Recent Research on One-Dimensional Silicon-Based Semiconductor Nanomaterials: Synthesis,Structures, Properties and Applications

The field of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) and silicon-based 1D nanostructured heterostructures represent one of the most important research subjects within the nanomaterials family. A series of synthesis approaches of SiNWs and silicon-based 1D nanostructured heterostructures have been developed, and have garnered the greatest attention in the past decades for a variety of applications. This article provides an overview on recent research on the synthesis, properties and applications of SiNWs, silicon nanotubes (SiNTs) and complex silicon-based 1D nanostructures.     

FeSe基超导单晶与薄膜研究新进展:自旋向列序、电子相分离及高临界参数

FeSe基超导体的超导临界温度可大范围调控,物理现象丰富,是非常规超导机理研究的热点.由于较高的超导临界参数及易于加工等特点,FeSe基超导体在超导应用开发方面也日益受到重视.大尺寸高质量的单晶和薄膜形态的FeSe基超导材料,对于相关基础科学研究和应用开发都极为重要.作者近年来先后开发和发明了水热离子交换（ion-exchange）、离子脱插（ion-deintercalation）、基底辅助水热外延生长方法,成功解决了二元FeSe和插层（Li,Fe）OHFeSe超导体高质量单晶和薄膜的生长和物性调控难题.进而在相关物理问题的研究中取得新进展,包括发现二元FeSe中自旋向列序与超导电性密切相关,观测到（Li,Fe）OHFeSe中的电子相分离现象.此外,（Li,Fe）OHFeSe超导薄膜呈现很高的超导临界电流密度和上临界磁场,其应用前景值得关注.     

ZnS Nanostructures: Synthesis,Properties, and Applications

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanostructures have attracted increasing attention due to their potential application in both conditional optical devices and new generation of nano-electronics and nano-optoelectronics because of their special structure-related chemical and physical properties. In this article, beginning with the synthesis of ZnS nanostructures with various original morphologies, we summarize the state-of-art research progresses on ZnS nanostructures. This is followed by the recent progresses on the improvement of their properties, especially the novel potential applications. We highlight the recent achievements on photoluminescence, photocatalysis, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), field-effect transistors (FET), sensors, dye-sensitized solar cells, and field emission (FE) based on ZnS nanostructures. Finally, we present an outlook on the future development of ZnS nanostructures.     

Preparation and Biomedical Applications of Multicolor Carbon Dots: Recent Advances and Future Challenges

Multicolor carbon dots (CDs) as an emerging subclass of carbonaceous nanomaterials have inspired intensive attention due to the fascinating fluorogenic properties of quantum dots, exhibiting great potential applications in the biomedical field. In some cases, reported CDs with blue or green fluorescence are not desirable for further biological applications owing to the conflicting background autofluorescence, low penetration, and relatively large damage to biological tissue. However, multicolor CDs that can work in the longer wavelength region are being developed to address this issue by overcoming the autofluorescence from the cellular components (usually in the blue and green range). In this review, the development of multicolor CDs is described comprehensively, including for red-emissive or NIR-emissive CDs. Additionally, the preparation methods of multicolor CDs are summarized. Moreover, the factors affecting the luminescence of multicolor CDs are discussed in detail, and the biomedical applications are emphasized from multiple perspectives.     

Silica Aerogel: Synthesis,Characterization, Applications,and Recent Advancements

Silica aerogels have drawn considerable attention due to their low density (almost 95% of the total volume is composed of air), hydrophobicity, optical transparency, low conductivity of heat, and large surface to volume ratio. Sol–gel processing is used to prepare aerogels from molecular precursors. To replace the pore fluid with air while retaining the solid network, a supercritical drying process (the most frequent approach) is used. However, recent technologies use atmospheric pressure to allow for liquid removal followed by chemical alteration of the gel's internal layer, which leaves only a silica network with a porous structure filled with air. This study discusses the sol–gel method for preparing silica aerogels and their various drying processes. Furthermore, various areas of applications of silica aerogels, including electronics, construction, aerospace, purification of water and air, sensing, catalyst, biomedical, absorbent, food packing, textile, etc., are also discussed. Lastly, this review provides a perception of the recent scientific progress along with the futuristic development of silica aerogel.     

Effect of Yb addition on the superconducting properties of (Bi,Pb)-2212 superconductor

The effects of Yb addition on the phase evolution and superconducting properties of (Bi,Pb)-2212 superconductor prepared by solid state synthesis in the polycrystalline form were studied. Yb content of the samples was varied (x = 0–0.5) on a general stoichiometry of Bi_1.7Pb_0.4Sr_2.0Ca_1.1Cu_2.1Yb_xO_y. Phase analysis by XRD, microstructural examination by SEM, measurements of density and superconducting properties were done to evaluate the relative performance of the samples. A Yb containing secondary phase could be distinguished from XRD analysis from Yb > 0.3 in the stoichiometric level. Microstructural examination showed clear and distinct morphological variation with Yb stoichiometry and a secondary phase with round edged grains was observed in the microstructure of Yb added samples. The critical current density (J_C) and superconducting transition temperature (T_C) of all the Yb added samples were found to be higher than that of the pure sample. A maximum T_C-onset of 94.5 K and a maximum J_C 688 A/cm² has been observed for the sample with Yb = 0.2 in the stoichiometric level. Above this level T_C and J_C began to reduce, may be due to secondary phase formation.     

Doping dependent metal to insulator transition in the (Bi,Pb)-2212 system: The evolution of structural and electronic properties with europium substitution

The present work investigates the effect of europium substitution on the(Bi,Pb)-2212 system in the concentration range 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1.0.Phase analysis and lattice parameter calculations on the powder diffraction data and the elemental analysis of EDX show that the Eu atoms are successfully substituted into the(Bi,Pb)-2212 system.Resistivity measurements(64-300 K) reveal that the system exhibits superconductivity at x ≤ 0.5 and semiconductivity at x > 0.5.With the complete suppression of superconductivity which is known to be a quasi-two dimensional phenomenon in these materials,a metal to insulator transition takes place at x = 0.6 and the predominant conduction mechanism is found to be variable range hopping between localized states,resulting in macroscopic semiconducting behaviour.The results of electrical and structural properties of the doped(Bi,Pb)-2212 compounds suggest that the decrease of charge carrier concentration and the induced structural disorder are the more effective and dominant mechanisms in the origin of the metal to insulator transition and suppression of superconductivity due to Eu substitution at its Sr site.     

基于CEST机制的pH成像方法、原理和应用

化学交换饱和转移（Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer,CEST）技术作为一种新型的磁共振成像（Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI）技术.它的原理为溶质池中被激发饱和的质子与游离水中未被饱和的质子间的化学交换,能够引起水质子磁共振信号的下降,从而获得组织内生物分子的相关信息.由于质子间的交换速率k_ex与组织微环境的pH值之间存在直接联系,因而可以通过溶质质子的CEST信号对活体组织进行pH成像.目前用于pH成像的溶质分子既包括内源性游离的蛋白质、多肽分子,还包括一系列的外源性小分子和金属螯合物.通过不同类型的比率法、内源性胺和酰胺浓度-独立检测（Amine and Amide Concentration-independent Detection,AACID）等成像方法,能够获得肾脏、中风脑组织以及肿瘤组织的pH图谱.本文详细总结了2000年以来利用CEST技术进行pH成像方面的研究进展,包括对比剂、成像方法和相关应用,展望了活体组织pH成像的发展趋势和应用前景.     

Synthesis of large FeSe superconductor crystals via ion release/introduction and property characterization

Large superconducting Fe Se crystals of(001) orientation have been prepared via a hydrothermal ion release/introduction route for the first time. The hydrothermally derived Fe Se crystals are up to 10 mm×5 mm×0.3 mm in dimension. The pure tetragonal FeSe phase has been confirmed by x-ray diffraction(XRD) and the composition determined by both inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP-AES) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy(EDX). The superconducting transition of the Fe Se samples has been characterized by magnetic and transport measurements. The zero-temperature upper critical field H_(c2) is calculated to be 13.2–16.7 T from a two-band model. The normal-state cooperative paramagnetism is found to be predominated by strong spin frustrations below the characteristic temperature T_(sn), where the Ising spin nematicity has been discerned in the FeSe superconductor crystals as reported elsewhere.     

Synthesis,Properties, and Applications of 2-D Materials: A Comprehensive Review

Recent advances in atomically thin two-dimensional (2-D) materials have led to a variety of promising future technologies for post-CMOS nanoelectronics and energy generation. This review is an attempt to thoroughly illustrate the current status and future prospects for 2-D materials other than graphene (e.g., BN nanosheets, MoS₂, NbSe₂, WS₂, etc.), which have already been contemplated for both low-end and high-end technological applications. An overview of the different synthesis techniques for 2-D materials is presented here, with an exploration of the potential for developing methods of controllable large scale synthesis. Furthermore, we summarize the underlying theories which correlate the structural and physical properties of 2-D materials with their state-of-the-art applications. Finally, we show that utilizing the unprecedented properties arising from these materials would lead to innovative devices. Such devices would significantly reduce both device dimensions and power consumption, as necessary for the creation of tomorrow's sustainable technology.     

Review on Tin (II) Sulfide (SnS) Material: Synthesis,Properties, and Applications

Tin (II) sulphide (SnS), a direct band gap semiconductor compound, has recently received great attention due to its unique properties. Because of low cost, absence of toxicity, and good abundance in nature, it is becoming a candidate for future multifunctional devices particularly for light conversion applications. Although the current efficiencies are low, the cost-per-Watt is becoming competitive. At room temperature, SnS exhibits stable low-symmetric, double-layered orthorhombic crystal structure, having a = 0.4329, b = 1.1192, and c = 0.3984 nm as lattice parameters. These layer-structured materials are of interest in various device applications due to the arrangement of structural lattice with cations and anions. The layers of cations are separated only by van der Waals forces that provide intrinsically chemically inert surface without dangling bonds and surface density of states. As a result, there is no Fermi level pinning at the surface of the semiconductor. This fact leads to considerably high chemical and environmental stability. Further, the electrical and optical properties of SnS can be easily tailored by modifying the growth conditions or doping with suitable dopants without disturbing its crystal structure.

In the last few decades, SnS has been synthesized and studied in the form of single-crystals and thin-films. Most of the SnS single-crystals have been synthesized by Bridgeman technique, whereas thin films have been developed using different physical as well as chemical deposition techniques. The synthesis or development of SnS structures in different forms including single-crystals and thin films, and their unique properties are reviewed here. The observed physical and chemical properties of SnS emphasize that this material could has novel applications in optoelectronics including solar cell devices, sensors, batteries, and also in biomedical sciences. These aspects are also discussed.     

新型双噻吩衍生物的合成、晶体结构及光谱性能

通过Suzuki偶联反应,用不同基团对双噻吩原料上的溴原子进行取代后合成了一系列双噻吩衍生物:3-(5′-溴-[2,2-双噻吩]-5-基)吡啶(Dt-1)、5,5-双(吡啶-3-基)-2,2-双噻吩(Dt-2)、5-(3,5-双(三氟甲基)苯基)-2,2-双噻吩(Dt-3)、5,5-双(3,4,5-三氟苯基)-2,2-双噻吩(Dt-4)。通过红外光谱(IR)、质谱(MS)、核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR)及单晶X射线衍射对其结构进行了表征。通过紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱研究了其发光性能。结果表明,在CH₂Cl₂溶液中,化合物Dt-1在349 nm激发光作用下在390～470 nm区域有较强的双荧光发射行为,两个最大发射峰分别为403 nm和422 nm;化合物Dt-2在372 nm激发光作用下在400～480 nm区域即紫色和蓝色光区有较强的双荧光发射行为,最大发射峰分别为430 nm和440 nm;化合物Dt-3在349 nm激发光作用下在418 nm处有最强的荧光发射;化合物Dt-4在371 nm激发光作用下于436 ...     

两种新型芴衍生物的合成、晶体结构及光谱性能

合成了两种新型芴衍生物:2,7-二(3,5-二(三氟甲基)苯基)-9,9-二乙基芴(1)和2,7-二(4-氟苯基)-9,9-二乙基芴(2)。通过元素分析、红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)以及单晶X射线衍射对其结构进行了表征。化合物1属于单斜晶系,P21/c空间群;化合物2属于三斜晶系,P-1空间群。通过紫外-可见吸收和荧光光谱研究了化合物的发光性能。结果表明:在CH2Cl2溶液和固态薄膜中,化合物1、2在350~400 nm波段有吸收峰,归属于π-π*电荷跃迁;化合物1、2的光学带隙E g分别为3.31 eV和3.30 eV,并且均有强烈的蓝色荧光发射现象(激发波长为330 nm),在二氯甲烷中的荧光量子效率分别为0.62和0.61,固态荧光寿命分别为6.39 ns和9.00 ns。     

Hollow Nanostructured Polyaniline: Preparation,Properties and Applications

In the last decade, hollow polyaniline nanostructures such as nanocapsules and nanotubes have attracted increasing attention due to their potential applications in electrical and optoelectronic nanodevices, sensors, supercapacitors, energy storage devices, and else where. Many strategies have been developed for their preparation, such as hard template methods with physical templates, soft template methods with chemical templates, and template-free methods. The present status and future directions of hollow Polyaniline nanostructures using these pathways are described in this review. Their properties and applications are also addressed. Finally, the review examines developing perspectives for the future application of nanostructures.     

Synthesis, crystal growth and characterization of 1,5-diphenylpenta-1,4-dien-3-one: An organic crystal

1,5-Diphenylpenta-1,4-dien-3-one ( dibenzalacetone, DBA) was synthesized by a base-catalyzed aldol condensation reaction between benzaldehyde and acetone. High quality single crystals have been grown by the slow evaporation of ethanol solution and the crystal belongs to monoclinic system with centrosymmetric space group C 2/c. The DBA crystals are transparent in the entire visible region and have a lower optical cutoff at ∼440 nm. It is stable up to 119 °C and has a good chemical stability. The high resolution X-ray diffraction curve (DC) indicates that the specimen is free from structural grain boundaries. Molecular packing leads to a centrosymmetric arrangement resulting in zero second harmonic generation (SHG; χ⁽²⁾=0) efficiency.     

Resonant Raman scattering in CdSxSe1−x nanocrystals: effects of phonon confinement,composition, and elastic strain

Optical phonon modes, confined in CdS_xSe_1−x nanocrystal (NC) quantum dots (≈2 nm in radius) grown in a glass matrix by the melting‐nucleation method, were studied by resonant Raman scattering (RRS) spectroscopy and theoretical modeling. The formation of nanocrystalline quantum dots (QDs) is evidenced by the observation of absorption peaks and theoretically expected resonance bands in the RRS excitation spectra. This system, a ternary alloy, offers the possibility to investigate the interplay between the effects of phonon localization by disorder and phonon confinement by the NC/matrix interface. Based on the concept of propagating optical phonons, which is accepted for two‐mode pseudo‐binary alloys in their bulk form, we extended the continuous lattice dynamics model, which has successfully been used for nearly spherical NCs of binary materials, to the present case. After determining the alloy composition for NCs (that was evaluated with only 2–3% uncertainty using the bulk longitudinal optical phonon wavenumbers) and the NC size (using atomic force microscopy and optical absorption data), the experimental RRS spectra were described rather well by this theory, including the line shape and polarization dependence of the scattering intensity. Even though the presence of a compressive strain in the NCs (introduced by the matrix) masks the expected downward shift owing to the phonons' spatial quantization, the asymmetric broadening of both Raman peaks is similar to that characteristic of NCs of pure binary materials. Although with some caution, we suggest that both CdSe‐like and CdS‐like optical phonon modes indeed are propagating within the NC size unless the alloy is considerably heterogeneous. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Advances in Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry: Instrumentation,Methods, and Applications

Abstract

Electrothermal atomization (ETA) atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) offers high sensitivity quantitative analysis of a wide variety of samples for metals. Following an introduction to this instrumental method, recent developments in instrumentation, methods of sample preparation, and significant applications are reviewed, illustrating significant developments. The focus of this review is on the practical application of ETA‐AAS for real sample analysis.     

New Approaches and Recent Advances on Characterization of Chemical Functional Groups and Structures,Physiochemical Property,and Nutritional Values in Feedstocks and By-Products: Advanced Spectroanalytical and Modeling Investigations

Abstract: Molecular spectroscopy technique, a rapid and noninvasive analytical technique, is able to reveal biomaterials’ structural features. However, to date, this technique is seldom used in the biofuel and bioethanol processing industry. This article aims to provide research progress and updates on molecular spectroscopy of feedstocks and coproducts from biofuel/bioethanol processing and to show how to use this molecular technique to study the molecular structure, chemical functional groups, and physiochemical properties of feedstocks and coproducts from biofuel processing and how structural changes affect nutrient availability.     

Acetylene-Substituted Two-Photon Absorbing Molecules With Rigid Elongated Pi-Conjugation: Synthesis,Spectroscopic Properties and Two-Photon Fluorescence Cell Imaging Applications

Two asymmetrical molecules with substituted acetylene as central rigid elongated conjugation are reported as potential chromophores for two-photon microscopic imaging. These molecules consist of a typical D–π–A structure, have different donors (D), the same π-conjugated center (π) and the same acceptor (A). Structural characterization and spectroscopic properties, including single-photon (linear) absorption, quantum yields, single-photon fluorescence, and two-photon absorption spectra, were studied in solvents with different polarity. These acetylene-substituted molecules were found to have high two-photon absorption cross-sections (for example, 690 GM for molecule 1 in toluene), which were determined by a two-photon induced fluorescence method using a femtosecond Ti: sapphire laser as excitation source. Single- and two-photon cellular imaging experiments demonstrate that the substituted acetylene derivatives could be one kind of promising two-photon fluorescence probes for cellular imaging.     

ZnO对EU:LiNbO3晶体的性能及光谱性质影响

应用坩埚下降法技术，以同成份化学摩尔分数[x（Li2O）=48．6％,x（Nb2O3）=51．4％]为原料，生长出了以不同Zn，Eu双掺杂的LiNbO3晶体。测定了晶体下部与上部的X射线衍射图（XRD）、激发光谱、荧光光谱以及声子边带谱。Zn的掺杂量对Eu^3＋离子在晶体中的分布产生很大的影响。Zn掺杂摩尔分数为3％时．Eu^3＋离子在进入品格时受到有效的压制。随着Zn掺杂摩尔分数提高，达到6％时，压制作用减弱。从Zn^2＋离子在LiNbO3中随浓度变化的分凝情况以及对Eu^3＋离子的排斥作用解释了Eu^3＋离子分布的原因。同时测定了Zn掺杂样品的声子边带谱。