The first example of a catalytic asymmetric aldol-Tishchenko reaction of aldehydes and aliphatic ketones

A number of combinations of Lewis acids and chiral ligands has been screened for the enantioselective direct tandem aldol condensation--Evans-Tishchenko reduction of aldehydes and ketones. Chiral ytterbium complexes were found to catalyze the condensation of aromatic aldehydes with 3-pentanone (and other ketones) giving rise to the anti-1,3-diol monoesters in good yield, and with high diastereocontrol and moderate levels of enantioselectivity. Three adjacent stereogenic centers are created in one reaction sequence in acyclic systems.     

Construction of Chiral 2,3‐Allenols through a Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Direct Alkynylogous Aldol Reaction

Chiral 2,3‐allenols were constructed through copper(I)‐catalyzed asymmetric direct alkynylogous aldol reaction. With aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes, the alkynylogous aldol reaction with (R)‐DTBM‐SEGPHOS as the ligand proceeded smoothly to furnish the products in excellent regioselectivity with good to high diastereoselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity. In the cases of aliphatic aldehydes, esters of but‐2‐yn‐1‐ol as the substrates and (R,R)‐Ph‐BPE as the ligand were found to be crucial to get good to high regio‐ and diastereoselectivity. The produced chiral 2,3‐allenols are easily transformed into synthetically useful 2‐furanones through cyclization. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied in the rapid synthesis of two chiral intermediates toward the synthesis of two pharmaceutically active compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of neurological disorders.     

Chiral Phebox-rhodium complexes as catalysts for asymmetric direct aldol reaction

Chiral bis(oxazolinyl)phenyl-rhodium complexes act as catalysts in the combination of AgOTf for direct aldol reaction of ketones and aromatic aldehydes to give the corresponding β-hydroxyketones in high anti-selectivity and a good to high enantioselectivity up to 91% ee.     

Diastereoselective Synthesis of γ-Butenolides Catalyzed by Potassium tert-Butoxide

Potassium tert-butoxide (0.1 mol%) catalyzed a vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction between aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes with 2-(trimethylsilyloxy)furan. The corresponding γ-butenolides were obtained in good yields with good diastereoselectivities.     

A Designed Amide as an Aldol Donor in the Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Aldol Reaction

The direct catalytic asymmetric aldol reaction offers efficient access to β‐hydroxy carbonyl entities. Described is a robust direct catalytic asymmetric aldol reaction of α‐sulfanyl 7‐azaindolinylamide, thus affording both aromatic and aliphatic β‐hydroxy amides with high ee values. The design of this transformation features a cooperative interplay of a soft and a hard Lewis acid, which together facilitate the challenging chemoselective enolization by a hard Brønsted base.     

Enantioselective Aldol Reaction with Difluoroenoxysilanes Catalyzed by Cationic Palladium Aqua Complexes

The enantioselective addition of difluoroenoxysilanes to aromatic aldehydes, catalyzed by cationic palladium aqua complexes, has been described. The reaction is operationally simple, does not require anhydrous conditions and performs at room temperature. The palladium catalysts, previously discovered and reported by Sodeoka, are easily prepared in two steps from PdCl₂(MeCN)₂. The aldol compounds were obtained in good yields and with enantiomeric ratios up to 93 : 7, the reaction being more efficient using electron-rich aldehydes.     

C2对称性有机小分子催化的高对映选择性Aldol反应

以环己酮与4-硝基苯甲醛直接不对称Aldol缩合为模型反应, 对一系列具有C2对称性的有机小分子催化剂进行了考察, 其中(2S,5S)-吡咯烷-2,5-二羧酸的不对称催化效果最好. 在10 ℃下, 以DMSO为溶剂, 30%摩尔分数催化剂用量, 研究了多个取代芳香醛和环己酮的不对称催化Aldol反应, 对映选择性为87%～99% ee.     

Asymmetric, catalytic, vinylogous aldol reactions using pyrrole-based dienoxy silanes. Enantioselective synthesis of α,β-unsaturated γ-butyrolactam synthons

A practical, catalytic and enantioselective vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction between 2-silyloxypyrrole donors and aromatic or heteroaromatic aldehyde acceptors is described. Using an enantiopure bisphosphoramide catalyst in conjunction with SiCl₄, a variety of α,β-unsaturated-δ-hydroxylated γ-butyrolactam compounds were synthesized in high yields and with good to excellent levels of site-, diastereo- and enantioselectivity.     

壳聚糖负载辛可宁催化剂的制备及其在水中催化不对称Aldol反应

以丁二酸酐为连接臂,经两步反应制备了壳聚糖负载辛可宁有机催化剂(CTS-SA-CN),并研究了CTS-SA-CN在水体系中对酮与多种芳香醛的直接不对称aldol反应的催化性能。结果表明,在CTS-SA-CN催化下,酮与多种芳香醛发生直接不对称aldol反应,可得到99%的产率和96%的ee值。另外, CTS-SA-CN可通过简单过滤实现回收,重复使用5次活性并没有明显下降。     

New N-terminal prolyl-dipeptide derivatives as organocatalysts for direct asymmetric aldol reaction

A series of new N-terminal prolyl-dipeptide derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated as organocatalysts for the direct asymmetric aldol reaction of acetone with electron-deficient aromatic aldehydes. At room temperature, the presence of 10 mol % of catalysts 2 and 5 efficiently catalyzes the direct asymmetric aldol reaction to give the aldol adducts with modest to excellent enantiomeric excesses (ee) values, which are up to 96%.     

Aluminum enolates via retroaldol reaction: catalytic tandem aldol-transfer—Tischtschenko reaction of aldehydes with aldol adducts of ketones to ketones

Bidentate aluminum chelates derived from biphenol, binaphthol and catechol were found to be efficient catalysts for aldol-transfer reactions of ketone to ketone aldol adducts with aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes giving rise to the formation of aldol adducts of ketones to the aldehydes. In the presence of an excess of an aliphatic aldehyde, a catalytic tandem aldol-transfer—Tischtschenko reaction is observed. The tandem reaction produces monoesters of 1,3-diols with high anti selectivity and with modest to good chemical yield. 1,2-Unsaturated aldehydes are less reactive in the aldol-transfer reaction and require 2-4 times higher load of the catalyst to be used than aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. Poor diastereoselectivity was observed in the formation of α-substituted aldols and 2-substituted monoesters of anti-1,3-diols indicating that the aldol-transfer reaction is not diastereoselective with the catalysts studied. The utility of the highly 1,3-anti selective formation of diolmonoesters was found to be limited by acyl migration.     

Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction of 1,2-Bis(trimethylsiloxy) Cyclobutene Catalyzed by Magnesium(II) Iodide

Theuniquereactivityof1,2-bis(trimethylsiloxy)cyclobutene(BTCB)towardscarbonylsubstrateoritsacetalequivalentunderLewisacidcatalysiswasfirstrecognizedbyKuwajimaandNakamurain19771.Thereactiongenerallyledtothegeminalacylationorreductivesuccinoylationofcarbonylsubstrateviatheacid-catalyzedpinacol-typerearrangement(acylmigration)oftheMukaiyamaaldoladductasillustratedinEq.12.OR1R2R1R2OROROR1R2OOR=TMSCO2HOR1R2L.A.acidor(1)OTMSOTMS+Furtherdevelopmentofthisreactionhasbeencarriedoutexten…     

Proline‐based polymeric monoliths: Synthesis,characterization, and applications as organocatalysts in aldol reaction

Proline‐based polymer monoliths were synthesized via green protocol using lipase‐catalyzed esterification of methacrylic acid and 4‐hydroxyproline. Prolinyl methacrylate thus prepared was polymerized in situ as crosslinked monolith. The monolith was characterized by various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared, ¹H‐NMR, ¹³C‐NMR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and nitrogen analysis and used as catalyst in aldol reactions. The swelling behavior of the monolith was also studied as function of various external parameters like pH and temperature. The monoliths synthesized with 1% crosslinker was selected as candidate monolith for use as catalyst in aldol reaction, which was studied as a function of time, temperature, substrate structure, and amount of water:EtOH. The catalysts exhibited high efficiency in the cross aldol reaction, especially with the aromatic substrates having electron withdrawing substituent, and also good activity retention was observed when recycleability was studied up to five cycles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1007–1015, 2010     

Proline and benzylpenicillin derivatives grafted into mesoporous MCM-41: Novel organic-inorganic hybrid catalysts for direct aldol reaction

New organic-inorganic hybrid catalysts were synthesized by covalent grafting of proline and benzylpenicillin derivatives into mesoporous MCM-41. These catalysts were extensively characterized using FT-IR,¹³C CP MAS solid stateNMR, XRD and TEM techniques. These were used as catalysts for direct, asymmetric aldol reaction between acetone and activated aromatic aldehydes. In the reaction of 4-nitro and 4-fluoro benzaldehyde, the aldol products were obtained in 36% and 59%ee respectively. The catalysts were reusable with neither significant drop in enantioselectivity nor loss of mesostructure. An attempt was made to substantiate the proposed ’enamine’ mechanism for direct aldol reaction by trapping the intermediate between proline-MCM-41 and acetone. Dedicated to Professor C N R Rao on his 70th birthday     

Carbene‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Aldol Reaction: Post‐Aldol Stereochemistry Control and Formation of Quaternary Stereogenic Centers

The dominated approaches for asymmetric aldol reactions have primarily focused on the aldol carbon–carbon bond‐forming events. Here we postulate and develop a new catalytic strategy that seeks to modulate the reaction thermodynamics and control the product enantioselectivities via post‐aldol processes. Specifically, an NHC catalyst is used to activate a masked enolate substrate (vinyl carbonate) to promote the aldol reaction in a non‐enantioselective manner. This reversible aldol event is subsequently followed by an enantioselective acylative kinetic resolution that is mediated by the same (chiral) NHC catalyst without introducing any additional substance. This post‐aldol process takes care of the enantioselectivity issues and drives the otherwise reversible aldol reaction toward a complete conversion. The acylated aldol products bearing quaternary/tetrasubstituted carbon stereogenic centers are formed in good yields and high optical purities.     

助剂对L-脯氨酸催化直接不对称Aldol反应的影响

在L-脯氨酸催化的芳香醛与丙酮直接不对称aldol反应体系中添加二醇或二酚类助剂可有效提高反应活性.助剂的使用降低了该反应体系中L-脯氨酸的用量.特别是以邻苯二酚为助剂时,最佳反应条件下,仅用5mol％L-脯氨酸与1mol％助剂催化2-硝基苯甲醛与丙酮直接不对称aldol反应,aldol产物产率高达90％,对映选择性为...     

Dipeptide-catalyzed direct asymmetric aldol reactions in the presence of water

The l-proline-based dipeptide has been discovered and developed as an efficient catalyst for the direct asymmetric aldol reactions of unmodified ketones with various aldehydes including aromatic, aliphatic, heteroaromatic, and unsaturated aldehydes in the presence of water at 0 °C. The resulted methodology and optimal conditions led to the corresponding aldol products with high yields (up to 94%) and good enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee).     

Enantioselective vinylogous aldol reaction of Chan’s diene catalyzed by hydrogen-bonding

Hydrogen-bonding activation of aromatic aldehydes by a TADDOL-derivative promotes the vinylogous aldol reaction of Chan’s diene in moderate efficiency and enantioselectivity. Electron-poor aromatic aldehydes show an enhanced reactivity and a competing asymmetric hetero-Diels-Alder reaction takes place in comparable (or higher) yields and enantiomeric excesses.     

Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reactions with Fluorinated Aromatic Ketones: Efficient Access to Chiral β‐Fluoroamines

Reported herein is a Zn/Prophenol‐catalyzed Mannich reaction using fluorinated aromatic ketones as nucleophilic partners for the direct enantio‐ and diastereoselective construction of β‐fluoroamine motifs featuring a fluorinated tetrasubstituted carbon. The reaction can be run on a gram scale with a low catalyst loading without impacting its efficiency. Moreover, a related aldol reaction was also developed. Together, these reactions provide a new approach for the preparation of pharmaceutically relevant products possessing tetrasubstituted C? F centers.     

Efficient ball-mill procedure in the ‘green’ asymmetric aldol reaction organocatalyzed by (S)-proline-containing dipeptides in the presence of water

The organocatalytic activity of (S)-proline-based dipeptides 1a-c has been evaluated in the asymmetric aldol reaction between representative ketones with various aromatic aldehydes under solvent-free conditions in a ball mill. In particular, the methyl ester of (S)-proline-(S)-tryptophan, (S,S)-1c, proved to be an efficient organocatalyst, and the aldol reaction proceeded with good chemical yields and excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivity (up to 98:2 anti/syn dr and up to 98% ee), in the presence of water, and 5 mol % of benzoic acid as additive.