an example for experiment, and the refractive index measurement is achieved by moiré tomography, while the dynamic pressure is obtained by a pressure sensor. In a word, both the theoretical and experimental results prove that OCT could be feasible to obtain the flow velocity of gas jet flows.     

Effect of laser spot size on fusion neutron yield in laser--deuterium cluster interactions

The effect of the laser spot size on the neutron yield of table-top nuclear fusion from explosions of a femtosecond intense laser pulse heated deuterium clusters is investigated by using a simplified model, in which the cluster size distribution and the energy attenuation of the laser as it propagates through the cluster jet are taken into account. It has been found that there exists a proper laser spot size for the maximum fusion neutron yield for a given laser pulse and a specific deuterium gas cluster jet. The proper spot size, which is dependent on the laser parameters and the cluster jet parameters, has been calculated and compared with the available experimental data. A reasonable agreement between the calculated results and the published experimental results is found.     

稠密颗粒物质系统鼓泡现象的微观结构研究

通过重新整理气相控制方程,实现了基于非结构化网格的离散颗粒与连续流体的非线性耦合求解方法.应用该求解方法模拟计算了二维气固脉冲流化床(pulsed fluidized bed, PFB)单个鼓泡过程,数值计算结果与实验结果相符合.通过剖析两种典型床宽PFB的气固两相微观结构,观察到颗粒起动瞬间力链断裂"解锁"现象和系统压降脉冲现象,发现床内气体的流动是一个由双主涡到多涡共存再到双次涡的发展过程,颗粒的运动呈现三种形态,即抬升,沿鼓泡边界下滑和角落内"滞缓"运动. 关键词： 离散颗粒 脉冲流化床 鼓泡 力链     

100kA微秒级气体火花开关电极喷射现象研究

 主要研究了在100kA微秒级电流脉冲作用下气体火花开关电极物质喷射现象的成因及规律。共进行了4种电极材料的喷射特性实验，实验结果表明，在开关放电过程中，电极表面物质喷射速度方向与材料无关，基本与放电点表面垂直，存在明显的发散角(约为12°)。喷射产物的质量分布近似呈cos-nφ分布(n约为1 400)。     

Effects of pressure and gas-jet thickness on the generation of attosecond pulse

We investigate how the intensity and duration of an attosecond pulse generated from high-order harmonic generation are affected by the pressure and thickness of the gas jet by taking into account the macroscopic propagation of both fundamental and harmonic fields. Our simulations show that, limited by the propagation effects, especially the absorption of harmonics, the intensity of an attosecond pulse cannot be improved by just independently increasing the gas pressure or the medium length. On the other hand, due to good phase-matching conditions, the duration of a generated attosecond pulse can be improved by changing the gas pressure.     

A plasma channel scheme for the interaction of an intense femtosecond laser pulse with a deuterium cluster jet

We propose a plasma channel scheme to obtain an improved table-top laser driven fusion neutron yield as a result of explosions of large deuterium clusters irradiated by an intense laser pulse. A cylindrical plasma channel is created by two moderate intensity laser prepulses at the edge of a deuterium cluster jet along which an intense main laser pulse propagates several nanoseconds later. With the aid of this plasma channel, the main laser pulse will be allowed to deposit its energy into the central region of the deuterium gas jet where the cluster sizes are larger and the atomic density is higher. The plasma channel formation and its impact on the deuterium ion energy spectrum and the consequent fusion neutron yield have been investigated. The calculated results show that a remarkable increase of the table-top laser driven fusion neutron yield would be expected.     

等离子体合成射流能量效率及工作特性研究

基于等离子体激励器工作过程中气体放电的焦耳加热作用, 并结合局部热力学平衡等离子体物理假设, 开展了等离子体合成射流三维唯象数值研究, 获得了完整工作周期内等离子体合成射流流场发展演变过程. 研究结果表明, 单次能量沉积建立的自维持周期性射流中存在有实现激励器腔体"充分" 回填的最大脉冲工作频率––饱和频率. 大的能量沉积、小的激励器出口直径和相同腔体体积下大的径高比都可以产生速度更高的射流, 而射流速度的提高会伴随有饱和频率的降低. 一个饱和周期内, 最多约有16%的初始腔内气体喷出, 吸气复原仅能实现初始腔体质量90%左右的回填.一个大气压条件下, 容性电源供能的等离子体合成射流激励器电能向气体热能和射流动能的转化效率分别约为5%和1.6%. 关键词： 等离子体激励器 合成射流 能量效率 饱和频率     

沿面型介质阻挡放电喷枪的发光特性及气体温度研究

利用氩气作为工作气体,采用正弦电压驱动沿面型等离子体喷枪,在大气压空气环境中产生了均匀的等离子体羽。电学和光学测量结果表明,等离子体羽放电只存在于外加峰值电压的正半周期,并且正半周期的放电脉冲个数随气体流量的增加而增加。通过对正半周期不同位置的发光脉冲信号进行比较,发现等离子体羽均按子弹形式传播,其中每一个发光脉冲均对应一次等离子体子弹传播过程。通过对比放电电流和等离子体羽的发光信号,发现等离子体羽的发光脉冲滞后于放电电流脉冲,且该延迟时间基本服从正态分布。该延迟时间随着外加电压峰值及气体流量的增大而减小。利用光纤测温仪测量了等离子体羽的气体温度,发现气体温度随外加峰值电压的增大而升高,随工作气体流量的增大而降低。通过分析放电过程,对上述现象进行了定性解释。     

Reaching the nonlinear regime of Raman amplification of ultrashort laser pulses

The intensity of a subpicosecond laser pulse was amplified by a factor of up to 1000 using the Raman backscatter interaction in a 2 mm long gas jet plasma. The process of Raman amplification reached the nonlinear regime, with the intensity of the amplified pulse exceeding that of the pump pulse by more than an order of magnitude. Features unique to the nonlinear regime such as gain saturation, bandwidth broadening, and pulse shortening were observed. Simulation and theory are in qualitative agreement with the measurements.     

Hagena团簇尺度定律中锥形喷嘴的等效孔径

本文首先详细重演了锥形喷嘴的等效孔径d_eq, 并根据d_eq的定义给出了它与气体团簇喷流的径向宽度之间的依赖关系. 然后以高背压氩气团簇喷流为例, 通过成像喷流的Rayleigh 散射光的空间分布研究了不同背压下喷流的径向宽度, 并与Hagena 团簇尺度定律中直线流模型假设的喷流径向宽度进行了比较. 结果表明, Hagena 直线流模型假设的喷流径向宽度小于实际的径向宽度, 且实际宽度与气体背压有关. 进一步的研究表明, 直线流模型对喷流宽度的估计偏差导致对锥形喷嘴等效孔径的估计偏差, 这为Hagena 尺度定律估计团簇平均尺寸的偏差给出了一种可能的解释. 关键词： 气体团簇 Hagena尺寸定律 锥形喷嘴的等效孔径     

Untersuchungen des turbulenten Strömungsfeldes eines schnellen eingeschlossenen Plasmastrahls

The spatial distribution of temperature and velocity in a turbulent plasma jet enclosed in a large diameter tubular vessel has been measured with thermocouple probes and dynamic pressure probes and corrected by an iterative computation method. The results show that the behaviour of the plasma jet in principle is not different from the behaviour of an ordinary gas jet or a flame. Due to the mass entrainment from surroundings, the jet is divergent and died out very rapidly. On account of conservation of mass, we have to expect a retrograde motion of the gas at the wall of the tubular vessel. Because the corresponding velocity is very small it falls below the detection limit of our measurement system.     

Pulse laser ablation at water–air interface

We studied a new pulse laser ablation phenomenon on a liquid surface layer, which is caused by the difference between the refractive indices of the two materials involved. The present study was motivated by our previous study, which showed that laser ablation can occur at the interface between a transparent material and a gas or liquid medium when the laser pulse is focused through the transparent material. In this case, the ablation threshold fluence is reduced remarkably. In the present study, experiments were conducted in water and air in order to confirm this phenomenon for a combination of two fluid media with different refractive indices. This phenomenon was observed in detail by pulse laser shadowgraphy. A high-resolution film was used to record the phenomenon with a Nd:YAG pulse laser with 10-ns duration as a light source. The laser ablation phenomenon on the liquid surface layer caused by a focused Nd:YAG laser pulse with 1064-nm wavelength was found to be followed by the splashing of the liquid surface, inducing a liquid jet with many ligaments. The liquid jet extension velocity was around 1000 m/s in a typical case. The liquid jet decelerated drastically due to rapid atomization at the tips of the ligaments. The liquid jet phenomenon was found to depend on the pulse laser parameters such as the laser fluence on the liquid surface, laser energy, and laser beam pattern. The threshold laser fluence for the generation of a liquid jet was 20 J/cm². By increasing the incident laser energy with a fixed laser fluence, the laser focused area increased, which eventually led to an increase in the size of the plasma column. The larger the laser energy, the larger the jet size and the longer the temporal behavior. The laser beam pattern was found to have significant effects on the liquid jet’s velocity, shape, and history.     

Enhancement of Kr2 excimer generation in a pulsedrare-gas jet discharge with H2 gas contact cooling

A novel excitation scheme for Kr₂ rare-gas excimer formation is developed. A pulse discharge excited Kr jet is dynamically mixed with a H₂ neutral gas flow located downstream in a vacuum chamber. Rapid contact cooling of the high temperature Kr plasma jet by H₂ gas collisions increases the Kr₂ excimer emission at 148 nm by a factor of more than three compared with that observed without the cooling downstream. Significant decreases of both electron temperature and density in the Kr plasma when mixed with H₂ gases downstream are measured with time-resolved spectroscopic methods     

Cryogenically Cooled High-Pressure Hydrogen Cluster Jet Injection into the HL-2A Tokamak

The experimental set-up of SMBI system in HL-2A and the detail structure of the molecular beam valve with cooling trap are shown in Fig.l. The valve used for producing hydrogen cluster jet is a solenoid valve S99 with a nozzle orifice of 0.2 mm diameter. The distance between the nozzle of the valve and the edge plasma is about 1.28 m. A liquid nitrogen cryogenic trap is applied for cooling the valve body and decreasing the working gas temperature. The hydrogen cluster jet used for the experiments is in fact a free jet. For real gases, the adiabatic expansion of gas through a nozzle into vacuum results in substantial cooling in the frame of the moving gas. Atoms or molecules that interact weakly at low temperature can form clusters as a result. Attractive forces between atoms can be hydrogen bonding,