论物理教学中学生观察能力的培养

物理来源于生活,走向社会.物理学习的每一个环节都离不开观察,学生的观察能力的培养尤为重要,笔者从观察意思、观察习惯、观察方法、观察品质等方面论述如何在物理教学中培养学生的观察能力以供交流、探讨.     

谈谈观察方式

 观察就是人们有目的、有计划地通过自己的感官去反映自然界各种事物现象的活动。观察是一种感性认识活动,离开观察,人们就无法感知五光十色的自然界和丰富多彩的社会生活,也无法从事各种社会实践活动;观察是思维的前提,没有观察,人们就不能进行思维、情感和意志等活动;一切科学实验及科学规律的新发现,都是建立在周密的、精确系统的观察基础之上的。巴甫洛夫一直把“观察、观察、再现察”作为座右铭,并告诫学生:“不学会观察,你就永远当不了科学家”。所谓观察方式,就是为获取观察对象的信息而采取的不同观察途径、手段和形式。随着社会的发展和观察实践的深入,人类开展观察的方式日趋丰富。     

不同观察角度对镀铝纸表面色差评价的影响

研究了不同观察角度对镀铝纸表面色差评价的影响。采用恒常刺激法研究了观察角度对镀铝纸表面颜色视觉感知的影响,以确定镀铝纸上青色墨和品红色墨在标准光源观察箱下的最佳观察评价角度及恰可分辨色差。实验结果表明:不同观察角度下,镀铝纸表面品红色和青色的恰可分辨色差值分别为1.5和1.2,且45°观察角度最适合品红色的颜色视觉评价,而青色则以60°观察角度进行视觉评价最为合适。     

如何在初中物理教学中,培养学生的观察能力

观察对学生获取知识,培养能力,掌握事物的本质又着极其重要的作用.本文从如何引导学生观察,让学生掌握观察的方法进行阐述,不足之处敬请给位老师批评指正.     

采用凝时拍摄技术突破平抛运动教学中的难点

平抛运动作为高中阶段的一个重要运动模型,由于运动较快很难直接观察,而教材上采用的实验对于观察完整平抛运动也具有一定的局限性,因此一些教师在教学实践中通过对实验做了一些技术上的改进,对整个平抛运动整体观察效果有所提升但还是欠佳,且容易形成新的学习障碍.因此笔者对平抛运动观察做了一些改进,采用最新的拍摄技术——凝时拍摄,可以大幅放慢平抛运动的过程,便于完整观察平抛运动和观察对比实验验证竖直方向做自由落体运动和水平方向做匀速直线运动,能够突破学生观察的障碍.     

全息照相实验中像的观察

描述了在不同的观察角度和不同的再现光角度进行大学物理实验立体虚像观察结果,包括共轭再现光和共轭观察角度情形.对实象的再现进行了简单叙述.     

利用演示实验培养学生的观察能力

门捷列夫曾经说过：“科学的原理起源于实验的世界和观察的领域,观察是第一步,没有观察就不会有接履而来的前进”．通过观察获取的实验现象能激发学生的兴趣,启迪学生求知的欲望．但是学生的观察能力不是自发形成的,要靠教师的诱导、启发．演示实验以直观具体、形象生动的教学形式,符合学生的心理特点和认知规律．新奇有趣的演示实验是培养学生观察能力的主要途径之一,     

观察能力的培养

观察是指人们考察处于自然状态下的事物 ,即在人们不对客观事物施加影响的情况下 ,对事物进行研究 .学生在学习物理过程中广泛、深入细致的观察 ,对培养学生的观察能力是极为有利的 .1　认识观察的重要性一个人观察能力的强弱将决定他认识客观事物的准确程度和广泛程度 .人们只有准确而广泛地了解了客观世界 ,才有可能进行正确的思维和想象 .物理创造思维的基点在于物理观察 ,创造是从观察开始的 .一个学生如果有较强的观察能力 ,则他就能在日常生活中观察 ,在课堂上看演示 ,在实验室中进行实验以及在课外科技活动中发现直观材料的本质特征 …     

原子力显微镜与表面形貌观察

简要介绍原子力显微镜观察材料表面形貌的原理。运用原子力显微镜,观察CD,VCD,DVD和可擦写的VCD光盘的刻录划痕,分析各类光盘的刻录特征,指出原子力显微镜在观察材料表面微米至纳米尺度形貌是非常有效的。     

刍议物理教学中如何培养学生的观察力

具备一定的观察能力是学习和研究物理学科的前提条件和必要技能,因此,在初中阶段这个学生接触物理学科的起步阶段,培养学生的观察能力就成为了一个重要的教学目标。在本文中,笔者就结合物理学科的特点,简单总结了几点在物理教学中,培养学生观察能力的措施,希望在观察能力提高的基础上促进学生物理学习能力的提高。     

建立力学模型,研究单杠运动中旋转的有关问题

建立相关的力学模型,讨论运动员在单杠旋转运动中如何增加旋转能量,杠的刚柔性对旋转运动的影响和伸展、收缩的最佳时机选择等若干问题．充分展示了力学模型对研究问题的重要意义和作用．     

Factorization of the scattering matrix and the location of the eigenvalues of the Manakov-Zakharov-Shabat system

We show the scattering matrix associated to the Manakov-Zakharov-Shabat (MZS) system can be factorized as the product of two scattering matrices associated to the Zakharov-Shabat (ZS) system of the Nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation, whenever the initial conditions of the Manakov system have disjoint support. Moreover, if these initial conditions are assumed to be single-lobe, the eigenvalues of the MZS system are purely imaginary.     

Application of the method of collective coordinates the the quantisation of the two-dimensional higgs model

A comprehensive analysis of the application of the method of collective coordinates to the two dimensional Higgs model is given. First the instanton solution is derived, and the geometry of configuration space, and the construction of Schrodinger wave functionals are discussed. It is then explicitly verified that the Goldstone mode is the projection of the vacuum state onto the generator of the broken symmetry. The elimination of this Goldstone mode by means of the unitary gauge condition is demonstrated to the the crucial point in the construction of a consistent perturbation procedure. The parameter of the broken symmetry group is then used as the collective coordinate for field configurations around a minimum of the interaction. Throughout, the discussion is sufficiently detailed in order to facilitate the application of the method to other fields.     

On the predictability of the positions of the convergence zones in the ocean

The disagreement between the experimental and calculated positions of the first convergence zone are known from many publications. The most probable cause for such a disagreement, namely, the incorrect specification of the input data for the calculations, is considered. The lack of simultaneity between the hydrological surveys of the region and the acoustic experiments is emphasized. The experimental data obtained by the author in five ocean regions are presented. These data characterize the diurnal variability of the distance from the source to the nearest boundary of the convergence zone. The relations proposed by different researchers for calculating the sound speed from the temperature, salinity, and hydrostatic pressure are analyzed. It is shown that these relations lead to a substantial difference in the estimated depth dependence of the hydrostatic gradient of the sound speed. The position of the first convergence zone is calculated for the propagation conditions determined by vertical temperature and salinity profiles with the subsequent recalculation of these profiles into sound speed profiles by using eight different formulas known from the literature. It is shown that different formulas lead to different values of the distance to the first zone; this difference is substantially greater than that between the calculations and experiment. The necessity of improving the recalculation relations in view of the experimental data on sound propagation in natural oceanic waveguides, including the data on the actual positions of the convergence zones, is emphasized.     

Progress in the understanding of the normal state of the cuprates

Over the last years there has been increasing evidence that the normal state of the cuprates can not be described adequately with individual quasiparticles within Fermi-liquid theory. While the low-lying excitations in the superconducting state are nevertheless possibly of quasiparticle character, this character vanishes with the loss of superconducting phase coherence when going to the normal conducting state. Generally, this normal state is characterized by strong heterogeneity. In real space this manifests in charge and spin ordering, either static or dynamical, the so-called ‘stripes’. The spectral signatures of various models describing this unusual metallic normal state together with less exotic non-Fermi-liquid models, like the marginal Fermi liquid, will be compared to photoemission spectra with high angular and energy resolution and to results obtained by other methods. Received: 19 March 2002 / Accepted: 2 October 2002 / Published online: 5 February 2003 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +49-30/2093-7729, E-mail: christoph.janowitz@physik.hu-berlin.de     

精确计算TATB分子间相互作用能并重新认识其作用本质

TATB炸药的钝感性质与其分子间强烈的相互作用密切相关,目前尚难以用实验方法直接准确地测定其分子间相互作用能。已发表的理论研究工作受当时计算方法和条件限制,计算结果误差较大、充满矛盾。本文用B3PW91-D3BJ/def2-TZVPP方法优化了TATB二聚体可能存在的六种构型的几何结构并作振动频率分析,发现仅有三种稳定构型,即氢键构型A,堆叠构型B和C,用MP2/def2-TZVPP方法重新优化了这三种构型的几何结构参数,并用于CCSD(T)/CBS方法计算,得到分子间相互作用能分别为A: -6.20,B: -15.45,C: -15.65 kcal/mol,CCSD(T)/CBS计算中发现构型B和C的高级校正项大约是分子间相互作用能的50%,是MP2方法不可能准确预测TATB二聚体堆叠构型分子间相互作用能的原因;本文还用新一代能量分解方法ALMO-EDA分析了TATB分子间相互作用本质,发现对于堆叠构型B和C,除了色散作用之外,静电吸引对决定TATB二聚体中的几何结构十分重要,TATB高能炸药良好的钝感性质起源于其分子间较强静电吸引的驱动和定向,使之形成稳定的堆叠结构,其稳定性来源于色散和静电的协同作用。     

Set the controls for the heart of the Sun

In this paper we describe experiments conducted with high-power lasers that are attempting to replicate, for a very short time and in miniature, conditions found in the Sun. Experiments to date have reached conditions in the outer part of the Sun. To reach the Sun's centre requires compression of material to very much greater than solid density and heating to over ten million degrees. To achieve this, a new class of experiments and a new generation of high-power lasers are required.     

On the Possibility of the Implicit Renormalization of the Casimir Energy

We propose a procedure for renormalizing the Casimir energy that makes the steps that are used in the standard renormalization procedure, that is, regularization, subtraction, and deregularization, implicit. The proposed procedure is based on the calculation of a set of convergent sums, each of which is related to the initial divergent sum of the non-renormalized Casimir energy. Next, we construct a system of linear equations that relates this set of convergent sums to the renormalized Casimir energy. The unknown renormalized Casimir energy is obtained as a result of solving this system of equations. In this case, both the calculations of the convergent sums and the subsequent solution of the system of linear equations are performed with a certain (generally speaking, arbitrary) ordered accuracy; thus, the result is also approximate. The proposed procedure is, first, more computationally effective than the standard one, and, second, applicable not only to the problems where a transcendental equation for the spectrum can be written, but also to the problems where the spectrum is known only numerically.     

鱼雷豚跳运动及初始转动角速度选取

鱼雷依靠惯性以一定姿态跃出水面并再次落入水中的过程称之为鱼雷的豚跳运动. 针对鱼雷的豚跳运动需要以零攻角入水, 而鱼雷在空中运动过程中无法控制的问题, 提出了通过构建鱼雷豚跳运动模型并以此为基础控制初始出水转动角速度的解决方法. 附加质量、浮力、浮心、浸湿面积、浸水体积等变量随鱼雷出水姿态、出水过程不同而不同. 在构建鱼雷豚跳运动模型过程中, 充分考虑了各个变化物理量的导数项, 分析了鱼雷水动阻力系数与攻角的关系, 构建了运动模型, 得出鱼雷豚跳运动的规律. 利用优化搜索算法计算出使鱼雷豚跳以零攻角条件入水的初始转动角速度. 仿真结果表明了所建模型及控制初始转动角速度方法的有效性.     

离心机动态失准角测量方法的研究

针对精密离心机动态失准角测量中存在的问题,提出以双轴光电自准直仪为核心测量仪器的失准角测量方法,在测量系统中采用真空光路屏蔽技术,减少了由于测量环境空气扰动带来的误差。对组成测量系统的各环节进行了误差分析与设计,理论分析与实验表明系统测量不确定度可达到0 2″。