高效SnO2纳米片催化剂用于CO氧化

SnO2是一种具有丰富表面缺位氧的n型半导体,其晶格氧亦可还原.另外其熔点高达1630oC,具有较高的热稳定性能.在过去的几十年中, SnO2主要用作气敏材料.而其作为催化材料的性能,特别是用于大气污染治理则鲜见报道.在过去的几年中,本课题组系统研究了SnO2的催化化学,发现利用传统共沉淀法制备的SnO2纳米粉末,在焙烧温度高于500 oC时,其比表面积通常低于20 m2/g,因而限制了其氧化活性.在SnO2晶格中掺杂Fe、Cr、Mn、Ce和Ta等形成固溶体可有效提高其比表面积并产生更多的活性氧物种,因而其对CO和CH4的氧化活性及稳定性大幅度提高.本课题组近期研究结果表明,采用熔盐法制备的高纯SnO2纳米棒单晶比SnO2纳米颗粒和纳米微球等具有更优异的CO氧化活性,260 oC即可完全氧化CO.且在240–260 oC狭窄温度区间发生转化率突跃,表现出类似贵金属的催化行为.值得指出的是, SnO2纳米棒的比表面积(1 m2/g)远低于其他几种形貌的材料,且无活泼氧存在.但研究表明SnO2纳米棒具有优先暴露的(110)活泼晶面,是导致其活性优良的主要原因.另外,我们采用简单共沉淀法成功制备了高比表面介孔Cu-Sn复合氧化物纳米片(196 m2/g),其在140 oC即可将CO完全氧化,且具有优良的抗水失活性能.因此, SnO2的形貌是影响其催化活性的主要因素之一,但迄今未见较系统深入的研究.在上述工作基础上,本文通过水热法,不添加任何有机模板剂,成功制备了厚度约10 nm的介孔SnO2纳米片和纳米棒及纳米颗粒混合物样品;采用常规共沉淀法制备了SnO2纳米颗粒.并将以上三种不同形貌的SnO2纳米材料用于CO氧化.利用SEM、XRD、N2吸附-脱附、H2-TPR和XPS探讨了不同形貌SnO2催化剂的体相结构和表面性质及其对催化性能的影响.与SnO2纳米颗粒相比,介孔SnO2纳米片具有高的比表面积、孔体积及更活泼的氧中心,因此后者CO氧化活性远高于前者.在空速18000 mL/(g·h)时, SnO2纳米片在260 oC即可完全氧化CO.而SnO2纳米颗粒的CO完全氧化温度高于360 oC. SnO2纳米棒和纳米颗粒的混合样品虽然其比表面积和孔体积及表面活性氧的活性仅略高于SnO2纳米颗粒,但XRD定量结果表明,其具有更多的暴露(110)活泼晶面,因而活性也高于SnO2纳米颗粒. SnO2纳米片催化剂的寿命及抗水性能测试结果表明,该催化剂具有良好的稳定性,且水蒸气仅对其活性产生可恢复的影响.进一步优化其性能, SnO2纳米片有可能用于实际汽车尾气状况下的CO催化清除.     

背入射Au/TiO2/Au肖特基结紫外探测器

TiO2作为一种宽禁带(3.0~3.2 eV)半导体材料,由于具有优异的物理化学特性和独特的光电特性,在许多领域都展现出广泛的应用前景[1~3].材料的尺寸、结构和形貌能赋予材料一些特殊的性质,近年来人们致力于研究不同形貌的TiO2纳米材料,如TiO2纳米线和纳米管等[4],并将其应用在光催化[5]、太阳能电池[6]和锂离子电池[7]等领域,但关于其在紫外探测器上应用的报道很少[8~10].本文采用水热法在F∶SnO2(FTO)衬底上制备出纵向有序生长的金红石型TiO2纳米线阵列,通过光刻工艺和磁控溅射技术制备了背入射Au/TiO2/Au肖特基结紫外探测器,并测试了其光、暗电流,光响应度及量     

CuTSPc／SnO2纳米介孔复合材料的合成及其可见光光催化活性

采用无模板水热法,以四磺基酞菁铜(CuTSPc)敏化SnO2制备了CuTSPc/SnO2纳米介孔复合材料,通过X射线衍射、透射电镜、氮气吸附-脱附、紫外-可见光谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱等对复合材料进行了表征,并以罗丹明B (RhB)为目标降解物考察了其低功率(15 W光源)可见光光催化活性及循环使用性. 结果表明, CuTSPc周环的磺基与SnO2表面的锡离子形成双齿螯合, 0.1 mol% (CuTSPc与SnO2物质的量比) CuTSPc/SnO2复合材料的比表面积和平均孔径分别为236 m2/g和2.6 nm, 反应180 min时可见光降解率高达87%, 循环使用率较高(87%±5%).     

纳米SnO2@TiO2的制备及其光催化性能

以SnCl4和Ti(OBu)4为原料,采用活性层包覆法制备了SnO2@TiO2包覆型复合光催化剂,并用XPS、IR、XRD、TEM和BET等手段进行了表征,以二甲基二氯乙烯基磷酸酯（简称DDVP）稀释液为模拟废水,考察了SnO2@TiO2的光催化活性及降解液初始浓度对反应动力学的影响.结果表明：包覆粒子由锐钛矿型TiO2和金红石型SnO2组成;与纯SnO2、TiO2相比,SnO2@TiO2包覆粒子的光催化活性明显提高,DDVP稀释液被光催化降解属于零级反应,但反应表观速率常数与降解液初始浓度成正比.     

(英)多孔SnO2/炭微球的制备及其电化学性能研究

以SnCl4·5H2O和可溶性淀粉为原料,采用简便的水热法制备了SnO2/炭微球,通过ZnCl2活化获得多孔SnO2/炭微球。所制备的SnO2/炭微球和多孔SnO2/炭微球均保持良好的球形,粒径集中在1~5μm,SnO2纳米颗粒均匀地分布在炭基体中。与采用同样方法制备的多孔炭微球相比,多孔SnO2/炭微球作为超级电容器电极材料表现出更高的比电容、更低的等效串联电阻以及更好的倍率性能,表明多孔SnO2/炭微球在超级电容器领域具有良好的应用前景。     

纳米SnO_2@TiO_2的制备及其光催化性能

SnCl4和 Ti(OBu)4为原料,采用活性层包覆法制备了 SnO2@TiO2包覆型复合光催化剂,并用 XPS、 IR、 XRD、 TEM和 BET等手段进行了表征,以二甲基二氯乙烯基磷酸酯（简称 DDVP）稀释液为模拟废水,考察了 SnO2@TiO2的光催化活性及降解液初始浓度对反应动力学的影响 .结果表明：包覆粒子由锐钛矿型 TiO2和金红石型 SnO2组成;与纯 SnO2、 TiO2相比, SnO2@TiO2包覆粒子的光催化活性明显提高, DDVP稀释液被光催化降解属于零级反应,但反应表观速率常数与降解液初始浓度成正比 .     

水热法制备SnO2/α-Fe2O3纳米复合材料

用α-Fe2O3纳米粒子作为前驱物,以SnC l4和NaOH作为反应试剂,通过简单的水热法制备了SnO2/α-Fe2O3纳米复合材料。SnO2/α-Fe2O3纳米复合材料具有有趣的形貌:直径约为20nm的SnO2纳米棒以α-Fe2O3纳米粒子为中心向四周辐射生长。利用X-ray粉末衍射(XRD),透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)等测试手段对样品的成份、结构、形貌和尺寸进行了表征,初步探讨了SnO2/α-Fe2O3纳米复合材料的形成机理。     

多孔SnO_2/炭微球的制备及其电化学性能研究(英文)

以SnCl4·5H2O和可溶性淀粉为原料,采用简便的水热法制备了SnO2/炭微球,通过ZnCl2活化获得多孔SnO2/炭微球。所制备的SnO2/炭微球和多孔SnO2/炭微球均保持良好的球形,粒径集中在1~5μm,SnO2纳米颗粒均匀地分布在炭基体中。与采用同样方法制备的多孔炭微球相比,多孔SnO2/炭微球作为超级电容器电极材料表现出更高的比电容、更低的等效串联电阻以及更好的倍率性能,表明多孔SnO2/炭微球在超级电容器领域具有良好的应用前景。     

负载型Pd/SnO2催化剂低温催化甲烷燃烧

天然气储量巨大,被广泛应用于发电和工业窑炉等.甲烷作为天然气中最主要的成分,是氢碳比最高的碳氢化合物,其温室效应显著.因此,不完全燃烧所引起的CH4排放,不仅导致能源浪费,同时也可造成环境污染.与传统火焰燃烧相比,CH4催化燃烧具有更高的燃烧效率,并可显著地减少大气污染物(CO,NOx和未完全燃烧的烃类)的排放.贵金属Pd催化剂对CH4催化燃烧表现出优异的催化性能,其中Pd颗粒的尺寸、Pd的化学状态、载体性质及其与Pd之间的相互作用等对其活性有显著影响.本文以不同温度(600,800,1000和1200℃)焙烧所得SnO2为载体,通过等体积浸渍法制备了Pd/SnO2催化剂,研究了SnO2焙烧温度对CH4催化燃烧性能的影响.结果表明,所制备的SnO2均为锐钛矿结构,并且随着SnO2焙烧温度的升高,晶型愈加完美,晶粒尺寸显著增大.催化剂中引入的Pd以高分散形式存在,CH4催化燃烧反应活性随着载体SnO2焙烧温度的升高而显著提高,其中Pd/SnO2(1200)表现出最高的CH4燃烧活性,起燃温度和最低全转化温度分别为265和390℃.在反应温度为300℃时,Pd/SnO2(1200)上甲烷的反应速率是Pd/SnO2(600)的36倍.XPS等结果表明,随着SnO2焙烧温度的升高,Pd的化学状态也有所差异:对于低温焙烧的SnO2(<800℃),Pd以Pd4+的形式进入到SnO2晶格内;随着焙烧温度的升高(>1000℃),Pd以Pd2+物种的形式存在于载体表面.结合活性评价结果推测,Pd的化学状态可能并非是影响催化剂活性的最关键因素.TEM等结果表明,Pd/SnO2(1000)上PdO的(101)晶面与载体SnO2的(101)晶面相近,分别为0.2641 nm和0.2638 nm.O2-TPD和CH4-TPR结果表明,Pd/SnO2(1200)催化剂上单位Pd原子上O2的脱附量是Pd/SnO2(600)的3倍,单位Pd原子上CH4的消耗量比催化剂Pd/SnO2(600)高出45%.因此,PdO和SnO2在构型上存在的晶面匹配可提高催化剂对O2的活化能力.综上所述,SnO2和贵金属之间的晶格匹配有利于氧在Pd-SnO2界面的活化,同时载体SnO2中的晶格氧亦可以通过"氧反溢流机理"补充到表面PdO/Pd上,从而增强催化剂对O2的吸附和活化能力,并提高CH4催化燃烧反应性能.升高SnO2的焙烧温度可强化SnO2和贵金属之间的晶格匹配,从而使催化剂活性随着SnO2焙烧温度升高而增大.     

核-壳式纳米SnO2/TiO2光催化剂的制备和性能

 以纳米SnO2·nH2O胶体粒子为基质,采用活性层包覆法制备了纳米SnO2/TiO2复合光催化剂,并用R,TEM,XPS和XRD等手段进行了表征. 采用敌敌畏的光催化降解反应对所制催化剂的活性进行了评价. 结果表明,SnO2/TiO2为核-壳结构,粒径约为12 nm. SnO2/TiO2的光催化活性受TiO2含量及SnO2·nH2O乙醇溶液含水量的影响. 最佳条件为SnO2/TiO2中TiO2含量为56.45%,SnO2·nH2O乙醇溶液含水量为20%. 所制SnO2/TiO2光催化活性比纯TiO2显著提高,且光催化活性稳定,可重复使用.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。