Cycloruthenated primary and secondary amines as efficient catalyst precursors for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation

[reaction: see text] Ruthenacycles obtained by cyclometalation of enantiopure aromatic primary or secondary amines with [(eta6-benzene)RuCl2]2 or with [(eta6-p-cymene)RuCl2]2 are efficient catalysts for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (TOF up to 190 h(-1) at room temperature). Enantioselectivities in the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone ranged from 38% to 89%. It is possible to prepare the catalysts in situ, which allows the use of high throughput experimentation.     

Kinetic resolution of propargylic alcohols catalyzed by benzotetramisole

[reaction: see text] Kinetic resolution of variously substituted secondary propargylic alcohols catalyzed by benzotetramisole (BTM) proceeds with selectivity factors up to 32, the highest ever achieved with nonenzymatic catalysts for this class of substrates.     

Controlling the selectivity of competitive nitroaldol condensation by using a bifunctionalized mesoporous silica nanosphere-based catalytic system

A series of bifunctionalized mesoporous silica nanosphere-based (MSN) heterogeneous catalysts for the nitroaldol (Henry) reaction have been synthesized. A common 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl (AEP) primary group and three different secondary groups, ureidopropyl (UDP), mercaptopropyl (MP), and allyl (AL) functionalities, were incorporated to these mesoporous silica materials by introducing equal amounts of AEP-trimethoxysilane with UDP-, MP-, or AL-trialkoxysilane precursors to our previously reported co-condensation reaction. Structures and relative concentrations of the functional groups were detailed by solid-state NMR and other spectroscopic techniques. The AEP group served as a catalyst, and the other secondary groups provided different noncovalent interactions to reactants and thereby controlled the reaction selectivity. By varying the secondary group in these bifunctionalized MSN catalysts, we investigated the selectivity of a nitroaldol reaction of two competing benzaldehydes reacting with nitromethane by measuring the molar ratio of the nitroalkene products. The selectivity of the bifunctionalized MSN catalysts could be systematically tuned simply by varying the physicochemical properties of the pore surface-bound secondary groups, i.e., polarity and hydrophobicity.     

手性伯胺催化剂用于顺式选择性的不对称Cross-Aldol反应

基于酸碱作用,将手性伯胺与质子酸原位结合制得有机小分子催化剂,并用于醛与醛的不对称Cross-aldol反应.与一般手性仲胺催化剂不同,该类伯胺催化剂得到的是顺式选择性构型的Cross-aldol产物,其产率达90%,顺反比和ee值分别为9:1和90%.相比而言,采用简单易得的(1S,2S)-(+)-环己二胺即可得到较高选择性的顺式产物.     

Air-stable racemization catalysts for the dynamic kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols

The substitution of a carbonyl ligand with PPh(3) in cyclopentadienylruthenium dicarbonyl complexes produces a new class of recyclable alcohol racemization catalysts. The catalysts are active at room temperature under aerobic conditions in the presence of silver oxide. Furthermore, the catalysts are compatible with the use of a lipase and isopropenyl acetate for the dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of secondary alcohols under ambient conditions.     

动物油在不同催化剂上的转化

在固定床微反装置内,对动物油在USY,HZSM-5,ANA,Al2O3和SiO2催化剂上的反应行为进行了研究.结果表明,脂肪酸酯分子一般先发生脱羧和脱羰反应(主要是C-O键的断裂),初始裂化反应产生的大分子烃类及其含氧衍生物会在催化剂的酸性位上发生二次裂化和脱氧等反应.USY和HZSM-5分子筛的酸性强,有利于二次裂化,生成较多的液化气和汽油;在具有弱酸位、大孔的Al2O3催化剂上,发生温和的二次裂化反应,转化率略低;而在非酸性的大孔SiO2催化剂及无孔的ANA分子筛上,二次裂化反应被显著抑制,转化率更低,产物中存在大量的含氧衍生物.热裂化反应会产生较多的CO2,而催化裂化反应会产生相对较多的CO.     

Mechanism of propylene insertion using bis(phenoxyimine)-based titanium catalysts: an unusual secondary insertion of propylene in a group IV catalyst system

A highly regioselective secondary enchainment of propylene in a group IV catalyst system is reported. End-group analysis of polypropylene formed using the phenoxyimine-based titanium catalysts revealed a reversal in the regioselectivity of insertion for this class of catalysts. To the best of our knowledge, bis(phenoxyimine)-based titanium complexes are the only known group IV catalysts that insert propylene with exclusive 2,1-regiochemistry. Insertion of propylene into the initiating titanium hydride occurs with high 1,2-regiochemistry. Subsequent insertions into primary titanium alkyls are regiorandom, while insertions into secondary titanium alkyls proceed with high 2,1-regioselectivity. Cyclopolymerization and ethylene/propylene copolymerization strategies are employed to support this proposal.     

MCM-22和ITQ-2分子筛负载型催化剂加氢裂化性能的对比研究

 以MCM-22和ITQ-2分子筛为载体, WNi为活性组分,制得两种负载型催化剂,考察了两种催化剂的加氢裂化性能,并通过N2吸附、氨程序升温脱附和原位红外光谱对催化剂进行了表征. 减压瓦斯油加氢裂化反应结果表明, WNi/ITQ-2的加氢裂化活性高于WNi/MCM-22, 并且前者的反应温度相对较低. WNi/ITQ-2具有高催化活性是因为ITQ-2分子筛具有空旷的次级结构和较多的可接近的酸性位; 中油选择性高是因为空旷的次级结构使裂化产物快速离开酸性位而避免了二次裂化.     

Selection of enantioselective acyl transfer catalysts from a pooled peptide library through a fluorescence-based activity assay: an approach to kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols of broad structural scope.

An assay employing a fluorescently labeled split and pool peptide library has been applied to the discovery of a new class of octapeptide catalysts for the kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols. A highly diverse library of peptide-based catalysts was synthesized on solid-phase synthesis beads such that each individual bead was co-functionalized with (i) a uniform loading of a pH-sensitive fluorophore and (ii) a unique peptide-based catalyst. The library was then screened for activity in acylation reactions employing (+/-)-sec-phenylethanol as the substrate and acetic anhydride as the acylation agent. From the most active catalysts, a lead peptide (4) was identified that provides a selectivity-factor (k(rel)) of 8.2 upon resynthesis and evaluation under homogeneous conditions. A "directed" second-generation split and pool peptide library was synthesized such that the new peptide sequences in the library were biased toward the lead structure. Random samples of the second generation library were screened in single bead assays that revealed several new peptide-based catalysts that afford improved selectivities in kinetic resolutions. Peptide catalyst 13 proves effective for the kinetic resolution of sec-phenylethanol (k(rel) = 20), as well as eight other secondary alcohols of a broad substrate scope (k(rel) = 4 to >50).     

Selective conversion of methane to aromatic hydrocarbons on large crystallite zeolite catalysts with mesoporous structure

Large crystallite mesoporous MFI (ZSM-5) zeolite was synthesized by using carbon nano-powder as a secondary template. The surface properties, morphological and phase composition of the synthesized material and of the commercial ZSM-5 (Zeolyst) zeolite were studied by nitrogen porosimetry, XRD and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the volume of mesopores volume increases with development of a secondary mesoporosity in the structure of zeolite. The obtained zeolite supports were used to prepare molybdenum-containing catalysts for the methane aromatization by solid phase preparation technique. Based on the XPS data, molybdenum particles in these catalysts are characterized by more uniform size distribution. The formation of a secondary pore structure restrains the carbon deposit formation as well as increases the methane conversion and the yield of the aromatic compounds.     

Solid-supported Pd(0): an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohols into aldehydes and ketones

Solid-supported nano- and microparticles of Pd(0) (SS-Pd) were used as heterogeneous catalysts for aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohols. Primary and secondary benzyl alcohols gave the corresponding products in good yields. In addition, the catalysts could be reused up to five runs without significant loss of activities.     

Pincer Thioamide and Pincer Thioimide Palladium Complexes Catalyze Highly Efficient Negishi Coupling of Primary and Secondary Alkyl Zinc Reagents at Room Temperature

Pincer thioamide Pd^II complex 2 was prepared, and its reaction with cyclohexylzinc chloride yielded novel pincer thioimide Pd^II complex 3 besides Pd⁰ species. The structures of complexes 2 and 3 were confirmed by X‐ray analysis. Both complexes are efficient catalysts for Negishi couplings involving primary and secondary alkyl zinc reagents bearing β‐hydrogen atoms. At a concentration of 0.1–0.5 mol % both catalysts readily promoted reactions at room temperature or even at 0 °C. The operational simplicity of these processes, in conjunction with the easy accessibility of both catalysts and substrates, promises synthetic utility of this new methodology. An experiment on a scale of 19.35 g carried out at very low catalyst loading of 2 (turnover number: 6 100 000) highlighted the potential application of the catalytic system. Monoalkyl and dialkyl zinc reagents displayed different reactivities and selectivities in reactions with aryl iodides catalyzed by complexes 2 or 3 , and isomerization in reactions involving acyclic secondary alkyl zinc derivatives was suppressed by using appropriate amounts of dialkyl zinc reagents. Based on preliminary kinetic profiles and reaction evidence, three possible pathways are proposed for the reactions involving acyclic secondary alkyl zinc reagents to rationalize the difference between mono‐alkyl and dialkyl zinc derivatives.     

Efficient transesterification/acylation reactions mediated by N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts

Imidazol-2-ylidenes, a family of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC), are efficient catalysts in the transesterification involving numerous esters and alcohols. Low catalyst loadings of aryl- or alkyl-substituted NHC catalysts mediate the acylation of alcohols with enol acetates in short reaction times at room temperature. Commercially available and more difficult to cleave methyl esters react with primary alcohols in the presence of alkyl-substituted NHC to efficiently form the corresponding esters. While primary alcohols are selectively acylated over secondary alcohols with use of enol esters as acylating agents, methyl and ethyl esters can be employed as protective agents for secondary alcohols in the presence of the more active alkyl-substituted NHC catalysts. The NHC-catalyzed transesterification protocol was simplified by generating the imidazol-2-ylidene catalysts in situ.     

Fluorinated chiral secondary amines as catalysts for epoxidation of olefins with oxone

We have synthesized a series of chiral cyclic secondary amines having different substitution patterns and have screened them as catalysts for the asymmetric epoxidation of olefins using Oxone. The highest enantiomeric excess (61%) occurred for the epoxidation of 1-phenylcyclohexene catalyzed by a secondary amine bearing a fluorine atom at the beta-position relative to the amino center. Our experimental results provide further support to the notion that the amine plays a dual role--as a phase transfer catalyst and an Oxone activator--in these epoxidation reactions. The slightly acidic reaction conditions we employed in this work obviate the need to preform ammonium salts, which are the actual catalysts that mediate the epoxidations.     

Rh(I)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of α-Substituted Ethenylphosphonic Acids

A class of chiral Rh(I) catalysts containing monodentate phosphorous acid diesters tautomerized from the corresponding secondary phosphine oxides was discovered by serendipitous hydrolysis of phosphoramidite ligands. The evolved catalysts demonstrated unprecedented enantioselectivities (98-99% ee) and high catalytic activities (as low as 0.01 mol% catalyst loading) in asymmetric hydrogenations of a wide variety of α-aryl-/alkyl-substituted ethenylphosphonic acids, providing a facile approach to the corresponding enantiopure phosphonic acids with significant biological importance.     

Study of the selective catalysis of metalloporphyrins for 2-methyl-butane oxidation with PhIO under mild conditions

Nine ironporphyrins and eight manganeseporphyrins were synthesized, and their selective catalysis for the oxidation of the secondary and tertiary carbon–hydrogen bonds of 2-methyl-butane with PhIO was studied. The proportion of the oxidation product of tertiary carbon–hydrogen bond to the one of secondary carbon–hydrogen bond was 3:1 when ironporphyrins were used as catalysts, and 2.3:1 when manganeseporphyrins were used as catalysts. The research showed that the substituting groups on the porphyrin rings influenced the catalytic selectivity of metalloporphyrins for the oxidation of the secondary and tertiary carbon–hydrogen bonds as well as the reaction yields. The electron-attracting groups on benzene rings of ironporphyrins increased the catalytic selectivity of ironporphyrins for the tertiary carbon–hydrogen bond oxidation and the reaction speeds, and the electron-releasing groups increased the catalytic selectivity for secondary carbon–hydrogen bond oxidation and reduced the reaction speeds. Both electron-attracting and -releasing groups on benzene rings of manganeseporphyrins enhanced the catalytic selectivity of manganeseporphyrins for the secondary carbon–hydrogen bond oxidation.     

Enantioselective reduction of ketones with borane catalyzed by cyclic β- amino alcohols prepared from proline

New catalysts have been prepared from (S)- and (R)- proline and the asymmetric borane reduction of prochiral ketones using these catalysts has been studied. The secondary alcohols were obtained in 76–95% yield with 57– 96% enantiomeric excesses.     

Kinetic study of the condensation of salicylaldehyde with diethyl malonate in a nonpolar solvent catalyzed by secondary amines

The kinetics of condensation between salicylaldehyde and diethylmalonate in a toluene solution in the presence of secondary amines (i.e., piperidine and 4‐piperidinopiperidine) as catalysts was investigated. It was found that the reaction proceeds via the Knoevenagel mechanism, and the kinetic model was numerically verified. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 589–598, 2009     

Conversion of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes into saturated esters: an Umpolung reaction catalyzed by nucleophilic carbenes

N-Heterocyclic carbenes derived from benzimidazolium salts are effective catalysts for generating homoenolate species from alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes. These nucleophilic intermediates can be protonated, and the resulting activated carbonyl unit is trapped with an alcohol nucleophile, thereby promoting a highly efficient conversion of an alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde into a saturated ester. A kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols can be achieved using chiral imidazoylidene catalysts. [reaction: see text]     

Catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of aromatic ketones in room temperature ionic liquids

Polar bisphosphonic acid-derived Ru(BINAP)(DPEN)Cl₂ precatalysts were synthesized and immobilized in room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) for asymmetric hydrogenation of aromatic ketones with ee values of up to 98.7%. The performance of the Ru catalysts is highly dependent on the nature of imidazolium ILs. For the imidazolium ILs without acidic protons, both ILs and Ru catalysts were recycled by simple extraction and reused. Such a simple immobilization approach also prevented the leaching of Ru (and Ru catalysts) into the chiral secondary alcohol products, and should prove desirable for the production of pharmaceutical intermediates that are free from metal contaminants.