Volumetric emission of argon plasmas in the presence of vapors of Fe,Si, and Al

The net volumetric emission was calculated for argon plasmas at atmospheric pressure in the presence of metal vapors for different elements, over the temperature range from 3000 to 30,000 K. The computations are based on the escape factor model, using a semi-empirical method for the determination of line profiles and line broadening effects. Results for iron, .silicon, and aluminum show an important influence of the presence of even the smallest concentrations of the metal vapors on the net emission coefficient of the plasma. The effect is strongest for iron, followed by aluminum and .silicon. Special attention is given to self-absorption effects which are most important in the first millimeter o% the optical path of the emitted radiation. The effect is incorporated into the calculation procedure of the net emission coefficient and can be used as a volumetric energy sink as long as the absorption length is shorter than the radius of the control volume used in the computation scheme.     

Characterization of laser induced plasmas by optical emission spectroscopy: A review of experiments and methods

Advances in characterization of laser induced plasmas by optical emission spectroscopy are reviewed in this article. The review is focused on the progress achieved in the determination of the physical parameters characteristic of the plasma, such as electron density, temperature and densities of atoms and ions. The experimental issues important for characterization by optical emission spectroscopy, as well as the different measurement methods are discussed. The main assumptions of the methods, namely the optical thin emission of spectral lines and the existence of local thermodynamic equilibrium in the plasma are evaluated. For dense and inhomogeneous sources of radiation such as laser induced plasmas, the characterization methods are classified in terms of the optical depth and the spatial resolution of the emission used for the measurements. The review deals firstly with optically thin spatially integrated measurements. Next, local measurements and characterization in not optically thin conditions are discussed. Two tables are included that provide reference to the works reporting measurements of electron density and temperature of laser induced plasmas generated with diverse samples.     

Optical emission spectroscopy diagnostics of inductively-driven plasmas in argon gas at low pressures

An optical emission spectroscopy method for determination of electron temperature, electron density and gas temperature is developed and applied for diagnostics of inductively-driven argon discharges in a cylindrical geometry. The discharges are maintained at frequency 27 MHz, applied power varied in the limits P = (90 – 160) W and gas pressure in the range p = (1.1 – 117.3) Pa. The method combines measurements of emission spectral line intensities and profile broadenings with a collisional-radiative model of argon plasma at low pressure. The model is employed for investigation of the plasma kinetics governing the population densities of 3p⁵4s and 3p⁵4p argon configuration levels, treated separately. In the numerical calculations the electron density and electron temperature are varied whereas the values of the third plasma parameter — the gas temperature — are involved as obtained data from the experiments. Comparison of the experimental results of the line-intensity ratios with those calculated by the model yields the values of the electron density and temperature. The dependence of the electron temperature, electron density and gas temperature on the discharge conditions is obtained and discussed in the study.     

Comparison in the analytical performance between krypton and argon glow discharge plasmas as the excitation source for atomic emission spectrometry

The emission characteristics of ionic lines of nickel, cobalt, and vanadium were investigated when argon or krypton was employed as the plasma gas in glow discharge optical emission spectrometry. A dc Grimm-style lamp was employed as the excitation source. Detection limits of the ionic lines in each iron-matrix alloy sample were compared between the krypton and the argon plasmas. Particular intense ionic lines were observed in the emission spectra as a function of the discharge gas (krypton or argon), such as the Co II 258.033 nm for krypton and the Co II 231.707 nm for argon. The explanation for this is that collisions with the plasma gases dominantly populate particular excited levels of cobalt ion, which can receive the internal energy from each gas ion selectively, for example, the 3d⁷4p ³G₅ (6.0201 eV) for krypton and the 3d⁷4p ³G₄ (8.0779 eV) for argon. In the determination of nickel as well as cobalt in iron-matrix samples, more sensitive ionic lines could be found in the krypton plasma rather than the argon plasma. Detection limits in the krypton plasma were 0.0039 mass% Ni for the Ni II 230.299-nm line and 0.002 mass% Co for the Co II 258.033-nm line. However, in the determination of vanadium, the argon plasma had better analytical performance, giving a detection limit of 0.0023 mass% V for the V II 309.310-nm line.     

Effects of intermediate Ar plasma treatments on CrN coating microstructures and property evolutions

Chromium nitride (CrN) coatings with different steps of intermediate argon plasma treatments were deposited with primary (200) orientation by multi‐arc ion plating technique. By virtue of scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, the influence of intermediate argon plasma treatments on the coating microstructures, mechanical properties and corrosion properties as well as tribological behaviors in artificial seawater solutions were systematically investigated. It was assumed that the mechanical properties, adhesion strength, corrosion and tribological performances of coatings depended on argon plasma treatment steps. High‐performance coatings could be obtained by proper plasma treatment steps. The superior anti‐corrosion ability of coating with appropriate treatment steps may be ascribed to the increased charge transfer resistance due to alternative interface and CrN layer and the compact microstructure. On the other hand, the excellent tribological performances in seawater conditions may be attributed to the enhanced mechanical properties. Otherwise, further increase in treatment steps was assumed to distinctly increase defects and deteriorate the coating integrity thus weakening coating properties and behaviors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of trace amounts of lead, arsenic, nickel and cobalt in high-purity iron oxide pigment by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry after iron matrix removal with extractant-contained resin

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was applied to the determination of lead, arsenic, nickel and cobalt in high-purity iron oxide pigment. Samples were dissolved with hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The digest was passed through a column, which was packed with a polymer resin containing a neutral organophosphorus extractant, tri-n-butylphosphate. Iron was sorbed selectively on the resin and the analytes of interest passed through the column, allowing the effective separation of them from the iron matrix. Conditions of separation were optimized. The detection limits (3σ) in solution were 10, 40, 7 and 5 μg L⁻¹, and in pigment were 0.2, 0.8, 0.14 and 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ for lead, arsenic, cobalt and nickel, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 95% to 107% when sample digests were spiked with 5 μg of the analytes of interest, and relative standard deviations (n = 6) were 1.5-17.6% for the determination of the spiked samples. The method was successfully applied to the determination of trace amounts of these elements in high-purity iron oxide pigment samples.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法同时测定石灰石中铁、铝、钙、镁、硅

采用碱熔法,以移液枪分取试样,用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法同时分析石灰石中铁、铝、钙、镁、硅5种化学成分。在分析过程中对氩气加湿,避免盐析效应的影响,铁、铝、钙、镁、硅的分析谱线分别为259.940,396.152,315.887,279.553,251.611 nm。5种成分在各自的线性范围内均具有良好的线性,线性相关系数在0.990 74~0.999 99之间,方法检出限为0.000 6%~0.005 1%,回收率为95.6%~105.4%,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于1%(n=6)。该方法检出限低、重现性好,适合于石灰石样品中铁、铝、钙、镁、硅的快速检测。     

Chemical‐surface modification of polymers using atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasmas and comparisons with vacuum plasmas

We demonstrate that stable microwave‐coupled atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasmas (APNEPs) can be formed under a wide variety of gas and flow‐rate conditions. Furthermore, these plasmas can be effectively used to remove surface contamination and chemically modify polymer surfaces. These chemical changes, generally oxidation and crosslinking, enhance the surface properties of the materials such as surface energy. Comparisons between vacuum plasma and atmospheric plasma treatment strongly indicate that much of the vacuum‐plasma literature is pertinent to APNEP, thereby providing assistance with understanding the nature of APNEP‐induced reactions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 95–109, 2002     

Hydrogen/argon plasma jet with methane addition

Spatial distributions of plasma parameters are presented for a H₂/Ar plasma jet with addition of methane. The plasma has been generated at atmospheric pressure by a 200 A (20 kW) nontransferred do arc. Optical emission spectroscopy has been used for the measurements assuming the plasma jet to be optically thin and to have an axial symmetry. Local spectral ernissivity values have been evaluated using a routine Abel inversion procedure. Half- width and emissivity of H spectral line have been measured to determine the electron density and temperature of the plasma. The densities of excited C, CH radicals have been evaluated from the absolute emissivities of relevant molecular emission bands measured in limited spectral intervals in the visible spectrum. The emissivity ratios have been used to fund rotational and vibrational temperatures. The results supply information on methane decomposition and the behavior of molecular radicals in close-to-thermal plasma jets.     

Effect of transverse magnetic field on the laser-blow-off plasma plume emission in the presence of ambient gas

In the present paper we report the effect of variable magnetic field in the range of 0.04-0.2 T on the emission of two neutral Lithium lines Li I 670.8 nm and Li I 610.3 nm and one ionic line Li II 548.4 nm in the presence of ambient gas on the laser-blow-off plasma plume. Enhancement in the intensity associated with structures was observed in the temporal profile of neutrals, which is strongly dependent on the magnetic field intensity, distance from the target and background gas pressure. At 6 mm distance and 1.33 Pa argon pressure, apart from overall enhancement in the intensity of both the neutral lines, the results reveal some interesting features, e.g. disappearance of structures and narrowing of the temporal extent of 670.8 nm line at higher magnetic fields. On the other hand, the 610.3 nm line exhibits a significant enhancement in the intensity at the trailing part as the field is increased. At a shorter distance (2 mm) and for relatively higher pressures (133.3 Pa), the effect of field is not much prominent. Interestingly, the ionic spectral line does not exhibit any significant change with both, magnetic field and ambient gas.We explain the results by considering the role of various atomic processes viz. electron impact excitation, recombination and diffusion of ambient gas into plume in collisional and hydrodynamical regimes.     

Determination of Nb and Ta in Nb/Ta minerals by inductively coupled plasmas optical emission spectrometry using slurry sample introduction

The determination of Nb and Ta in Nb–Ta minerals was accomplished by slurry nebulization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), using a clog-free V-groove ceramic nebulizer. Samples were first wet-ground to appropriate particle sizes with narrow size distribution and 90% of the particles in the slurry were smaller than 2.32 μm in diameter. Subsamples were then dispersed in pH 9 aqueous solutions, and agitated in an ultrasonic bath for 15 min prior to analysis. Due to the lack of slurry standards matching well with the samples, calibration was simply carried out using aqueous solution standards. Results were compared with those obtained from a conventional fusion decomposition procedure and acid digestion procedures and a good agreement between the measured and referred values was obtained. The technique provided a good alternative for the rapid determination of Nb and/or Ta in their corresponding minerals.     

Characterization of laser-induced plasmas by emission spectroscopy with curve-of-growth measurements. Part II: Effect of the focusing distance and the pulse energy

Laser-induced plasmas generated with different focusing distances and pulse energies have been characterized by a method based in emission spectroscopy that includes the measurement and calculation of curves of growth. An infrared Nd:YAG laser is used to generated the plasmas from Fe–Ni samples placed in air at atmospheric pressure. The characterization method provides a reduced set of plasma parameters (N_e, T, N′l, αA) that describe the line emission in optically thin and optically thick conditions. For a pulse energy of 100 mJ, the plasma parameters for varying focusing distances are obtained. The apparent (population averaged) temperatures for neutral atoms and ions are shown to be different in the plasmas generated with all the focusing distances. For each pulse energy (in the range 20–100 mJ), the plasmas generated with the optimum focusing distance, which corresponds to a constant value of irradiance, have been investigated. In these conditions, simple laws have been obtained for the variation of the plasma parameters with the pulse energy E: the electron density N_e and the apparent temperature T are independent of E while linear relations with E are obtained for the parameters N′l, αA. These simple laws lead to a quadratic dependence on E of the line intensities in the optically thin limit and to a variation of the intersection concentration C_int that characterizes self-absorption as E^− 1.     

Comparative studies on excitation of nickel ionic lines between argon and krypton glow discharge plasmas

The emission characteristics of nickel ionic lines in a glow discharge plasma are investigated when argon or krypton was employed as the plasma gas. Large difference in the relative intensities of nickel ionic lines which are assigned to the 3d⁸4p–3d⁸4s transition is observed between the krypton plasma and the argon plasma. Different intense Ni II lines appear in the krypton spectrum and in the argon spectrum, such as the Ni II 231.601 nm for Kr and the Ni II 230.009 nm for Ar. The excitation energy of these Ni II emission lines can give a key in considering their excitation mechanisms. The explanation for these experimental results is that charge-transfer collisions between nickel atom and the plasma gas ion play a major role in exciting the 3d⁸4p excited levels of nickel ion. The conditions for energy resonance in the charge-transfer collision determine particular energy levels having much larger population; for example, the 3d⁸4p ⁴D_7/2 level (6.39 eV) for Kr and the 3d⁸4p ⁴P_5/2 level (8.25 eV) for Ar.     

Atomic and molecular emission spectroscopy on an expanding argon/methane plasma

A supersonically expanding cascaded arc plasma in argon is analyzed axperimentally by emission spectroscopy. The thermal cascaded arc plasma is allowed to expand through a conically shaped nozzle in the arc anode into the vacuum vessel. In the nozzle monomers (C _n H _v ) are injected. The monomers are dissociated and ionized by the argon carrier plasma, and transported toward a substrate by means of the expansion. Emission spectroscopy is used to obtain temperatures and particle densities. By varying external parameters (e.g., arc power, gas flow rates) plasma parameters can be linked with (e.g. parameters (e.g., refractive index).     

Effect of field emission property of carbon‐like nanofiber treated by using a fluorocarbon/oxygen plasma

Carbon‐like nanofiber (CNF) is synthesized using microwave plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We present the effects of fluorocarbon and oxygen (CF₄/O₂) plasma‐treated on the microstructural, crystal, and field emission (FE) characteristics of CNF by SEM, transmission electron microscopy, micro‐Raman, and FE system. Results showed that the presence of the damaged CNF occurs at 2 min CF₄/O₂ plasma treatment and some amorphous carbon particles after 10 min CF₄/O₂ plasma treatment. One can also observe that turn‐on fields were enhanced (2.75 uA/cm²) at 2 min CF₄/O₂ plasma treatment; this indicates a remarkable FE enhancement of the local emission region in CNFs. Complementary information was obtained by thermal desorption atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry and XPS. It can be found that the broken surface morphologies could be attributed to the chemical reaction exchanged via plasma excitation; a large number of bonding (C–F and C–O) in the CNF was detected. In addition, it is observed that the CNF has higher fluorine desorbed at 277.5 and 427 °C after CF₄/O₂ plasma treatment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of excitation states of nitrogen on the surface nitridation of iron and steel in d.c. glow discharge plasma

The plasma nitriding phenomena that occur on the surfaces of iron and steel were investigated. In particular, the correlation between the kinds of nitrogen radicals and the surface nitriding reaction was investigated using a glow‐discharge apparatus. To control the excitation of nitrogen radicals, noble gas mixtures were used for the plasma gas. The highly populated metastables of noble gases selectively produce excited nitrogen molecules (N₂*) or nitrogen molecule ions (N₂⁺). The optical emission spectra suggested that the formation of N₂*‐rich or N₂⁺‐rich plasma was successfully controlled by introducing different kinds of noble gases. Auger electron spectroscopy and XPS were used to characterize the depth profile of the elements and chemical species on the nitrided surface. The nitride layer formed by a N₂⁺‐rich plasma had a much higher nitrogen concentration than that by a N₂*‐rich plasma, likely due to the larger chemical activity of the N₂⁺ species as well as the N₂⁺ sputtering bombardment to the cathode surface. The strong reactivity of the N₂⁺ species was also confirmed from the chemical shift of N 1s spectra for iron nitrides. An iron nitride formed by the N₂⁺‐rich plasma has higher stoichiometric quantity of nitrogen than that formed by the N₂*‐rich plasma. Besides the effect of nitrogen radicals on surface nitridation, the contribution of the chromium in steel to the nitriding reaction was also examined. This chromium can promote a nitriding reaction at the surface, which results in an increase in the nitrogen concentration and the formation of nitride with high nitrogen coordination. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of two colliding laser-produced plasmas by emission spectroscopy and fast photography

In this work two colliding laser-induced plasmas (LIP) on Cu and C were studied by means of time resolved emission spectroscopy and fast photography. The experiments were performed using two opposing parallel targets of Cu and C in vacuum, ablated with two synchronized ns lasers. The results showed an increased emission intensity from copper ions Cu II (368.65, 490.97, 493.16, 495.37 and 630.10 nm) and Cu III (374.47 and 379.08 nm) due to the ionization that occurs during collisions of Cu and C species. It was found that the optimum delay between pulses, which yields the maximum emission enhancement of Cu ions, depends on the sampling distance. On the other hand, the emission intensity of C lines, C II (426.70 nm), C III (406.99 and 464.74 nm) and C IV (465.83 nm), decreased and the formation of C₂ molecules was observed. A comparison between the temporal evolution of the individual plasmas and their collision performed by combining imaging and the time resolved emission diagnostics, revealed an increase of the electron temperature and electron density and the splitting of the plume into slow and fast components.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定硫磺中的铅、铜、铁、镍、钙

提出了电感耦合等离子体原子原子发射光谱测定硫磺中的铅、铜、铁、镍、钙含量的方法,选择各元素的分析谱线,采用正交试验的方法确定仪器的工作参数,方法的检出限0.0046 ug/ml-0.012 ug/ml,方法的回收率在87.60%~111.78%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)小于9.82%,填补无硫磺中铅、铜、镍、钙元素检测方法的空白。     

New studies of the plasma emission detector

Being an element-selective detector, the plasma emission detector was used to determine carbon in organic compounds. Experiments were carried out with the aid of osculating interference filters and lock-in amplifiers. The obtained signals were processed by a fast-Fourier-transform analyzer to study their frequency spectra. Results are given for the detection of carbon. Furthermore studies on the influence of angle-adjustment, microwave power, photomultiplier voltage and oscillation frequency on the determination of fluorine in organic compounds were carried out and results for detection limits and dynamic range of this method are presented.Presented in part at the 1989 European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry, Reutte, Austria     

Microstructural and physicochemical study of the buried Fe/AlGaAs(100) interface by transmission electron microscopy and x‐ray emission spectroscopy

Among the magnetic metal/semiconductor contacts, the Fe/GaAs system has been widely studied owing to its potential applications in electronic devices. In contrast, there are not many studies concerning the Fe/Al_xGa_1?xAs contact, and in particular there are no reports concerning the changes induced in the interfacial zone by the presence of Al. In this work, thin polycrystalline iron films were deposited by ion beam sputtering at room temperature on a 300 nm thick Al_0.25Ga_0.75As layer grown by molecular beam epitaxy onto GaAs(001). X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that the iron films are polycrystalline, and indications of a (002) texture of the film were observed. The fine scale analysis of the interface was achieved by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations, the results of which are compared with the physicochemical information obtained from electron‐induced x‐ray emission spectroscopy, by analysing the Al 3p valence states at the Fe/Al_xGa_1?xAs interface. The HRTEM experiments on cross‐section samples indicate that the interfacial zone between iron and AlGaAs is limited to <1.5 nm in thickness. X‐ray emission spectroscopy showed the presence of Al atoms in an FeAl‐like environment at the interface, and the existence of wrong bonds and point defects. The estimated width of the perturbed interface (2.0 ± 0.5 nm) is in agreement with the HRTEM results. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.