固体杨氏模量实验光学系统的改进

测量杨氏模量的方法很多,如静态拉伸法、梁的弯曲法等.通常当采用静态拉伸法测量金属丝做小的伸长量时,应用了光杠杆的放大原理.测量装置如图1所示.     

光杠杆镜面和望远镜光轴初始不垂直度对放大率的影响

结合光杠杆测量微小伸长量的光学原理,详细分析了静态拉伸法测量金属丝杨氏弹性模量的实验中,光杠杆镜面初始不竖直对光杠杆放大率造成的影响.分析结果表明,随着光杠杆镜面初始时与竖直方向夹角的增大,其放大率与传统教材中的放大率公式相比,将非线性地增加,进而对金属丝杨氏弹性模量的测量精度造成影响.最后给出了降低此影响的实验仪器调节步骤建议.如采用新增加的仪器调节建议,可将金属丝杨氏弹性模量测量精度的影响降低到1‰以内.     

静态拉伸法测量弹性模量实验中钢丝直径和载荷的选择

静态拉伸法测定金属丝弹性模量实验中,钢丝以及载荷的选择存在很大的随意性,通过对钢丝在载荷作用下达到弹性极限的过程的分析,可以对钢丝直径的选择和载荷的选择提供指导性意见,消除可能由此带来的偏差。     

基于千分表的金属丝杨氏模量测量

本文介绍了利用千分表测量金属丝的杨氏模量的方法.该方法针对常见的拉伸法测量金属丝杨氏模量的不足,提出用千分表取代光杠杆装置,来测量金属丝受到拉伸时的微小伸长量.实验研究和分析发现,相比于常用的光杠杆法,用千分表测量的3种不同金属丝材料的微小伸长量,可以提高精度3个数量级;需要测量的相关物理量减少了两个,使杨氏模量的测量精度提高一个数量级.该方法还具有装置简单,测量快速和结果准确等突出优点.     

利用光杠杆法测量金属丝的弹性滞后环

利用大学物理实验中的光杠杆法测定金属丝弹性模量的原理和设备,对具有超弹性的NiTi丝的弹性滞后环进行了测定结果表明,此种方法可以很好地测定NiTi丝的弹性滞后环,而且操作简单使用方便,是一种非常有效的测定金属细丝弹性滞后环的方法.     

平衡电桥法测量金属丝弹性模量

金属丝在受到轴向拉力时,其长度与横截面积会发生微小的变化,其阻值也会发生相应的变化。利用惠斯登电桥测量出金属丝在拉伸时的阻值变化,设计了一种实验精度较高且操作简便的测量金属丝弹性模量的方法。     

光的衍射法测量杨氏模量

拉伸法测量金属丝杨氏模量的关键是如何测准金属丝在拉力作用下的微小伸长量。本文利用光的衍射法可以较精确地测量长度变化这一特点，对钢丝的杨氏模量进行了测量，给出测量杨氏模量的一种新方法。     

金属的杨氏模量测定研究

金属丝在拉伸力的作用下长度会发生微小变化,金属丝长度的微小变化会使其电阻同时发生微小改变,利用双臂电桥测量低阻值电阻的原理测金属丝电阻的微小变化量,再通过相应的公式求得被测金属丝的杨氏模量,该方法简便,测量准确.     

基于电加热法的金属丝杨氏模量温度特性测量

利用电加热方法实现金属丝温度变化,利用数字显微镜测量金属丝在不同温度和拉力情况下准确的拉伸长度数值,最终计算得到的金属丝杨氏模量和温度之间成线性递减关系。     

基于位移光栅尺的拉伸法弹性模量测量

基于光栅光学原理,利用位移光栅尺测量了弹性模量,建立了位移光栅尺拉伸法测量系统,通过实验获得金属丝在拉伸过程中的微小形变量数据,再利用拉伸法测量弹性模量与微小形变量之间的关系,最终实现弹性模量的测量.     

橡皮筋的滞后现象实验研究

用实验研究了普通橡皮筋膜中的滞后现象,结果表明橡皮筋的伸长量和外力的关系不完全满足胡克定律,在外力作用下橡皮筋也存在滞后回著名的磁滞回线有相似的几何形状。     

Hysteresis characteristics of an analytical vector hysteron

The analytical way to describe uniaxial single-domain particles, using new symmetry considerations on the magnetic anisotropy, as a vector hysteresis unit (vector hysteron), is presented. The main characteristics of the vector hysteron such as the longitudinal hysteresis loops, transversal hysteresis loops and rotational hysteresis loops are presented. An extension of the vector hysteron and a vector hysteron that can be applied to the ferroelectric hysteresis are also presented.     

A neural networks based model of inverse hysteresis

A novel and simple approach based on transformation using neural networks is proposed in this paper to model the inverse behavior of hysteresis. In this approach, a continuous transformation is used to construct an elementary inverse hysteresis operator (EIHO), which can extract the change tendency of inverse hysteresis. Then based on the EIHO, an expanded input space is constructed to transform the multi-valued mapping of inverse hysteresis into a one-to-one mapping. Based on the constructed expanded input space, a neural network is employed to approximate the inverse hysteresis. Both experiment and simulation are implemented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. These results indicate that the proposed approach has derived satisfactory modeling performance.     

Direct observation of the hysteretic Fermi level modulation in monolayer MoS2 field effect transistors

The hysteresis in the transfer curve of MoS₂ has significant impact on the device performance. However, the hysteresis mechanism is still not clear. Here, we investigate the hysteresis of the monolayer MoS₂ by probing the local Fermi level variations as a function of the back gate voltage in different atmosphere using the Kelvin probe microscopy. While the Fermi level of the MoS₂ in air is much lower than that in vacuum, both the MoS₂ devices in vacuum and air show large Fermi level hysteresis. The Fermi level hysteresis direction is clock-wise, identical to that observed in the transfer curves. Both the hysteresis in Fermi level and transfer curve can be explained consistently by taking into account the charge trapping. Our findings confirm that carrier density modulation in MoS₂ plays a vital role in the hysteresis, and provide insight into the hysteresis mechanism for the optimization of the device performance.     

Hysteresis in a superfluid atom circuit

We study a hysteresis phenomenon in a rotating BEC with a weak link in a quasi-one-dimensional torus by proposing a microscopic theoretical model including a dissipation bath. By analyzing the role of dissipation and the decay rates of all the energy levels, we are able to give a microscopic interpretation of hysteresis recently observed in the experiment and confirm that the hysteresis is the result of the presence of metastable state. In particular, we obtain the hysteresis loops in a quench process just as that in the experiment. We also find that the shape and size of the hysteresis loop change drastically with the strength of the link.     

Prandtl–Ishlinskii hysteresis models for complex time dependent hysteresis nonlinearities

We introduce a new class of time dependent hysteresis models by combining the time dependent Prandtl–Ishlinskii model with functional nonlinearities. This combination improves the capability of the time dependent Prandtl–Ishlinskii model to characterize a class of complex time dependent hysteresis nonlinearities in smart actuators. The analytical inversion for the proposed time dependent hysteresis model is also presented in order to extend the inversion algorithm of the inverse time dependent Prandtl–Ishlinskii model for a class of complex time dependent hysteresis nonlinearities.     

Observation of zero creep in piezoelectric actuators

Piezoelectric actuators are frequently used nowadays in a wide variety of positioning devices. Although very suitable for small displacements in the range of nm to several hundreds of μm, the actuators always suffer from hysteresis and creep between the input voltage and resulting displacements. In scanning applications, the input voltage is often used as an indicator of the induced displacement. This procedure can result in a large position error depending on the amount of hysteresis and creep. In order to describe and control hysteretic systems various models for hysteresis have been published but little is known about relaxation and creep in piezo materials. In this paper we present detailed studies of the hysteretic behavior and piezo relaxation and creep. We have identified certain locations on the hysteresis loop that exhibit zero creep. From this observation, a more fundamental relation between the amount of creep and the local slope of the hysteresis loop and the virgin curve is presented. This observation could be useful in both open-loop and closed-loop position control, since it allows quantification of the creep. Futhermore, the experimentally observed relation between the creep and the hysteresis suggests a reduction of the creep for non-hysteretic transfers. First measurements on a system with reduced hysteresis support this hypothesis. Received: 15 February 1999 / Accepted: 16 February 1999 / Published online: 28 April 1999     

Hysteresis mediated by a domain wall motion

The position of an interface (domain wall) in a medium with random pinning defects is not determined unambiguously by the instantaneous value of the driving force, even on average. Employing the general theory of the interface motion in a random medium, we study this hysteresis, different possible shapes of the hysteresis loop, and the dynamical phase transitions between them. Several principal characteristics of the hysteresis, including the coercive force and the curves of dynamical phase transitions obey scaling laws and display a critical behavior in the vicinity of the mobility threshold. At finite temperature the threshold is smeared and a new range of thermally activated hysteresis appears. At a finite frequency of the driving force there exists a range of the non-adiabatic regime in which not only the position, but also the average velocity of the domain wall, displays hysteresis.