Space charge characteristics in two-layer oil-paper insulation

Space charge is a key insulation problem of HVDC equipment. In this paper, the influence of voltage polarity and electrode material were studied by the pulse electroacoustic (PEA) method. It had been found that the type of space charge accumulating at the interface was the same with the voltage polarity. With different electrode materials, the space charge injection was consequently different, but not evident. The interface made the drift velocity slower in two-layer samples. It suggested that the interface had a significant impact on space charge distribution and the contact state was complex, so a modified Maxwell–Wagner model was proposed.     

聚乙烯空间电荷包行为的形成机理与仿真方法研究

聚乙烯中的空间电荷包行为是空间电荷的一种特殊的输运行为.研究表明,空间电荷包行为由于受材料本身特性、外加电场大小以及环境温度等的影响,导致其产生过程及传输特性上存在较大差异,这些因素给空间电荷包行为产生机理研究带来了较大困难.通过对电荷的电极注入过程、载流子的体内迁移规律及空间电荷与体内陷阱的相互作用机制进行分析,探讨了不同外加电场及不同深度陷阱能级对电荷包行为造成的相关影响,在此基础上建立物理模型来描述电荷包的产生和迁移过程.模型中提出了在高于阈值电场时,载流子迁移速度与电场关系存在负微分迁移率的假设.基于此模型对空间包行为的模拟结果与实验结果取得较好的一致. 关键词： 空间电荷包 数值模拟 负微分迁移率     

Molecular dynamics study of water molecule diffusion in oil-paper insulation materials

Moisture is an important factor that influences the safe operation of transformers. In this study, molecular dynamics was employed to investigate the diffusion behavior of water molecules in the oil-paper insulation materials of transformers. Two oil-cellulose models were built. In the first model, water molecules were initially distributed in oil, and in the second model, water molecules were distributed in cellulose. The non-bonding energies of interaction between water molecules and oil, and between water molecules and cellulose, were calculated by the Dreiding force field. The interaction energy was found to play a dominant role in influencing the equilibrium distribution of water molecules. The radial direction functions of water molecules toward oil and cellulose indicate that the hydrogen bonds between water molecules and cellulose are sufficiently strong to withstand the operating temperature of the transformer. Mean-square displacement analysis of water molecules diffusion suggests that water molecules initially distributed in oil showed anisotropic diffusion; they tended to diffuse toward cellulose. Water molecules initially distributed in cellulose diffused isotropically. This study provides a theoretical contribution for improvements in online monitoring of water in transformers, and for subsequent research on new insulation materials.     

光阴极直流高压电子枪束流偏轴发射研究

离子反轰会造成直流高压电子枪内光阴极的量子效率衰减,降低阴极的工作寿命和稳定性,是限制光阴极直流高压电子枪性能的重要因素之一。基于中国工程物理研究院太赫兹自由电子激光(THzFEL)的直流高压电子枪,通过束流动力学模拟和阴极量子效率测量,研究了束流偏轴发射对离子反轰的抑制作用及其应用限制。模拟结果表明:束流偏轴发射时,离子主要轰击阴极的电中心附近,光电发射区域的离子通量较轴上发射时降低约95%;但束流发射度增大约4πmm·mrad,横向运动幅度增加约1倍。通过电子枪运行前后阴极量子效率测量,发现束流偏轴发射时离子反轰引起电中心附近量子效率大面积的衰减,而光电发射区域量子效率损失较小,验证了束流偏轴发射抑制离子反轰的可行性。     

光阴极直流高压电子枪束流偏轴发射研究

离子反轰会造成直流高压电子枪内光阴极的量子效率衰减,降低阴极的工作寿命和稳定性,是限制光阴极直流高压电子枪性能的重要因素之一。基于中国工程物理研究院太赫兹自由电子激光(THz-FEL)的直流高压电子枪,通过束流动力学模拟和阴极量子效率测量,研究了束流偏轴发射对离子反轰的抑制作用及其应用限制。模拟结果表明：束流偏轴发射时,离子主要轰击阴极的电中心附近,光电发射区域的离子通量较轴上发射时降低约95%;但束流发射度增大约4 mmmrad,横向运动幅度增加约1倍。通过电子枪运行前后阴极量子效率测量,发现束流偏轴发射时离子反轰引起电中心附近量子效率大面积的衰减,而光电发射区域量子效率损失较小,验证了束流偏轴发射抑制离子反轰的可行性。     

Analysis of shielding failure parameters of high voltage direct current transmission lines

This paper studies the influence of different parameters on the shielding failure of high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines. A numerical analysis model considering the developing process of the downward lightning leader based on electromagnetic field theory is used to estimate the lateral striking distance to the transmission line. The influences of different factors (different parameters of the downward lightning leader, HVDC transmission line, and weather conditions) on the shielding failure of the HVDC transmission line (TL) have been considered in this analysis. The results show that the dimensions of the transmission line strongly affect the analysed results of the HVDC–TL shielding failure.     

百纳秒脉冲下强流二极管的工作稳定性

以闪光二号加速器为研究平台,实验研究了前沿80 ns和34 ns脉冲电压下的二极管工作稳定性,通过对比实验结果和数值模拟结果,分析了脉冲前沿对二极管启动时间、阴极发射均匀性和阻抗重复性的影响,探讨了脉冲前沿对平面阴极二极管工作状态的影响机制。实验结果表明:脉冲前沿、二极管启动时间增加时,二极管的阻抗重复性降低;平面阴极易于在中心位置形成强区域发射,等离子体覆盖整个阴极发射面的时间随脉冲前沿增大而增加;屏蔽效应对阴极发射的影响随前沿增加而变大,进而导致阴极表面不均匀强点发射,等离子体运动速度增加,阴极有效发射面积减小,在等离子体运动速度和阴极有效发射面积共同作用下,二极管工作稳定性下降。     

Growth of dendrite branches in polyethylene insulation under a high voltage versus the branch conductivity

Based on experimental data for electrical aging of cast polyethylene insulation under the action of a high voltage, it is concluded that the branches of dendrites (aging defects) growing in the insulation may be both conductive and nonconductive according to experimental conditions. A method of numerical simulation of the electric field around breakdown channels is described. Potential distributions in the neighborhood of dendrites are calculated for a number of high voltages. It is shown that the growth of dendrites with nonconductive branches slows down gradually as the branch diameter increases and the electric field strength drops. Conversely, the growth of conductive-branch speeds up, since the high potential is localized at their thin ends and the field strength rises.     

高频电压下交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘中电树枝生长的动力学模型

针对高压交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘试样,在1000—2000Hz 10kV峰值正弦电压下,采用计算机实时显微数字摄像技术进行了电树枝培养实验.基于半结晶绝缘材料中电树枝生长机理和电树枝结构的分形特征,提出了一个在高频范围定量预测电应力驱动下交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘中电树枝生长特性的动力学模型,获得了电树枝生长率方程和从电树枝生长到击穿过程的寿命公式.将该模型预测值与实验中获得的电树枝生长规律实验数据进行比较,其结果有较好的一致性,表明提出的模型化方法可以应用到交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘中电树枝老化规律的定量分析研究中. 关键词： 交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘 电树枝 施压频率 动力学模型     

高场强下半导体沿面闪络现象的研究进展

综述了国内外半导体沿面闪络的研究现状,阐述了电极结构的类型和影响闪络的主要因素;根据自定义的等值电导参数将闪络的发展划分为欧姆电导、局部闪络和贯通闪络3个阶段;通过对表面细丝电流的热过程进行实验和仿真研究,认为表面细丝电流通道的温度可以接近材料熔点,这一结果同时也支持了表面发热导致气体分子解吸附的假设;进一步通过气体解吸附的实验初步确定了存在外部的闪络通道。     

高场强下半导体沿面闪络现象的研究进展

 综述了国内外半导体沿面闪络的研究现状,阐述了电极结构的类型和影响闪络的主要因素;根据自定义的等值电导参数将闪络的发展划分为欧姆电导、局部闪络和贯通闪络3个阶段;通过对表面细丝电流的热过程进行实验和仿真研究,认为表面细丝电流通道的温度可以接近材料熔点,这一结果同时也支持了表面发热导致气体分子解吸附的假设;进一步通过气体解吸附的实验初步确定了存在外部的闪络通道。     

轴对称真空二极管空间电荷限制流

基于ArcPIC代码采用PIC-MCC方法,模拟研究了轴对称真空二极管放电时电子密度和阴极表面场强分布情况,同时给出了二维空间电荷限制流的一阶和二阶拟合公式。研究发现,真空二极管放电时阴极表面电场会随阴极注入电流密度的增加而增加,而后出现振荡并趋于一个稳定状态;二维空间电荷限制流密度值随阴极发射半径的增大而减小,且阴极发射半径越大越接近一维空间电荷限制流值。     

径向线内电子束的空间极限电流

为了对径向线内电子束的空间极限电流及相关物理参量进行分析, 在径向方向无穷长与束流密度轴向均匀的假设条件下, 对电势满足的线性泊松方程进行了解析求解, 得到了空间极限电流的解析表达式, 接下来对束流密度轴向非均匀分析条件下电势满足的非线性方程进行了数值求解, 并与解析结果进行了对比。研究表明径向电子束具有较高的空间极限电流且当束流接近于极限电流传输时, 束密度的非均匀性明显增加, 相关结论可以为径向高功率微波器件的设计提供指导。     

径向线内电子束的空间极限电流

为了对径向线内电子束的空间极限电流及相关物理参量进行分析, 在径向方向无穷长与束流密度轴向均匀的假设条件下, 对电势满足的线性泊松方程进行了解析求解, 得到了空间极限电流的解析表达式, 接下来对束流密度轴向非均匀分析条件下电势满足的非线性方程进行了数值求解, 并与解析结果进行了对比。研究表明径向电子束具有较高的空间极限电流且当束流接近于极限电流传输时, 束密度的非均匀性明显增加, 相关结论可以为径向高功率微波器件的设计提供指导。     

Space charge around conductors at high potential in magnetoplasma

Summary We discuss the effect of a magnetic field on the structure of the space charge region around very highly charged bodies in the ionosphere. Deductions are obtained for the values of current collected by such bodies for the ionospheric plasma. Post doctoral fellow from International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy. On leave from Department of Physics Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India, under programme ?Training and Research? in Italian Laboratories.     

Space charge limited currents in high resistivity CdTe crystals

DC-measurements of SCLC of high resistivity Cl-compensated p-type crystals of CdTe have been performed in the temperature range of 230–300 K. The evaluation of voltage-current characteristics by means of a simple model with discrete trap levels led to activation energies of approx. 0·65 and 0·4 eV above the valence band and trap concentrations of the order 10¹¹ to 10¹² cm^–3.The authors thank Dr. P.Höschl for supplying the crystals and for fruitful discussions.     

长脉冲强流二极管径向绝缘研究

介绍了一种应用于长脉冲强流二极管的径向绝缘结构。简介了真空表面闪络机理,径向绝缘结构的设计思路。采用锥形绝缘结构,使用计算机模拟静电场分布优化设计了几何结构参数,在脉宽为200ns的脉冲源上进行了实验研究。二极管最高输出电压为750kV,平均绝缘子表面耐电场强度约50kV/cm,达到了设计要求。     

长脉冲强流二极管径向绝缘研究

 介绍了一种应用于长脉冲强流二极管的径向绝缘结构。简介了真空表面闪络机理，径向绝缘结构的设计思路。采用锥形绝缘结构，使用计算机模拟静电场分布优化设计了几何结构参数，在脉宽为200ns的脉冲源上进行了实验研究。二极管最高输出电压为750kV，平均绝缘子表面耐电场强度约50kV/cm，达到了设计要求。     

高电压大电流晶闸管组件的热特性

晶闸管具有控制特性好、寿命长、噪声小等优点,目前在脉冲功率技术应用中,利用大功率晶闸管代替传统气体开关是研究趋势。晶闸管在高电压、大电流、重复频率工作条件下使用,需要对开关组件进行仔细的选型和组合。基于晶闸管的失效机理,对晶闸管组件在高电压、大电流、高di/dt,高du/dt、重复频率工作下的发热问题进行了理论分析、仿真计算和试验研究,对晶闸管组件在重复频率脉冲功率系统中的使用条件给出了理论依据。随着晶闸管工作电压、电流、频率增大,晶闸管的热损耗也越大,晶闸管的发热也越严重。为保证晶闸管安全稳定地工作,需要结温保持在安全范围内,不能长时间在重复频率下工作。     

电荷耦合效应对高耐压沟槽栅极超势垒整流器击穿电压的影响

通过沟槽结构和可调节的电子势垒,沟槽栅极超势垒整流器可以更为有效地实现通态压降和反向漏电流之间的良好折衷.在高压应用时,电荷耦合效应对于提高该器件的反向承压能力起到了关键作用.本文通过理论模型与器件模拟结果,分析了沟槽深度、栅氧厚度和台面宽度等关键参数对电荷耦合作用下二维电场分布的影响,归纳出了提高该器件击穿电压的思路与方法,为器件设计提供了有意义的指导.在此基础上,提出了阶梯栅氧结构,该结构在维持几乎相同击穿电压的同时,使正向导通压降降低51.49%.