低压下直流电弧热等离子体射流电子密度的光谱法测量

采用原子发射光谱仪研究低压直流电弧热喷涂等离子体射流的特性。利用Stark展宽法采集H_β谱线,使用其Δλ_1/2来计算等离子射流中的电子密度,研究了氢气流量、输入功率和探测距离对等离子体射流中电子密度的影响。使用Saha方程计算热等离子体的电离程度,研究了功率/氢气流量与等离子体电离程度的关系。结果表明:电子密度和电离程度随着电流强度的增大而增加;氢气流量增加可以明显提高等离子体射流的能量,但对电离程度影响不大。     

傅里叶变换法计算焊接电弧光谱Stark展宽研究

利用电弧光谱,采用Stark展宽法计算电子密度是测量等离子体电子密度最有效、最准确的方法。而如何从众多展宽机制复合的谱线中分离出Stark展宽是应用Stark展宽法的难点。利用傅里叶变换从测得的光谱线形中分离出Lorentz线形,从而准确获得Stark展宽,并且计算了TIG焊电弧等离子体电子密度的分布。这种方法不需要准确测量电弧温度,不需要测量仪器展宽并且对数据有去噪作用。计算结果表明：在轴线上,TIG焊电弧电子密度随着离钨极距离的增大而减小,变化范围在1.21×1017~1.58×1017 cm-3之间;在径向,电子密度随离轴距离的增大而降低,在靠近钨极区域具有离轴最大的性质。     

基于光谱诊断的热源间距对激光-脉冲GMAW复合焊等离子体物理特性影响研究

激光电弧复合焊中,热源间距会影响到等离子体物理特性,进而影响到焊接过程的稳定性及焊接质量。 基于Boltzmann作图法和Stark展宽法研究了不同热源间距下的激光-脉冲GMAW复合焊峰值阶段的温度场和电子密度分布,并结合高速摄影手段分析了热源间距对温度和电子密度的影响规律。 光谱诊断结果表明,随着热源间距的增大,激光等离子体的温度和电子密度都没有明显的变化;电弧温度出现下降,电弧电子密度则呈现先增高后降低的趋势。     

基于光谱诊断的多丝熔化极气体保护焊电弧干扰分析

多丝熔化极气体保护焊中,由于电弧间的相互干扰,电弧工作状态不稳定,进而影响焊接过程稳定性和焊接质量。基于Boltzmann作图法测量电子温度场和Stark展宽法研究了多丝工作条件下电弧的电子温度分布和电子密度分布,结合高速摄影获得的定量化结果,给出电弧间干扰的定量化分析。光谱诊断结果表明双丝情况下,当加入电弧工作电流大于原电弧时,原电弧电子温度中心向新加入电弧稳定偏移,而且偏向新电弧一侧电子密度明显增加,而新电弧工作电流等于原电弧时,电弧电子温度和电子密度分布都反映出原电弧工作状态不稳定。三丝情况,由于加入第三根电弧,导致中间电弧电子温度分布变得复杂,而其电子密度分布接近于单丝工作情况。     

基于Stark展宽的TIG焊接电弧三维电子密度测量研究

焊接电弧三维电子密度的测量对于焊接质量控制具有重要意义,通过光谱仪采集电弧弦方向特征谱线轮廓,利用多项式拟合对径向采集数据进行降噪及平滑处理,通过Abel逆变换法重新构建径向光谱发射系数谱线轮廓,采用傅里叶变换从重建光谱轮廓中分离出Lorentz线形,获得Stark展宽,最终计算了TIG焊电弧等离子体电子密度的三维空间分布。     

大气压下氩原子谱线辐射诊断试验研究

大气压下介质阻挡放电应用领域具有多范畴、深广度、常态化等优势,针对同轴电极放电试验进行了系列参数诊断。采用自主研发的介质阻挡放电助燃激励器,在一个标准大气压、放电频率11.4 kHz、放电峰值电压5.4～13.4 kV(间隔1.0 kV)条件下进行了氩气电离试验。采用原子发射光谱法(AES)对氩等离子体谱线的激发、分光进行了检测分析;选用二谱线法及Boltzmann法测试了电子激励温度;根据Stark展宽效应计算了电子密度;获得了电子激励温度及电子密度随放电峰值电压增长的变化规律。结果表明,在试验电压条件下电子激励温度并不随外加电压的升高而递增,这表明通道内微放电的主要特征并不依赖于外部电压的供给,而是取决于气体组份、气体压强和放电模型,增大外加放电电压仅增加单位时间内微放电的数量,经整合电子激励温度可达3 500 K符合典型的低温等离子体特征;电子密度随外加电压的增长而趋于准线性趋势,电子密度数量级可达到108～109 cm-3,电离度偏弱。这些参数的探索对等离子体研讨有重大意义。     

极性对自保护药芯焊丝电弧焊光谱特征的影响

由于自保护药芯焊丝具有抗风性以及优异的焊缝性能,已广泛应用于野外管道焊接以及大型机械的修复过程。电极极性是影响焊接过程的重要工艺参数。为了研究电极极性对电弧等离子体的影响机理,设计电弧等离子体空域中各点逐步扫描的同步采集系统,通过光谱特征谱线的分析,采用Stark谱线轮廓法计算电子密度,并且基于Boltzmann作图法计算电弧等离子体的温度,同时针对Al和Mg活性元素的分布特征进行分析。结果表明,靠近电极处,沿y轴负方向,直流正接时(焊丝接电源负极性),弧柱中心区电弧电子密度、电弧温度和活性元素呈现“水滴状”分布。而直流反接时(焊丝接电源正极性),弧柱中心区电弧电子密度、电弧温度和活性元素的分布特征表现为“手指状”分布。根据“自磁收缩”的原理,直流正接条件下,活性元素在径向方向受到的电磁力较小,整体分布呈现发散状。直流反接条件下,活性元素在径向方向受到的电磁力较大,收缩较为严重,整体表现为收缩状态。采用相同的电参数时,直流反接条件下弧柱中心区的电弧电子密度、电弧温度均大于直流正接条件下得到的电子密度和电弧温度,其中电子密度分布特征和带电粒子的电离程度是影响电弧温度的主要因素。在相同的电...     

Al激光等离子体电子密度的空间分辨诊断

 采用20 μm的狭缝配平面晶体谱仪构成空间分辨光谱测量系统,对Al激光等离子体的K壳层发射谱进行测量。利用Al的Ly-α线谱的翼部Stark展宽效应推得电子密度空间分布轮廓,建立了翼部Stark展宽法测量高密度等离子体电子密度的诊断技术。     

激光诱导Ni 等离子体电子温度、电子密度的时间演化特性研究

本文在350～600 nm波长范围内测定了激光烧蚀Ni等离子体中Ni原子的时间分辨发射光谱.由发射光谱线的强度和Stark展宽分别计算了等离子体电子温度和电子密度,并由实验结果讨论了激光等离子体中电子温度、电子密度的时间演化特性.     

大气压等离子体炬电子密度的光谱诊断

利用空心针-板放电装置产生了大气压等离子体炬,采用光谱法测量了其内部及表面的电子密度. 向空心针中通入氩气,在大气环境中产生了长度为1cm的等离子体炬.实验分别测量了Hα谱线和ArⅠ(696.54nm)谱线,通过反卷积方法分离出其相应的Stark展宽,并由此计算了电子密度.结果发现,采用Hα谱线和ArⅠ(696.54nm)谱线Stark展宽计算得到的等离子体的电子密度分别为1.0×10¹⁵cm^－3和3.78×10^{15关键词： 等离子体炬 电子密度 气体温度 Stark展宽}     

Analysis of plasma characteristics and conductive mechanism of laser assisted pulsed arc welding

This study aims to investigate the arc plasma shape and the spectral characteristics during the laser assisted pulsed arc welding process. The arc plasma shape was synchronously observed using a high speed camera, and the emission spectrum of plasma was obtained by spectrometer. The well-known Boltzmann plot method and Stark broadening were used to calculate the electron temperature and density respectively. The conductive mechanism of arc ignition in laser assisted arc hybrid welding was investigated, and it was found that the plasma current moved to the arc anode under the action of electric field. Thus, a significant parabolic channel was formed between the keyhole and the wire tip. This channel became the main method of energy transformation between the arc and the molten pool. The calculation results of plasma resistivity show that the laser plasma has low resistivity as the starting point of conductive channel formation. When the laser pulse duration increases, the intensity of the plasma radiation spectrum and the plasma electron density will increase, and the electron temperature will decrease.     

仪器展宽对大气压等离子体电子密度测量的影响

实验使用两台不同的单色仪,采用光谱线型法测量了大气压氩气介质阻挡放电中的电子密度.诊断结果表明,由于不同的单色仪其仪器加宽不同,仪器加宽对总的光谱线型有较大影响.通过考虑等离子体中的各种加宽机制,采用卷积和反卷积的方法对氩原子发射谱线线型进行了分析,从整个光谱线型中分离出Stark线型,排除了仪器加宽对最终诊断结果的影响.从而最终测量了大气压氩气介质阻挡放电中的电子密度.测量得到在大气压氩气介质阻挡放电中单个放电丝存在时,电子温度为10000K时,电子密度约为3.05-3.26×1021 m-3.此方法不仅可以应用在大气压介质阻挡放电中,还可以用于测量其它大气压等离子体电子密度.     

Line broadening studies in low energy plasma focus

Optical emission spectroscopic studies were carried out to characterise the plasma leading to the estimation of two plasma parameters, electron density and temperature. These experiments were conducted on a 2 kJ plasma device which is equipped with squirrel cage electrode configuration enclosed in a glass vacuum chamber filled with hydrogen at a pressure of 5 mbar. Spectral emissions obtained from each flash were photographed in the region of 4000–6000 Å using one metre Czerny-Turner spectrograph cum monochromator. Detailed examination of the observed features showed that theH _β andH _λ lines of hydrogen showed significant broadening of the order of 35 Å FWHM which is due to Stark effect expected in high density plasmas. Further several atomic lines of Cu and Zn from the electrode material (brass) showed broadening which was due to quadratic Stark effect. A comparative study of the broadening of lines obtained in DC arc, hollow cathode and plasma focus was made. Electron density from Stark broadened hydrogen lines and quadratic Stark Coefficient C₄ for the CuI and ZnI lines were evaluated. The excitation temperature was determined from the line intensity ratio method using CuI lines.     

大气压下石英毛细管内氩等离子体放电的发射光谱诊断

在长度为20 cm的石英毛细管内利用两个边缘锋利的中空的针型电极之间的氩气放电产生了高电子密度的大气压等离子体。利用发射光谱对所获得的等离子体的几个重要参数进行了诊断。利用计算机谱线拟合法合成了300 nm附近OH(A-X)的(0-0)转动谱带并通过与测量谱线的比较确定了等离子体的气体温度,根据H_β谱线Stark展宽法计算了等离子体的电子密度,采用玻尔兹曼曲线斜率法依据测得的有关氩的发射光谱估算了等离子体的电子温度。研究结果表明,这种石英毛细管内弧光放电等离子体的气体温度约为(1 100±50)K;电子密度数量级在1014 cm-3;电子温度约为(14 515±500)K。     

Determination of the Electron Density in an Argon Laser Plasma by Spectroscopy of the Hydrogen Hα and Hβ Lines

From measurements of the H_α and H_β spectral line profiles in a plasma, a method is developed which allows to separate the contributions of Doppler and Stark broadening. This method is superior to the deconvolution of Voigt profiles, in particular, when the lines are of low intensity. The electron density in the plasma can be calculated from the Stark broadening. An example is the low pressure (p ≈ 1 hPa) arc discharge of argon ion lasers which is characteristised by electron densities of approximately 10¹⁴ cm^?3 at heavy particle temperatures of about 10⁴ K. These plasma parameters lead to a broadening of the Balmer H_α and H_β spectral lines of hydrogen, which has a low concentration within the discharge area. The spectral lines are broadened due to the electron density dependent Stark effect and the temperature responsive Doppler effect. The results are consistent with predictions of the argon ion laser modelling.     

大气压直流氩等离子体光谱诊断研究

通过光谱诊断系统测量了大气压直流氩等离子体射流在弧室内和弧室出口的发射光谱,利用波尔兹曼曲线斜率法计算了射流的电子温度,根据Ar Ⅰ谱线的斯塔克展宽得到射流的电子密度,并对氩等离子体射流满足局域热力学平衡(LTE)状态的判定标准进行了分析,结果表明在文章的实验条件下大气压直流氩等离子体射流达到局域热力学平衡。     

Experimental Stark broadening studies of the CI transition 3s1P1o ? 3p1S0 at 833.5 nm

Experimental Stark broadening studies of the infrared CI transition 3s ¹ P ₁ ^o − 3p ¹ S ₀ at 833.5 nm are reported for the first time. A high-current wall-stabilized arc, operated in a mixture of helium, argon, carbon dioxide and hydrogen, was applied as the plasma source. Radiation emitted from homogeneous and optically thin plasma layers was analyzed. Stark broadening studies of the selected CI transition and the hydrogen Balmer β line were performed. As expected from theoretical considerations, the CI line width depends linearly on the electron density of the plasma. Applying theoretical Stark broadening data for the H _gb line, the measured Stark widths of the CI line were calibrated for the purpose of electron density determination in low temperature plasmas.     

Laser-based optical emission studies of barium plasma

We present the optical emission characteristics of the barium plasma produced at the surface of barium hydroxide Ba(OH)₂, also known as baryta, generated by the first harmonic (1,064 nm) of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The laser beam was focused on target material by placing it in air at atmospheric pressure. The experimentally observed line profiles of neutral barium have been used to extract the electron temperature using the Boltzmann plot method, whereas the electron number density has been determined from the Stark broadening. The electron temperature is calculated by varying distance from the target surface along the line of propagation of plasma plume and also by varying the laser energy. Besides, we have studied the variation of number density as a function of laser energy as well as its variation with distance from the target surface. It is observed that electron temperature and electron number density increase as laser energy increases.