GPRS技术在农村用水远程自动抄表系统中的应用

目前许多偏远农村地区用水长期以来一直采用的是包月制方式,这种模式的特点是不论用户的月用水量是多少,只要每月交付一定的水费即可。用水量与用水费的严重不一致,不仅不利于供水部门对用户用水的实时监管,更不利于环保节水的实现。农村地区地理位置比较分散,考虑目前移动网络覆盖范围之广,利用中国移动或中国联通的GPRS网络在实验室搭建无线自动抄表系统。实验结果表明,GPRS技术在农村用水监管系统中的应用,一方面可以降低传统人工抄表员的工作强度;另一方面抄读回的计量数据精确无误,完全克服了人工抄表的缺点。     

一种新型的镜度测试工具

本文主要介绍JG比较式镜度检具的原理及使用方法,并将其性能与其它眼镜片检查仪器进行比较,同时阐述本检具使用方便、精度可靠等特点。     

Extended validity of weak measurement

We introduce a modified weak value that is related to the mean value of input meter variable. With the help of the modified weak value, the validity conditions for various modified versions of weak value formalism are investigated, in terms of the dependence of the pointer shift on the mean value of the input meter. The weak value formalism, often used to represent the pointer shift, with the modified weak value is of great use in simplifying calculations and giving guidance of practical experiments whenever the mean value of the input meter variable is nonzero. The simulation in a qubit system is presented and coincident well with our theoretical result.     

A model of the VU (volume-unit) meter, with speech applications

The Volume- Unit (VU) meter, used in speech research prior to the advent of computers and modern signal processing methods, is described in signal processing terms. There are no known software implementations of this meter, which meet the 1954 ASA standard and provide the instantaneous needle level. Important speech applications will be explored, such as making comparisons of speech levels to earlier classic works, and measuring speech levels using traditional methods on modern computers. It is our intention to make this venerable method of measuring speech levels available once again. The VU meter is simulated and its properties are studied. A 1950s vintage and a recent vintage VU meter are studied by comparing the transient responses to tones and measurement of speech levels. Based on these measurements, a software VU meter (henceforth referred to as VUSOFT) is simulated, and verified. The method for reading the meter is explained, and simulated in software. The VU level for speech is shown to depend on the reading duration. The relationship between the root-mean-squared (rms) level of a signal and the VU level of a signal is determined, as a function of the meter-reading time.     

基于贝叶斯的智能电能表可靠性评估方法

针对具有高可靠、长寿命特点的智能电能表,应用加速退化试验方法进行可靠性评估是一种有效的方法。开展加速退化试验过程中,在高加速应力激发下,一方面可观测到智能电能表的性能退化,也可能出现智能电能表的整表失效。如何融合智能电能表加速寿命试验过程中的整表失效数据、性能退化数据转化得到的伪寿命数据,从而进行智能电能表的综合可靠性评估,是智能电能表可靠性评估急需解决的问题。本文研究提出基于贝叶斯方法的智能电能表可靠性评估方法,给出融合智能电能表的整表失效数据、伪寿命数据的数据处理方法及计算模型,探讨了伪失效数据计算方法、整表失效数据与伪失效寿命数据相容性检验方法等。     

Antenna phase pattern measurements at millimeter wave frequencies using the differential phase method with only one power meter

The differential phase measurement method has been improved to need the use of only one power meter instead of three power meters. This enables accurate antenna phase pattern measurements with a simplified set-up, accompanied by the reduction in cost. All advantages of the differential phase measurement method are still also available, e.g. there is no need to phase lock oscillators or to use rotary joints. The measurement results for an antenna at 110 GHz are presented. A good agreement with earlier data was obtained.     

Impulse duration: A new instrument for its measurement

An instrument is described which, when used with a ‘peak hold’ reading sound level meter, will measure the durations of acoustic impulses in accordance with the Atherley and Martin and CHABA criteria for hearing damage risk to impulsive noise. The instrument is small, lightweight, can be battery powered and is designed for field use.Comparison tests show that the impulse duration meter gives more accurate and repeatable results than the oscilloscope trace photograph method or the digital waveform recorder method of impulse duration assessment.By using the instrument with a suitable impulse source reverberation time, measurements may be conducted.     

Volume absorption laser energy meter for high energy laser by water absorption

Since the energy density of high energy laser can be extremely high and destructive, it is difficult to directly measure the laser energy with custom methods. A volume absorption method directly using water as absorption substance is introduced. In the energy meter, water is pumped into an absorption cavity sealed by a quartz window, and energy increment of water by laser is calculated. The new energy meter has excellent power and energy linearity and is almost not affected by power, energy and flow, its relative deviation to norm middle-power energy meter is 1.9 %, which infers that the new energy meter can measure higher laser energy and maintain higher precision as well.     

Continuous-wave quantum nondemolition measurements with vacuum and nonclassical meter input

QND measurements of the amplitude quadrature of continuous-wave light are performed with a monolithic dual-port degenerate optical parametric amplifier (OPA). Operated with a vacuum meter input, both output beams are squeezed and 33% correlated, demonstrating individually squeezed twin beams. The sum of the signal and meter transfer coefficients is 1.05, demonstrating operation as a quantum optical tap. The device exhibits quantum state preparation ability for both signal and meter output, reaching the conditional variances of dB and dB, respectively. An improved quantum measurement is realized by injecting 3.4 dB amplitude-squeezed light into the meter input port of the OPA. This achieves increased correlation and squeezing of the output beams, and both improved operation as a quantum optical tap and as a quantum state preparator. The all-solid-state system was operated for up to 5 hours with high stability. Received: 25 July 1996     

基于安柏AT810数字电桥的杨氏模量的测定

引入了电桥法测量杨氏模量,用自制平行板电容器对传统的实验装置进行改进,用电容的变化来表征微小位移的变化,使用数字电桥测量仪作为信号采集下位机、PC机作为上位机并使用MATLAB作为信号处理软件,减小了人工测量等因素所产生的误差,由此给出了一种测量杨氏模量更精确的方法。     

An investigation of simple methods for assessing reverberation time

There is considerable interest in the development of a simple test for sound insulation between dwellings. The assessment of reverberation time is the most difficult part of the procedure to simplify. In this paper six alternative methods are described and evaluated. The first three require no electronic apparatus but are not accurate enough for general use. The fourth involves using sufficient absorbing material in the receiving room to effectively determine the RT. This approach appears worth further development. The fifth approach requires a source of known sound power and the final method employs a simple meter giving a direct reading of the decay time. The last two methods appear to be accurate enough for inclusion in a simplified test method but the simple meter seems to have some advantage.     

现场用激光能量计校准方法的实验研究

在激光功率能量测量当中,军用激光现场检测环境温度和实验室环境温度相差很大,而激光能量计的传感器灵敏度与环境温度条件有关,不对激光能量计进行温度灵敏度校准,将严重影响测量结果。针对目前存在的问题,本文提出将激光能量计放置于温控制箱中,脉冲激光器输出的激光经过分光镜分束后分为2束激光,其中透射光由标准能量计或现场激光能量计接收,反射光由参考能量计接收,在-50℃～70℃的温度范围内进行校准的一种新方法,并进行原理性的验证实验及结果分析,得到了能量计灵敏度系数关于环境温度的函数关系,使得能量计在非标准环境下进行准确测量成为可能。为激光能量计现场测试校准技术的研究提供了一种可靠的新途径。     

高能激光能量计校准方法研究

给出了一种绝对式高能激光能量计光电校准方法.该方法以大功率灯作为校准光源,通过测量灯两端的电压以及电流获得电能值,去掉灯所消耗的热能,得到灯所发出的光能.所设计平板能量计将大功率灯密封在高能激光能量计内,光能全部被能量计吸收.根据能量计输出值以及光能值便可实现能量计光电校准.结果表明,能量计光电校准不确定度约为1.5%.     

Stroboscopic variation measurement

A new procedure of the linear position measurement which allows to obtain sensitivity better than the Standard Quantum Limit and close to the Energetic Quantum Limit is proposed and analyzed in detail. Proposed method is based on the principles of stroboscopic quantum measurement and variation quantum measurement and allows to avoid main disadvantages of both these procedures. This method can be considered as a good candidate for use as a local position meter in the “intracavity” topologies of the laser gravitational-wave antennae.     

Obtaining imaginary weak values with a classical apparatus: Applications for the time and frequency domains

Weak measurements with imaginary weak values are reexamined in light of recent experimental results. The shift of the meter, due to the imaginary part of the weak value, is derived via the probability of post-selection, which allows considering the meter as a distribution of a classical variable. The derivation results in a simple relation between the change in the distribution and its variance. By applying this relation to several experimental results, in which the meter involved the time and frequency domains, it is shown to be especially suitable for scenarios of that kind. The practical and conceptual implications of a measurement method, which is based on this relation, are discussed.     

基于PXI总线的Φ0.5米高超声速风洞测量系统研制与应用

测量系统是风洞中必不可少的重要的设备之一,其性能对风洞试验的准确性、可靠性和运行效率具有至关重要的影响。近年来,Ф0.5米高超声速风洞原有测量系统逐渐暴露出精准度下降、软件通用性不足、维护不便等缺点,已不能完全满足日益复杂的风洞试验需求。针对此情况,该风洞重新研制建立了一套基于PXI总线的64通道的测量系统,并通过严格测试投入应用,该系统的应用在一定程度上提高了试验数据测量的准确性、可靠性和自动化程度,拓宽了Ф0.5米高超声速风洞的综合性能。     

二次曲线非球面片状样板设计方法的改进

本文以椭圆面为例,对常用的在长轴、短轴上分别加上金属垫片厚度δ形成新的椭圆曲线的设计方法进行了改进,改为保证在顶点及另取的二个控制点处,样板曲线到与零件曲线间的距离等于δ,提高了设计精度,金属垫片长度可由积分求出或用系列弧长仪量出。这种方法也适用于抛物面和双曲面。     

宽波段高精度激光能量计设计

针对宽波段、高精度、大能量范围的激光能量测量需求,设计了激光能量计。利用快速响应的热电堆作为传感器,在热电堆探测面涂覆高吸收率碳纳米烯材料,实现了宽光谱吸收。采用大小2个热电堆探测器布置于能量计正反两面的方法,使能量计具有1 mJ～40 J超宽能量范围,并且具有较高的测量精度。利用有限元仿真软件建立了吸收腔热路结构的三维有限元模型,并对不同类型的激光脉冲做了加热模型模拟仿真。根据仿真结果,对探测器的线性进行了修正,从而减小了由于传感器的输出电信号与被测光信号之间的非线性所导致的测量误差。用激光能量计标准装置对能量计进行了标定实验,测量结果表明,经修正后激光能量计的测量重复性优于0.6%,线性度优于1.1%。将激光能量计溯源到国家激光能量基准,测量相对扩展不确定度达到2.5%(k=2)的优异水平。     

Testing the accuracy of smartphones and sound level meter applications for measuring environmental noise

This paper reports on experimental tests undertaken to assess the capability of noise monitoring applications to be utilized as an alternative low cost solution to traditional noise monitoring using a sound level meter. The methodology consisted of testing 100 smartphones in a reverberation room. Broadband white noise was utilized to test the ability of smartphones to measure noise at background, 50, 70 and 90 dB(A) and these measurements were compared with true noise levels acquired via a calibrated sound level meter. Tests were conducted on phones using the Android and iOS platforms. For each smartphone, tests were completed separately for leading noise monitoring apps culminating in 1472 tests. The results suggest that apps written for the iOS platform are superior to those running on the Android platform. They show that one of the apps tested – SLA Lite – is within ±1 dB of true noise levels across four different reference conditions. The results also show that there is a significant relationship between phone age and its ability to measure noise accurately. The research has implications for the future use of smartphones as low cost monitoring and assessment devices for environmental noise.     

电表改装实验技术性与创新性拓展

本文从物理实验角度讨论了简略的电表准确度等级确定原则,从而加深了学生对常用电表知识的理解,充分调动了学生学习积极主动性和创新意识。