稀土复合变质对新型铸造热锻模具钢组织与性能的影响

研究了稀土复合变质对新型铸造热锻模具钢（CHD钢）组织与性能的组织。结果表明，稀土复合变质能细化晶粒，并且随着稀土量的增加。细化效果明显；加入适量的稀土复合变质后，夹杂物数量明显减少，夹杂物趋于球化并均匀地分布在钢中，形态和分布得以了改善，向钢中加入稀土进行复合变质，能促进贝氏体、奥氏体和位错亚结构的形成，细化马氏体板条。当残留稀土含量为0.02%时，CHD钢的硬度、强度变化不大，断裂韧性（KIC）和疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值（△Kth）有所提高，冲击韧性、延伸率、断面收缩率提高了近一倍，抗热疲劳性能也最好。     

镧对4Cr13钢组织及耐蚀性的影响

以含不同量稀土元素La的4Cr13马氏体不锈钢为研究对象,实验用钢经冶炼、锻造、热处理后,通过观察不同稀土含量的研究试样在光学显微镜下的组织,测试研究试样在模拟溶液中的自腐蚀电位,并使用交流阻抗法测试研究试样的交流阻抗谱,从而研究La对4Cr13马氏体不锈钢的组织及耐蚀性的影响.分析得出:在一定范围内,随着La加入量的增加,其耐腐蚀性增强,La加入4Cr13马氏体不锈钢中能够细化晶粒,改变碳化物形态,减少碳化物偏聚,提高钢的强度、塑性和耐腐蚀性.     

镧对SS400钢组织及力学性能的影响

研究了镧对SS400钢常温及低温力学性能的影响。结果表明,SS400钢的强度、塑性、冲击韧性以及硬度随镧含量的增加能够得到明显改善,但当镧加入量过大时,会造成SS400钢的强度、塑性、冲击韧性下降。将镧含量控制在0.016%左右能够有效提高其各项力学性能。镧提高SS400钢的力学性能,是其对钢净化钢液、变质夹杂、微合金化综合作用的结果。     

稀土添加工艺及其在重载汽车车轮钢中的作用

通过化学分析、金相观察和理论分析,研究了稀土在BG420CL车轮钢中的分布,以及它对钢中夹杂物的作用、对车轮台架弯曲疲劳寿命的影响。研究发现,对于BG420CL车轮钢,采用浇铸时结晶器喂稀土丝工艺是合理的。钢中加入稀土,可以改变夹杂物的形状和尺寸,提高钢材的综合性能。在本实验条件下,BG420CL车轮钢最佳稀土加入量约为RE／S=2．0,此时冲击韧性得到显著提高,夹杂物的球化效果最好,车轮台架弯曲疲劳寿命提高效果最佳。     

稀土对TiC基金属陶瓷耐磨堆焊材料组织性能的影

应用扫描电镜、透射电镜等测试手段和冲击试验、磨损试验,研究了TiC基金属陶瓷堆焊材料中加入稀土氧化物,对堆焊材料的组织、界面相结构、显微硬度、冲击韧性和磨损性能的影响,初步探讨了稀土氧化物改善界面显微结构、提高胎体金属韧性的作用机制。研究结果表明,稀土氧化物能细化堆焊层胎体金属组织,消除胎体金属的缺陷,细化胎体金属断口韧窝并使撕裂棱数量增加,提高堆焊层冲击韧性和塑性,促使金属基陶瓷与胎体金属界面形成多晶过渡区和局部非晶态物相,提高界面的结合强度。稀土氧化物的加入对胎体金属显微硬度的影响不大,但能显著提高堆焊层干摩擦磨损状态下的耐磨性,具有一定的减摩作用。     

稀土对TiC基金属陶瓷耐磨堆焊材料组织性能的影响

应用扫描电镜、透射电镜等测试手段和冲击试验,磨损试验,研究了TiC基金属陶瓷堆焊材料中加入稀土氧化物,对堆焊材料的组织,界面相结合,显微硬度,冲击韧性和磨损性能的影响,初步探讨了稀土氧化物改善界面显微结构,提高的胎体金属韧性的作用机制,研究结果表明,稀土氧化物能细化堆焊层胎体金属组织,消除胎体金属的缺陷,细化胎体金属断口韧窝并使撕裂棱数量增加,提高堆焊层冲击韧性和塑性,促使金属基陶瓷与胎体金属界面成多晶过渡区和局部非晶态物相,提高界面的结合强度,稀土氧化物的加入对胎体金属显微硬度的影响不大,但能显著提高堆焊层干摩擦磨损状态下的耐磨性,具有一定的减摩作用。     

稀土对3Cr2W8V钢多元共渗及金相组织的影响

(一)实验方法 经调质处理尺寸为10×10×10mm的3Cr2W8V钢试样,在7kW井式滴控坩埚炉中,采用滴注式气体共渗工艺,共渗介质为自配的稀土渗剂,稀土加入量为5g/L,在580℃进行共渗处理。 用Plasma 300 ICP和X射线衍射仪分析检测稀土;用显微硬度法确定渗层深度和显微硬度分布。     

单一稀土Ce, La和混合稀土在工业纯铝中的作用

通过对比实验的方法，研究了稀土Ce，La和混合稀土对工业纯铝组织、电性能和机械性能的影响。结果表明：单一稀土La，Ce可降低工业纯铝的电阻率，提高工业纯铝的导电性，其中La的效果优于Ce．而混合稀土对电阻率几乎无影响；La，Ce和混合稀土均能减小工业纯铝的晶粒度，在其加入量为0．1％后细化效果明显，当其含量大于0．5％后细化效果趋于平缓，其中Ce的效果最佳，La次之，混合稀土最弱；单一稀土La，Ce在一定含量时可提高工业纯铝的σb6和δ，Ce的作用强于La，混合稀土对σb和δ的影响不明显。     

含镧Fe-B激光熔覆层的摩擦学性能研究

为研究稀土对Fe—B激光熔覆层摩擦学性能的影响，采用自配Fe，B4C，硅铁稀土混合粉末在45^#钢基体上进行激光熔覆实验，并在HQ-1摩擦磨损实验机上对不同稀土含量的熔覆层进行摩擦磨损实验。结果表明：含适量稀土熔覆层的耐磨性得到很大提高，在本实验条件下，硅铁稀土加入量最佳值为4％～5％，此时熔覆层耐磨性提高25．8％，当硅铁稀土加入量过多时，熔覆层耐磨性反而降低，甚至低于不加稀土时的耐磨性。通过对磨斑表面硼元素(1s电子轨道)的XPS图谱分析表明，熔覆层中铁与硼主要以Fe2B相存在。磨损表面部分镧元素被氧化，生成La2O3。     

钢中大尺寸稀土夹杂物的形成动力学研究

以添加稀土等微合金化元素的5CrNiMo钢为例, 通过电子探针元素面分布分析探讨了钢中大尺寸稀土夹杂物的成分和组成元素的分布规律, 初步探明了稀土夹杂物的形成动力学及形成机制. 研究结果表明: 稀土夹杂物首先以高熔点氧化物和硫化物为核心分别独立形核长大, 然后以稀土所特有的较高表面活性在液相和凝固过程中相结合, 最终细小分散的稀土夹杂物合并成一个大尺寸的稀土夹杂物.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。